Date:	Sun, 9 Feb 2014 19:21:00 -0800
From:	"Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>
To:	Torvald Riegel <triegel@...hat.com>
Cc:	Will Deacon <will.deacon@....com>,
	Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>,
	Ramana Radhakrishnan <Ramana.Radhakrishnan@....com>,
	David Howells <dhowells@...hat.com>,
	"linux-arch@...r.kernel.org" <linux-arch@...r.kernel.org>,
	"linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org" <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
	"torvalds@...ux-foundation.org" <torvalds@...ux-foundation.org>,
	"akpm@...ux-foundation.org" <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
	"mingo@...nel.org" <mingo@...nel.org>,
	"gcc@....gnu.org" <gcc@....gnu.org>
Subject: Re: [RFC][PATCH 0/5] arch: atomic rework

On Mon, Feb 10, 2014 at 01:27:51AM +0100, Torvald Riegel wrote:
> On Fri, 2014-02-07 at 10:02 -0800, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> > On Fri, Feb 07, 2014 at 04:55:48PM +0000, Will Deacon wrote:
> > > Hi Paul,
> > > 
> > > On Fri, Feb 07, 2014 at 04:50:28PM +0000, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> > > > On Fri, Feb 07, 2014 at 08:44:05AM +0100, Peter Zijlstra wrote:
> > > > > On Thu, Feb 06, 2014 at 08:20:51PM -0800, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> > > > > > Hopefully some discussion of out-of-thin-air values as well.
> > > > > 
> > > > > Yes, absolutely shoot store speculation in the head already. Then drive
> > > > > a wooden stake through its hart.
> > > > > 
> > > > > C11/C++11 should not be allowed to claim itself a memory model until that
> > > > > is sorted.
> > > > 
> > > > There actually is a proposal being put forward, but it might not make ARM
> > > > and Power people happy because it involves adding a compare, a branch,
> > > > and an ISB/isync after every relaxed load...  Me, I agree with you,
> > > > much preferring the no-store-speculation approach.
> > > 
> > > Can you elaborate a bit on this please? We don't permit speculative stores
> > > in the ARM architecture, so it seems counter-intuitive that GCC needs to
> > > emit any additional instructions to prevent that from happening.
> > 
> > Requiring a compare/branch/ISB after each relaxed load enables a simple(r)
> > proof that out-of-thin-air values cannot be observed in the face of any
> > compiler optimization that refrains from reordering a prior relaxed load
> > with a subsequent relaxed store.
> > 
> > > Stores can, of course, be observed out-of-order but that's a lot more
> > > reasonable :)
> > 
> > So let me try an example.  I am sure that Torvald Riegel will jump in
> > with any needed corrections or amplifications:
> > 
> > Initial state: x == y == 0
> > 
> > T1:	r1 = atomic_load_explicit(x, memory_order_relaxed);
> > 	atomic_store_explicit(r1, y, memory_order_relaxed);
> > 
> > T2:	r2 = atomic_load_explicit(y, memory_order_relaxed);
> > 	atomic_store_explicit(r2, x, memory_order_relaxed);
> > 
> > One would intuitively expect r1 == r2 == 0 as the only possible outcome.
> > But suppose that the compiler used specialization optimizations, as it
> > would if there was a function that has a very lightweight implementation
> > for some values and a very heavyweight one for other.  In particular,
> > suppose that the lightweight implementation was for the value 42.
> > Then the compiler might do something like the following:
> > 
> > Initial state: x == y == 0
> > 
> > T1:	r1 = atomic_load_explicit(x, memory_order_relaxed);
> > 	if (r1 == 42)
> > 		atomic_store_explicit(42, y, memory_order_relaxed);
> > 	else
> > 		atomic_store_explicit(r1, y, memory_order_relaxed);
> > 
> > T2:	r2 = atomic_load_explicit(y, memory_order_relaxed);
> > 	atomic_store_explicit(r2, x, memory_order_relaxed);
> > 
> > Suddenly we have an explicit constant 42 showing up.  Of course, if
> > the compiler carefully avoided speculative stores (as both Peter and
> > I believe that it should if its code generation is to be regarded as
> > anything other than an act of vandalism, the words in the standard
> > notwithstanding), there would be no problem.  But currently, a number
> > of compiler writers see absolutely nothing wrong with transforming
> > the optimized-for-42 version above with something like this:
> > 
> > Initial state: x == y == 0
> > 
> > T1:	r1 = atomic_load_explicit(x, memory_order_relaxed);
> > 	atomic_store_explicit(42, y, memory_order_relaxed);
> > 	if (r1 != 42)
> > 		atomic_store_explicit(r1, y, memory_order_relaxed);
> > 
> > T2:	r2 = atomic_load_explicit(y, memory_order_relaxed);
> > 	atomic_store_explicit(r2, x, memory_order_relaxed);
> 
> Intuitively, this is wrong because this let's the program take a step
> the abstract machine wouldn't do.  This is different to the sequential
> code that Peter posted because it uses atomics, and thus one can't
> easily assume that the difference is not observable.
> 
> For this to be correct, the compiler would actually have to prove that
> the speculative store is "as-if correct", which in turn would mean that
> it needs to be aware of all potential observers, and check whether those
> observers aren't actually affected by the speculative store.
> 
> I would guess that the compilers you have in mind don't really do that.
> If they do, then I don't see why this should be okay, unless you think
> out-of-thin-air values are something good (which I wouldn't agree with).

OK, we agree that pulling the atomic store to y out of its "if" statement
is a bad thing.  Very good!  Now we just have to convince others on
the committee.  ;-)

							Thanx, Paul

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