Date:	Sun, 14 Oct 2012 15:40:28 +0900
From:	Jaegeuk Kim <jaegeuk.kim@...il.com>
To:	Arnd Bergmann <arnd@...db.de>
Cc:	±èÀç±Ø <jaegeuk.kim@...sung.com>,
	viro@...iv.linux.org.uk, 'Theodore Ts'o' <tytso@....edu>,
	gregkh@...uxfoundation.org, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
	chur.lee@...sung.com, cm224.lee@...sung.com,
	jooyoung.hwang@...sung.com
Subject: Re: [PATCH 01/16] f2fs: add document

2012-10-13 (토), 18:35 +0000, Arnd Bergmann:
> On Friday 05 October 2012 20:56:06 김재극 wrote:
> > This adds a document describing the mount options, proc entries, usage, and
> > design of Flash-Friendly File System, namely F2FS.
> 
> Nice document!
> 
> This is a lot like the design I came up with for an experimental file system
> last year, so I'll try to go through and talk about the differences to
> what I had. I believe there are a few points where you are missing
> optimizations that I had and that could be added.
> 
> > +================================================================================
> > +PROC ENTRIES
> > +================================================================================
> > +
> > +/proc/fs/f2fs/ contains information about partitions mounted as f2fs. For each
> > +partition, a corresponding directory, named as its device name, is provided with
> > +the following proc entries.
> > +
> > +- f2fs_stat  major file system information managed by f2fs currently
> > +- f2fs_sit_stat      average SIT information about whole segments
> > +- f2fs_mem_stat      current memory footprint consumed by f2fs
> > +
> > +e.g., in /proc/fs/f2fs/sdb1/
> 
> Unrelated to the file system design, these should not be part of procfs at
> all. You can probably convert them to debugfs files easily though and perhaps
> even simplify the implementation in the process (I haven't looked at how it's
> done at the moment).

As greg pointed out this before, IMHO, this information is used
not for debugging f2fs, but just showing the current status to users.
So, I put this in procfs.

But, as both of you and greg recommend this, I'd better reexamine the
proc entries in consideration of debugfs at this moment.

> 
> > +================================================================================
> > +DESIGN
> > +================================================================================
> > +
> > +On-disk Layout
> > +--------------
> > +
> > +F2FS divides whole volume into a number of segments each of which size is 2MB by
> > +default. A section is composed of consecutive segments, and a zone consists of a
> > +set of sections.
> 
> A segment size of 2MB should work fine for most eMMC, but there are a lot of
> devices using TLC (three bit per cell MLC) flash with 1.5/3/6/12 MB erase blocks,
> in particular cheap SD cards. Your design fundamentally won't work on those if you
> only allow power-of-two multiples of 2 MB.
> 
> Would it be possible to change the segment size to 1.5 MB as a mkfs option?
> I realize that the space utilization would be slightly worse in that case,
> but if we allow power-of-two multiples of either 1.5 or 2 MB, that should cover
> almost all media on the market today, and most likely for the forseeable
> future.

Yes, definitely right.
In the f2fs design, a segment with 2MB is a basic unit to manage the
whole storage space, but not to align with the erase block size.
Instead, we have a section for alignment.
If the erase block size is 1.5MB, I think it is worth to set the
section size to 6MB.
The only thing that I have to do is to support configuring the section
size as just multiples not power-of-two ones.
How do you think about this?

> 
> > +F2FS maintains logically six log areas. Except SB, all the log areas are managed
> > +in a unit of multiple segments. SB is located at the beggining of the partition,
> > +and there exist two superblocks to avoid file system crash. Other file system
> > +metadata such as CP, NAT, SIT, and SSA are located in front part of the volume.
> > +Main area contains file and directory data including their indices.
> 
> This is almost identical to what I had come up with.
> 
> The main difference is the number of log areas. Given that you need seven erase
> blocks (six log areas, plus a random access area), quite a number of devices
> are excluded from working ideally. Making use of six log areas is definitely
> a win if you manage to split the data well between hot/warm/cold blocks, but
> on devices that can only handle 5, this is also clearly a loss.
> 
> I understand that all Samsung eMMC handles this well, and so would the Samsung
> Class 10 'Plus' SDHC cards. The Samsung Class 4 'Essential' cards can only do
> 2 blocks of 6 MB plus the FAT area that you need for random access, so that
> won't work well with your current design.
> 
> Excluding some of your main competitor's eMMC seems more problematic. My view
> is that if we include the file system, it should fundamentally work across
> all devices in the industry. It's definitely ok to use 6 log areas by default
> to optimize for sane devices like yours, but please consider offering at
> least using just 4 log areas as an mkfs option in order to include all other
> eMMC and the main SD card brands (many Sandisk, Lexar, and a bunch of the 
> noname ones). I don't think it's worth including the Toshiba/Phison/Kingston
> SD card controllers though, as they are basically broken for use with a
> proper file system anyway and attempting to support a single log area (plus
> random area in the front) would require tradeoffs that sacrifice performance
> on proper devices.

