Date:   Fri, 4 Aug 2017 13:24:02 +0200
From:   Paul Menzel <pmenzel@...gen.mpg.de>
To:     hpa@...or.com, bp@...e.de, torvalds@...ux-foundation.org,
        tglx@...utronix.de, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, mingo@...nel.org,
        peterz@...radead.org
Subject: Re: [tip:x86/microcode] x86/microcode: Document the three loading
 methods

Dear Borislav,


Hopefully, it’s alright to reply to this message. I am sorry for the 
late reply.


On 07/25/17 15:51, tip-bot for Borislav Petkov wrote:
> Commit-ID:  0e3258753f8183c63bf68bd274d2cc7e71e5f402
> Gitweb:     http://git.kernel.org/tip/0e3258753f8183c63bf68bd274d2cc7e71e5f402

Could you the script(?) please be updated to use HTTPS URLs?

> Author:     Borislav Petkov <bp@...e.de>
> AuthorDate: Mon, 24 Jul 2017 12:12:27 +0200
> Committer:  Ingo Molnar <mingo@...nel.org>
> CommitDate: Tue, 25 Jul 2017 11:26:24 +0200
> 
> x86/microcode: Document the three loading methods
> 
> Paul Menzel recently asked how to load microcode on a system and I realized
> that we don't really have all the methods written down somewhere.
> 
> Do that, so people can go and look them up.
> 
> Reported-by: Paul Menzel <pmenzel@...gen.mpg.de>
> Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov <bp@...e.de>
> Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@...ux-foundation.org>
> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>
> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>
> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170724101228.17326-3-bp@alien8.de

Here to please HTTPS. (It’s even using HTTP/2 then. Kudos to the 
administrators.)

> [ Fix whitespace noise in the new description. ]
> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@...nel.org>
> ---
>   Documentation/x86/early-microcode.txt |  70 -----------------
>   Documentation/x86/microcode.txt       | 137 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>   2 files changed, 137 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/Documentation/x86/early-microcode.txt b/Documentation/x86/early-microcode.txt
> deleted file mode 100644
> index 07749e7..0000000
> --- a/Documentation/x86/early-microcode.txt

[…]

> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/Documentation/x86/microcode.txt
> @@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
> +	The Linux Microcode Loader
> +
> +Authors: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@...el.com>
> +	 Borislav Petkov <bp@...e.de>
> +
> +The kernel has a x86 microcode loading facility which is supposed to
> +provide microcode loading methods in the OS. Potential use cases are
> +updating the microcode on platforms beyond the OEM End-Of-Life support,
> +and updating the microcode on long-running systems without rebooting.
> +
> +The loader supports three loading methods:
> +
> +1. Early load microcode
> +=======================
> +
> +The kernel can update microcode very early during boot. Loading
> +microcode early can fix CPU issues before they are observed during
> +kernel boot time.
> +
> +The microcode is stored in an initrd file. During boot, it is read from
> +it and loaded into the CPU cores.
> +
> +The format of the combined initrd image is microcode in (uncompressed)
> +cpio format followed by the (possibly compressed) initrd image. The
> +loader parses the combined initrd image during boot.
> +
> +The microcode files in cpio name space are:
> +
> +on Intel: kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin
> +on AMD  : kernel/x86/microcode/AuthenticAMD.bin
> +
> +During BSP (BootStrapping Processor) boot (pre-SMP), the kernel
> +scans the microcode file in the initrd. If microcode matching the
> +CPU is found, it will be applied in the BSP and later on in all APs
> +(Application Processors).
> +
> +The loader also saves the matching microcode for the CPU in memory.
> +Thus, the cached microcode patch is applied when CPUs resume from a
> +sleep state.
> +
> +Here's a crude example how to prepare an initrd with microcode (this is
> +normally done automatically by the distribution, when recreating the
> +initrd, so you don't really have to do it yourself. It is documented
> +here for future reference only).
> +
> +---
> +  #!/bin/bash
> +
> +  if [ -z "$1" ]; then
> +      echo "You need to supply an initrd file"
> +      exit 1
> +  fi
> +
> +  INITRD="$1"
> +
> +  DSTDIR=kernel/x86/microcode
> +  TMPDIR=/tmp/initrd
> +
> +  rm -rf $TMPDIR
> +
> +  mkdir $TMPDIR
> +  cd $TMPDIR
> +  mkdir -p $DSTDIR
> +
> +  if [ -d /lib/firmware/amd-ucode ]; then
> +          cat /lib/firmware/amd-ucode/microcode_amd*.bin > $DSTDIR/AuthenticAMD.bin
> +  fi
> +
> +  if [ -d /lib/firmware/intel-ucode ]; then
> +          cat /lib/firmware/intel-ucode/* > $DSTDIR/GenuineIntel.bin
> +  fi
> +
> +  find . | cpio -o -H newc >../ucode.cpio
> +  cd ..
> +  mv $INITRD $INITRD.orig
> +  cat ucode.cpio $INITRD.orig > $INITRD
> +
> +  rm -rf $TMPDIR
> +---

Maybe it could be added, that certain bootloaders like GRUB allow to 
specify several `initrd` images. So you wouldn’t need to concatenate the 
file [1].

> +
> +The system needs to have the microcode packages installed into
> +/lib/firmware or you need to fixup the paths above if yours are

The verb *fix up* is spelled with a space.

> +somewhere else and/or you've downloaded them directly from the processor
> +vendor's site.
> +
> +2. Late loading
> +===============
> +
> +There are two legacy user space interfaces to load microcode, either through
> +/dev/cpu/microcode or through /sys/devices/system/cpu/microcode/reload file
> +in sysfs.

The *legacy* confuses me a little. Is it because `/sys` is used?

> +The /dev/cpu/microcode method is deprecated because it needs a special
> +userspace tool for that.
> +
> +The easier method is simply installing the microcode packages your distro
> +supplies and running:
> +
> +# echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/microcode/reload
> +
> +as root.
> +
> +The loading mechanism looks for microcode blobs in
> +/lib/firmware/{intel-ucode,amd-ucode}. The default distro installation
> +packages already put them there.
> +
> +3. Builtin microcode
> +====================
> +
> +The loader supports also loading of a builtin microcode supplied through
> +the regular firmware builtin method CONFIG_FIRMWARE_IN_KERNEL. Only
> +64-bit is currently supported.
> +
> +Here's an example:
> +
> +CONFIG_FIRMWARE_IN_KERNEL=y
> +CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE="intel-ucode/06-3a-09 amd-ucode/microcode_amd_fam15h.bin"
> +CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE_DIR="/lib/firmware"
> +
> +This basically means, you have the following tree structure locally:
> +
> +/lib/firmware/
> +|-- amd-ucode
> +...
> +|   |-- microcode_amd_fam15h.bin
> +...
> +|-- intel-ucode
> +...
> +|   |-- 06-3a-09
> +...
> +
> +so that the build system can find those files and integrate them into
> +the final kernel image. The early loader finds them and applies them.
> +
> +Needless to say, this method is not the most flexible one because it
> +requires rebuilding the kernel each time updated microcode from the CPU
> +vendor is available.

Thank you again for improving and extending the documentation for people 
like me.


Kind regards,

Paul


[1] https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Intel_microcode#Grub_2.x

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