Date:	Tue, 11 Jun 2013 09:36:07 -0700
From:	"Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>
To:	Waiman Long <waiman.long@...com>
Cc:	linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, mingo@...e.hu, laijs@...fujitsu.com,
	dipankar@...ibm.com, akpm@...ux-foundation.org,
	mathieu.desnoyers@...icios.com, josh@...htriplett.org,
	niv@...ibm.com, tglx@...utronix.de, peterz@...radead.org,
	rostedt@...dmis.org, Valdis.Kletnieks@...edu, dhowells@...hat.com,
	edumazet@...gle.com, darren@...art.com, fweisbec@...il.com,
	sbw@....edu, torvalds@...ux-foundation.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH RFC ticketlock] Auto-queued ticketlock

On Tue, Jun 11, 2013 at 11:57:14AM -0400, Waiman Long wrote:
> On 06/09/2013 03:36 PM, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> >Breaking up locks is better than implementing high-contention locks, but
> >if we must have high-contention locks, why not make them automatically
> >switch between light-weight ticket locks at low contention and queued
> >locks at high contention?
> >
> >This commit therefore allows ticket locks to automatically switch between
> >pure ticketlock and queued-lock operation as needed.  If too many CPUs
> >are spinning on a given ticket lock, a queue structure will be allocated
> >and the lock will switch to queued-lock operation.  When the lock becomes
> >free, it will switch back into ticketlock operation.  The low-order bit
> >of the head counter is used to indicate that the lock is in queued mode,
> >which forces an unconditional mismatch between the head and tail counters.
> >This approach means that the common-case code path under conditions of
> >low contention is very nearly that of a plain ticket lock.
> >
> >A fixed number of queueing structures is statically allocated in an
> >array.  The ticket-lock address is used to hash into an initial element,
> >but if that element is already in use, it moves to the next element.  If
> >the entire array is already in use, continue to spin in ticket mode.
> >
> >This has been only lightly tested in the kernel, though a userspace
> >implementation has survived substantial testing.
> >
> >Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney<paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>
> 
> This is an interesting patch and I think it is useful for workloads
> that run on systems with a large number of CPUs.
> 
> >diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock_types.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock_types.h
> >index ad0ad07..cdaefdd 100644
> >--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock_types.h
> >+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/spinlock_types.h
> >@@ -7,12 +7,18 @@
> >
> >  #include<linux/types.h>
> >
> >-#if (CONFIG_NR_CPUS<  256)
> >+#if (CONFIG_NR_CPUS<  128)
> >  typedef u8  __ticket_t;
> >  typedef u16 __ticketpair_t;
> >-#else
> >+#define TICKET_T_CMP_GE(a, b) (UCHAR_MAX / 2>= (unsigned char)((a) - (b)))
> >+#elif (CONFIG_NR_CPUS<  32768)
> >  typedef u16 __ticket_t;
> >  typedef u32 __ticketpair_t;
> >+#define TICKET_T_CMP_GE(a, b) (USHRT_MAX / 2>= (unsigned short)((a) - (b)))
> >+#else
> >+typedef u32 __ticket_t;
> >+typedef u64 __ticketpair_t;
> >+#define TICKET_T_CMP_GE(a, b) (UINT_MAX / 2>= (unsigned int)((a) - (b)))
> >  #endif
> 
> It is theoretically possible that a large number of CPUs (says 64 or
> more with CONFIG_NR_CPUS < 128) can acquire a ticket from the lock
> before the check for TICKET_T_CMP_GE() in tkt_spin_pass(). So the
> check will fail even when there is a large number of CPUs contending
> for the lock. The chance of this happening is, of course, extremely
> rare. This is not an error as the lock is still working as it should
> be without your change.

Good point, I need to change the limits from 128 and 32768 to 64 and 16384
in order to guarantee that the comparison will work correctly.  Done.