Yes, good point.
Actually, apart from the device side, I've concerned for a long time how
many logs should be needed and how to use them especially in order to
reduce the cleaning overhead efficiently in f2fs.
Finally, I got six logs.

As you mentioned, it's ok to support 4 log areas as an option.
But, what I'm concerning is the cleaning overhead.
In terms of write amplification, is it really beneficial to reduce the
number of logs for flash storage even though the cleaning overhead
increases?

BTW, if the cleaning overhead in 4 logs is not different from that in 6
logs, absolutely we should use 4 logs.
This is basically dependant on the workload, and I think it needs more
research.

> 
> > +Each area manages the following contents.
> > +- CP         File system information, bitmaps for valid NAT/SIT sets, orphan
> > +             inode lists, and summary entries of current active segments.
> > +- NAT                Block address table for all the node blocks stored in Main area.
> > +- SIT                Segment information such as valid block count and bitmap for the
> > +             validity of all the blocks.
> > +- SSA                Summary entries which contains the owner information of all the
> > +             data and node blocks stored in Main area.
> > +- Main               Node and data blocks.
> > +
> > +In order to avoid misalignment between file system and flash-based storage, F2FS
> > +aligns the start block address of CP with the segment size. Also, it aligns the
> > +start block address of Main area with the zone size by reserving some segments
> > +in SSA area.
> 
> What do you do if the partition itself is misaligned? Do you align the start block
> address to the start of the partition or the start of the device?

Yes, we got the start of the partition by ioctl.

> 
> > +File System Metadata Structure
> > +------------------------------
> > +
> > +F2FS adopts the checkpointing scheme to maintain file system consistency. At the
> > +mount time, F2FS first tries to find the last valid checkpoint data by scanning
> > +CP area. In order to reduce the scanning time, F2FS uses only two copies of CP.
> > +One of them always indicates the last valid data, which is called as shadow copy
> > +mechanism. In addition to CP, NAT and SIT also adopts the shadow copy mechanism.
> > +
> > +For file system consistency, each CP points which NAT and SIT copies are valid,
> > +as shown as below.
> > +
> > +  +--------+----------+---------+
> > +  |   CP   |    NAT   |   SIT   |
> > +  +--------+----------+---------+
> > +  .         .          .          .
> > +  .            .              .              .
> > +  .               .                 .                 .
> > +  +-------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
> > +  | CP #0 | CP #1 | NAT #0 | NAT #1 | SIT #0 | SIT #1 |
> > +  +-------+-------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
> > +     |             ^                          ^
> > +     |             |                          |
> > +     `----------------------------------------'
> 
> There is one small difference to my design: instead of having the checkpoint area
> in the front, the idea was to only record a pointer to the currently used segments
> in the global metadata and treat the segment that carries the inodes as a journal.
> The main advantage of that is that you only have to write a single block to
> atomically update an inode, possibly including embedded data, while you always
> have to write the inode first, and then make an update to the CP area to make
> it visible.

As I understand, I think your design is not different from f2fs.
The checkpoint in f2fs is used for the start of power-off-recovery,
which contains current active segment numbers for six logs.
And each direct node block including inode blocks contains the next log
pointer (i.e., block address) in order to support roll-forward.
I think this feature is also a kind of journaling inodes described by
you, which means that f2fs does not need to update the CP area whenever
inode is written or even if fsync is called.
 
