Date:	Thu, 11 Dec 2014 14:11:58 -0800
From:	Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>
To:	Hector Marco <hecmargi@....es>
Cc:	linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
	Andy Lutomirski <luto@...capital.net>,
	David Daney <ddaney.cavm@...il.com>,
	Jiri Kosina <jkosina@...e.cz>,
	Arun Chandran <achandran@...sta.com>,
	Hanno Böck <hanno@...eck.de>,
	Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
	Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>,
	Ingo Molnar <mingo@...hat.com>,
	"H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@...or.com>,
	Russell King - ARM Linux <linux@....linux.org.uk>,
	Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@....com>,
	Will Deacon <will.deacon@....com>,
	Oleg Nesterov <oleg@...hat.com>,
	Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@...ibm.com>,
	Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@...ibm.com>,
	Anton Blanchard <anton@...ba.org>,
	Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@...nel.crashing.org>,
	Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@...ibm.com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH] ASLRv3: randomize_va_space=3 preventing offset2lib attack

Hi,

On Thu, Dec 11, 2014 at 09:12:29PM +0100, Hector Marco wrote:
> 
> Hello,
> 
> The following is an ASLR PIE implementation summary in order to help to
> decide whether it is better to fix x86*, arm*, and MIPS without adding
> randomize_va_space = 3 or move the PowerPC and the s390 to
> randomize_va_space = 3.

If we can fix x86, arm, and MIPS without introducing randomize_va_space=3,
I would prefer it.

> Before any randomization, commit: f057eac (April 2005) the code in
> fs/binfmt_elf.c was:
> 
>  } else if (loc->elf_ex.e_type == ET_DYN) {
>          /* Try and get dynamic programs out of the way of the
>           * default mmap base, as well as whatever program they
>           * might try to exec.  This is because the brk will
>           * follow the loader, and is not movable.  */
>          load_bias = ELF_PAGESTART(ELF_ET_DYN_BASE - vaddr);
>  }
> 
> It seems that they tried to get out dynamic programs of the way
> of the default mmap base. I am not sure why.
> 
> The first architecture to implement PIE support was x86. To achieve
> this, the code introduced by the commit 60bfba7 (Jul 2007) was:
> 
>   } else if (loc->elf_ex.e_type == ET_DYN) {
>           /* Try and get dynamic programs out of the way of the
>            * default mmap base, as well as whatever program they
>            * might try to exec.  This is because the brk will
>            * follow the loader, and is not movable.  */
> +#ifdef CONFIG_X86
> +           load_bias = 0;
> +#else
>            load_bias = ELF_PAGESTART(ELF_ET_DYN_BASE - vaddr);
> +#endif
>             }
> 
> After that, he code was removed (4 days later commit: d4e3cc3) and
> reintroduced (commit: cc503c1) Jan 2008. From this commit, the x86*
> are vulnerable to offset2lib attack.
> 
> Note that they (x86*) used "load_bias = 0;" which cause that PIE
> executable be loaded at mmap base.
> 
> Around one year later, in Feb 2009, PowerPC provided support for PIE
> executables but not following the X86* approach. PowerPC redefined
> the ELF_ET_DYN_BASE. The change was:
> 
> -#define ELF_ET_DYN_BASE (0x20000000)
> +#define ELF_ET_DYN_BASE (randomize_et_dyn(0x20000000))
> 
> The function "randomize_et_dyn" add a random value to the 0x20000000
> which is not vulnerable to the offset2lib weakness. Note that in this
> point two different ways of PIE implementation are coexisting.
> 
> 
> Later, in Aug 2008, ARM started to support PIE (commit: e4eab08):
> 
> -#if defined(CONFIG_X86)
> +#if defined(CONFIG_X86) || defined(CONFIG_ARM)
>            load_bias = 0;
> #else
>            load_bias = ELF_PAGESTART(ELF_ET_DYN_BASE - vaddr);
> #endif
>  }
> 
> 
> They only add "|| defined(CONFIG_ARM)". They followed the x86* PIE
> support approach which consist on load the PIE executables
> in the mmap base area.
> 
> 
> After that, in Jan 2011, s390 started to support PIE (commit: d2c9dfc).
> They decided to follow the "PowerPC PIE support approach" by redefining:
> 
> -#define ELF_ET_DYN_BASE         (STACK_TOP / 3 * 2)
> +#define ELF_ET_DYN_BASE         (randomize_et_dyn(STACK_TOP / 3 * 2))
> 
> 
> Later, in Nov 2012, the commit e39f560 changed:
> 
> -#if defined(CONFIG_X86) || defined(CONFIG_ARM)
> +#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_BINFMT_ELF_RANDOMIZE_PIE
> 
> I think that this was made to avoid a long defined because they must
> have thought that more architectures will be added in the future.
> Join this change the x86*, ARM and MIPS architectures set to "y" this
> value in their respective Kconfig files.
> 
> The same day of the previous commit, MIPS started to support PIE
> executables by setting "y" to the ARCH_BINFMT_ELF_RANDOMIZE_PIE in their
> Kconfig. The commit is e26d196. Again MIPS followed the x86* and ARM
> approaches.
> 
> 
> Finally, in Nov 2014, following this approach ARM64 moved from "PowerPC"
> approach to x86 one. The commit is 9298040.
> 
> -#define ELF_ET_DYN_BASE	(randomize_et_dyn(2 * TASK_SIZE_64 / 3))
> +#define ELF_ET_DYN_BASE	(2 * TASK_SIZE_64 / 3)
> 
> And set to "y" the "ARCH_BINFMT_ELF_RANDOMIZE_PIE" which cause to load
> the PIE application in the mmap base area.
> 
> 
> I don't know if exists any reason to put the PIE executable in the mmap
> base address or not, but this was the first and most adopted approach.
> 
> Now, by knowing the presence of the offset2lib weakness obviously is
> better to use a different memory area.
> 
> >From my point of view, to use a "define name" which is a random value
> depending on the architecture does not help much to read the code. I
> think is better to implement the PIE support by adding a new value to
> the mm_struct which is filled very early in the function
> "arch_pick_mmap_layout" which sets up the VM layout. This file is
> architecture dependent and the function says:
> 
> /*
>  * This function, called very early during the creation of a new
>  * process VM image, sets up which VM layout function to use:
>  */
> void arch_pick_mmap_layout(struct mm_struct *mm)
> 
> 
> In this point the GAP stack is reserved and the mmap_base value is
> calculated. I think this is the correct place to calculate where the PIE
> executable will be loaded rather than rely on a "define" which obscure
> the actual behavior (at first glance does not seem a random value).
> Maybe this was the reason why most architectures followed the x86*
> approach to support PIE. But now, with the offset2lib weakness this
> approach need to be changed. From my point of view, moving to "PowerPC"
> approach is not the best solution. I've taken a look to PaX code and
> they implement a similar solution that I have been proposed.
> 
> Anyway, if you are still thinking that the best approach is the
> "PowerPC" one, then I could change the patch to fix the x86*, ARM* and
> MIPS following this approach.

Yeah, I think we should get rid of ARCH_BINFMT_ELF_RANDOMIZE_PIE and just
fix this to do independent executable base randomization.

While we're at it, can we fix VDSO randomization as well? :)

-Kees

-- 
Kees Cook
Chrome OS Security
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