Date:	Mon, 10 Dec 2012 11:39:04 -0500
From:	Johannes Weiner <hannes@...xchg.org>
To:	Mel Gorman <mgorman@...e.de>
Cc:	Linus Torvalds <torvalds@...ux-foundation.org>,
	Zlatko Calusic <zlatko.calusic@...on.hr>,
	Rik van Riel <riel@...hat.com>,
	linux-mm <linux-mm@...ck.org>,
	Linux Kernel Mailing List <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>
Subject: Re: kswapd craziness in 3.7

On Mon, Dec 10, 2012 at 11:03:37AM +0000, Mel Gorman wrote:
> On Sat, Dec 08, 2012 at 05:01:42PM -0800, Linus Torvalds wrote:
> > On Sat, 8 Dec 2012, Zlatko Calusic wrote:
> > > Or sooner... in short: nothing's changed!
> > > 
> > > On a 4GB RAM system, where applications use close to 2GB, kswapd likes to keep
> > > around 1GB free (unused), leaving only 1GB for page/buffer cache. If I force
> > > bigger page cache by reading a big file and thus use the unused 1GB of RAM,
> > > kswapd will soon (in a matter of minutes) evict those (or other) pages out and
> > > once again keep unused memory close to 1GB.
> > 
> > Ok, guys, what was the reclaim or kswapd patch during the merge window 
> > that actually caused all of these insane problems?
> 
> I believe commit c6543459 (mm: remove __GFP_NO_KSWAPD) is the primary
> candidate. __GFP_NO_KSWAPD was originally introduced by THP because kswapd
> was excessively reclaiming. kswapd would stay awake aggressively reclaiming
> even if compaction was deferred. The flag was removed in this cycle when it
> was expected that it was no longer necessary. I'm not foisting the blame
> on Rik here, I was on the review list for that patch and did not identify
> that it would cause this many problems either.
>
> > It seems it was more 
> > fundamentally buggered than the fifteen-million fixes for kswapd we have 
> > already picked up.
> 
> It was already fundamentally buggered up. The difference was it stayed
> asleep for THP requests in earlier kernels.
> 
> There is a big difference between a direct reclaim/compaction for THP
> and kswapd doing the same work. Direct reclaim/compaction will try once,
> give up quickly and defer requests in the near future to avoid impacting
> the system heavily for THP. The same applies for khugepaged.
> 
> kswapd is different. It can keep going until it meets its watermarks for
> a THP allocation are met. Two reasons why it might keep going for a long
> time are that compaction is being inefficient which we know it may be due
> to crap like this
> 
> end_pfn = ALIGN(low_pfn + pageblock_nr_pages, pageblock_nr_pages);
> 
> and the second reason is if the highest zone is relatively because
> compaction_suitable will keep saying that allocations are failing due to
> insufficient amounts of memory in the highest zone. It'll reclaim a little
> from this highest zone and then shrink_slab() potentially dumping a large
> amount of memory. This may be the case for Zlatko as with a 4G machine
> his ZONE_NORMAL could be small depending on how the 32-bit address space
> is used by his hardware.

Unlike direct reclaim, kswapd also never does sync migration.  Since
the fragmentation index is a ratio of free pages over free page
blocks, doing lightweight compaction that reduces the page blocks but
never really follows through to compact a THP block increases the free
memory requirement.

I thought about the small Normal zone too.  Direct reclaim/compaction
is fine with one zone being able to provide a THP, but kswapd requires
25% of the node.  A small ZONE_NORMAL would not be able to meet this
and so the bigger DMA32 zone would also be required to be balanced for
the THP allocation.

> > Mel? Ideas?
> 
> Consider reverting the revert of __GFP_NO_KSWAPD again until this can be
> ironed out at a more reasonable pace. Rik? Johannes?

Yes, I also think we need more time for this.

> Verify if the shrinking slab is the issue with this brutually ugly
> hack. Zlatko?
> 
> diff --git a/mm/vmscan.c b/mm/vmscan.c
> index b7ed376..2189d20 100644
> --- a/mm/vmscan.c
> +++ b/mm/vmscan.c
> @@ -2550,6 +2550,7 @@ static unsigned long balance_pgdat(pg_data_t *pgdat, int order,
>  	unsigned long balanced;
>  	int i;
>  	int end_zone = 0;	/* Inclusive.  0 = ZONE_DMA */
> +	bool should_shrink_slab = true;
>  	unsigned long total_scanned;
>  	struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state = current->reclaim_state;
>  	unsigned long nr_soft_reclaimed;
> @@ -2695,7 +2696,8 @@ loop_again:
>  				shrink_zone(zone, &sc);
>  
>  				reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab = 0;
> -				nr_slab = shrink_slab(&shrink, sc.nr_scanned, lru_pages);
> +				if (should_shrink_slab)
> +					nr_slab = shrink_slab(&shrink, sc.nr_scanned, lru_pages);
>  				sc.nr_reclaimed += reclaim_state->reclaimed_slab;
>  				total_scanned += sc.nr_scanned;
>  
> @@ -2817,6 +2819,16 @@ out:
>  	if (order) {
>  		int zones_need_compaction = 1;
>  
> +		/*
> +		 * Shrinking slab for high-order allocs can cause an excessive
> +		 * amount of memory to be dumped. Only shrink slab once per
> +		 * round for high-order allocs.
> +		 *
> +		 * This is a very stupid hack. balance_pgdat() is in serious
> +		 * need of a rework
> +		 */
> +		should_shrink_slab = false;
> +
>  		for (i = 0; i <= end_zone; i++) {
>  			struct zone *zone = pgdat->node_zones + i;

I don't see a shrink_slab() invocation after this point since the
loop_again jumps in this loop where removed, so this shouldn't change
anything?
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