> 
> > +Index Structure
> > +---------------
> > +
> > +The key data structure to manage the data locations is a "node". As similar as
> > +traditional file structures, F2FS has three types of node: inode, direct node,
> > +indirect node. F2FS assigns 4KB to an inode block where contains 929 data block
> > +indices, two direct node pointers, two indirect node pointers, and one double
> > +indirect node pointer as described below. One direct node block contains 1018
> > +data blocks, and one indirect node block contains also 1018 node blocks. Thus,
> > +One inode block (i.e., a file) covers:
> > +  4KB * (929 + 2 * 1018 + 2 * 1018 * 1018 + 1018 * 1018 * 1018) := 3.94TB.
> > +
> > +   Inode block (4KB)
> > +     |- data (929)
> > +     |- direct node (2)
> > +     |          `- data (1018)
> > +     |- indirect node (2)
> > +     |            `- direct node (1018)
> > +     |                       `- data (1018)
> > +     `- triple indirect node (1)
> > +                         `- indirect node (1018)
> > +                                   `- direct node (1018)
> > +                                              `- data (1018)
> 
> You use two different naming schemes here: you call the last-level indirect
> block the "double indirect" node pointer in the text, but the "triple
> indirect" node pointer in the illustration.

Stefan pointed out before. :)
I'll change this.

> > +Note that, all the node blocks are mapped by NAT, which means the location of
> > +each node is translated by the NAT table. In the consideration of the wandering
> > +tree problem, F2FS is able to cut off the propagation of node updates caused by
> > +leaf data writes.
> 
> Ah, that is very clever!
> 
> My solution to the same problem was to have a gigantic fan-out in the inode
> in order to only ever need one level of indirection:
> 
> * I make the cluster that is addressed by a pointer larger than 4k by
>   aligning it to e.g. the flash page size, typically 16KB to 64KB.
> * in a 64KB inode, you can fit some 16000 pointers
> * each pointer then points to a cluster of that size, so you get up to
>   64KB * 16000 = 1GB file size with this method on 64 KB clusters, or
>   16KB * 4000 = 64 MB file size on 16 KB clusters, or just under 4 MB
>   file size on 4 KB clusters.
> * To allow larger files, a flag in the inode signifies that the pointers
>   address entire segments instead of clusters, which allows files up
>   to the partition size even with 4 KB clusters on most media (erase block
>   size is usually coupled to drive size)
> 

IMHO, it's an interesting approach to eliminate the indirection.
It seems to adopt large block size and an extent approach in a hybrid
manner.

> To compare the two approaches:
> 
> + f2fs does not need a clever algorithm to determine when to pick a
>   segment indirect layout over a cluster indirect, and does not need
>   to copy data when a file grows over the cut-off
> + f2fs does not waste an average of half a segment for large files.
> - large files are less efficient to read because they are not in
>   contiguous segment chunks

Right.
But, in most cases, I've seen that the read performance can be improved
by readahead in VFS.

> - synchronous updates of indirect files require four writes (data, indirect
>   block, inode, NAT) rather than just two as in my approach (data,
>   inode journal).

I don't know exactly your approach, but, does it need to write inode_map
finally?
Normally in the case of fsync calls, f2fs writes data and direct node
block only, since the data can be recovered by roll-forward.
Instead, flusher will write the indirect node blocks afterwards.

> - f2fs has no embedded data in very small files, though this should be easy
>   to add.

Yes, vyacheslav pointed out before.
At this moment, I'd like to remain this feature for future.
Instead, I totally would like to focus on validation and stabilization
on many unexpected platforms.

> +/- random writes in database files get turned into log-structured writes,
>   which is often more efficient to write, but also means more fragmentation
>   and the user application cannot optimize the accesses for the underlying
>   storage as a lot of databases do.
> 
> > +Default Block Allocation
> > +------------------------
> > +
> > +In runtime, F2FS manages six active logs inside "Main" area: Hot/Warm/Cold node
> > +and Hot/Warm/Cold data.
> > +
> > +- Hot node   contains direct node blocks of directories.
> > +- Warm node  contains direct node blocks except hot node blocks.
> > +- Cold node  contains indirect node blocks
> > +- Hot data   contains dentry blocks
> > +- Warm data  contains data blocks except hot and cold data blocks
> > +- Cold data  contains multimedia data or migrated data blocks
> 
> This categorization looks like you could easily reduce the number of active
> logs if the hardware cannot handle all six, e.g.:
> 
> 1 hardware segment: not easily possible, I suppose
> 2 segments: node + data
> 3 segments: node + hot data + warm/cold data
> 4 segments: hot node + warm/cold node + hot data + warm/cold data
> 5 segments: hot node + warm/cold node + hot data + warm data + cold data
> 

Yes, several options can be implemented easily.
But, as I mentioned above, I'd like to discuss in more detail.