> >+/*
> >+ * TKT_Q_SWITCH is twice the number of CPUs that must be spinning on a
> >+ * given ticket lock to motivate switching to spinning on a queue.
> >+ * The reason that it is twice the number is because the bottom bit of
> >+ * the ticket is reserved for the bit that indicates that a queue is
> >+ * associated with the lock.
> >+ */
> >+#define TKT_Q_SWITCH  (16 * 2)
> >+
> >+/*
> >+ * TKT_Q_NQUEUES is the number of queues to maintain.  Large systems
> >+ * might have multiple highly contended locks, so provide more queues for
> >+ * systems with larger numbers of CPUs.
> >+ */
> >+#define TKT_Q_NQUEUES (DIV_ROUND_UP(NR_CPUS + TKT_Q_SWITCH - 1, TKT_Q_SWITCH) * 2)
> >+
> >+/* The queues themselves. */
> >+struct tkt_q_head tkt_q_heads[TKT_Q_NQUEUES];
> 
> I am a bit concern about the size of the head queue table itself.
> RHEL6, for example, had defined CONFIG_NR_CPUS to be 4096 which mean
> a table size of 256. Maybe it is better to dynamically allocate the
> table at init time depending on the actual number of CPUs in the
> system.

But if your kernel is built for 4096 CPUs, the 32*256=8192 bytes of memory
is way down in the noise.  Systems that care about that small an amount
of memory probably have a small enough number of CPUs that they can just
turn off queueing at build time using CONFIG_TICKET_LOCK_QUEUED=n, right?

> >+/*
> >+ * Return a pointer to the queue header associated with the specified lock,
> >+ * or return NULL if there is no queue for the lock or if the lock's queue
> >+ * is in transition.
> >+ */
> >+static struct tkt_q_head *tkt_q_find_head(arch_spinlock_t *asp)
> >+{
> >+	int i;
> >+	int start;
> >+
> >+	start = i = tkt_q_hash(asp);
> >+	do
> >+		if (tkt_q_heads[i].ref == asp)
> >+			return&tkt_q_heads[i];
> >+	while ((i = tkt_q_next_slot(i)) != start);
> >+	return NULL;
> >+}
> 
> With a table size of 256 and you have to scan the whole table to
> find the right head queue. This can be a significant overhead. I
> will suggest setting a limiting of how many entries it scans before
> it aborts rather than checking the whole table.

But it will scan 256 entries only if there are 256 other locks in queued
mode, which is -very- unlikely, even given 4096 CPUs.  That said, if you
show me that this results in a real latency problem on a real system,
I would be happy to provide a way to limit the search.

> >+/*
> >+ * Hand the lock off to the first CPU on the queue.
> >+ */
> >+void tkt_q_do_wake(arch_spinlock_t *asp)
> >+{
> >+	struct tkt_q_head *tqhp;
> >+	struct tkt_q *tqp;
> >+
> >+	/* If the queue is still being set up, wait for it. */
> >+	while ((tqhp = tkt_q_find_head(asp)) == NULL)
> >+		cpu_relax();
> >+
> >+	for (;;) {
> >+
> >+		/* Find the first queue element. */
> >+		tqp = ACCESS_ONCE(tqhp->spin);
> >+		if (tqp != NULL)
> >+			break;  /* Element exists, hand off lock. */
> >+		if (tkt_q_try_unqueue(asp, tqhp))
> >+			return; /* No element, successfully removed queue. */
> >+		cpu_relax();
> >+	}
> >+	if (ACCESS_ONCE(tqhp->head_tkt) != -1)
> >+		ACCESS_ONCE(tqhp->head_tkt) = -1;
> 
> In case NR_CPUS is 32768 or higher, the ticket will be of type u32
> and tqhp->head_tkt is s32. So -1 will be a valid ticket number. You
> may have to conditionally define head_tkt to be s64 when the ticket
> is u32.

Good catch!  For the moment, I just made head_tkt unconditionally s64.
I bet that the extra comparison work has no system-visible effect.  ;-)

> Do you have any data on how much this patch can actually improve
> performance on certain workloads? This will help the discussion
> here.

I could post some microbenchmark numbers if that would help.

								Thanx, Paul

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