> > +LFS has two schemes for free space management: threaded log and copy-and-compac-
> > +tion. The copy-and-compaction scheme, aka cleaning, is well-suited for devices
> > +showing very good sequential write performance, since free segments are served
> > +all the time for writing new data. However, it suffers from cleaning overhead
> > +under high utilization. Contrarily, the threaded log scheme suffers from random
> > +writes, but no cleaning process is needed. F2FS adopts a hybrid scheme where the
> > +copy-and-compaction scheme is adopted by default, but the policy is dynamically
> > +changed to the threaded log scheme according to the file system status.
> 
> Compared to my design, this uses the exact same two methods, but applies them
> in different scenarios: I would always use the copy-and-compaction method
> for small and medium sized files (up to a few megabytes) but use in-place
> overwriting in large files, similar to (but not the same as) your threaded
> log.
> 
> Using the threaded log sounds like a good idea to use when there is little
> free space. I had briefly considered that but thought it would be too
> hard to fit in with my design.
> 
> What do you think about adding support for in-place updates on large files
> as I described? I believe this would be a win in most cases, although
> it is clearly workload dependent.

I also considered writing data in place, and sometimes it can be a good
choice instead of reusing obsolete space.
So, I implemented this in f2fs, but I disabled in the current design,
since I suspect that there is a recovery problem.
Due to the roll-back model, I'm not sure we can overwrite data before
checkpoint.
How do you think?

> 
> > +In order to align F2FS with underlying flash-based storages, F2FS allocates a
> > +segment in a unit of section. F2FS expects that the section size would be the
> > +same as the unit size of garbage collection in FTL. Furthermore, with respect
> > +to the mapping granularity in FTL, F2FS allocates each sections of the active
> > +logs from different zones as much as possible, since FTL can write the data in
> > +the active logs into one allocation unit according to its mapping granularity.
> 
> I did not know about the benefit of using different zones, but it makes a lot
> of sense now that you mention it.
> 
> > +Cleaning process
> > +----------------
> > +
> > +F2FS does cleaning both on demand and in the background. On-demand cleaning is
> > +triggered when there are not enough free segments to serve VFS calls. Background
> > +cleaner is operated by a kernel thread, and triggers the cleaning job when the
> > +system is idle.
> > +
> > +F2FS supports two victim selection policies: greedy and cost-benefit algorithms.
> > +In greedy algorithm, F2FS selects a victim segment having the smallest number of
> > +valid blocks. In cost-benefit algorithm, F2FS selects a victim segment according
> > +to the segment age and the number of valid blocks in order to address log block
> > +thrashing problem in greedy algorithm. F2FS adopts greedy algorithm for on-demand
> > +cleaner, while background cleaner adopts cost-benefit algorithm.
> > +
> > +In order to identify what the data in the victim segment are valid or not, F2FS
> > +manages a bitmap. Each bit represents the validity of a block, and the bitmap is
> > +composed of a bit stream covering whole blocks in main area.
> 
> Do you take the type of data into account in the cleaner? In particular, do you
> try to group blocks together in a segment based on any of:
> 
> * file modification age,
> * access patterns seen on the file (random vs linear writes),
> * multiple degrees of cold/hot files
> * file name (e.g. extension),
> * file size,
> * directory/data/inode/block-pointer blocks
> * ...
> 
> I spent a lot of time thinking about possible optimizations based on these but have
> not actually done any simulations on what would be a good strategy. I'm curious
> to learn if you considered the above.

In f2fs, a background cleaner loads victim valid blocks and marks them
as dirty in the page cache. Then, flusher will write them with user
data to the proper log areas determined by their types.
An on-demand cleaner loads and moves the victim blocks right away to the
logs also determined by their types.
In the background cleaner, a victim section is selected by a
cost-benefit function which takes into account section ages.

In summary, f2fs uses the following information to try group blocks
in order to reduce the cleaning overhead.

* segment age,
* file name (extension),
* directory/data/inode/block-pointer blocks

Maybe there are another optimization items.
But as you know, if we try to optimize somthing, we have to add or
maintain additional information, resulting in an overhead.
We'd better take more discussions on this issue.

Thank you very much.

> 
> 	Arnd
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-- 
Jaegeuk Kim
Samsung

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