Date:   Sat, 7 Oct 2017 18:35:40 +0900
From:   Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@...nel.org>
To:     Steven Rostedt <rostedt@...dmis.org>
Cc:     Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>, Ingo Molnar <mingo@...nel.org>,
        Linus Torvalds <torvalds@...ux-foundation.org>,
        Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>,
        Alexei Starovoitov <ast@...nel.org>,
        Ananth N Mavinakayanahalli <ananth@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>,
        "Paul E . McKenney" <paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>,
        Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>,
        LKML <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
        "H . Peter Anvin" <hpa@...or.com>,
        Anil S Keshavamurthy <anil.s.keshavamurthy@...el.com>,
        "David S . Miller" <davem@...emloft.net>,
        Ian McDonald <ian.mcdonald@...di.co.nz>,
        Vlad Yasevich <vyasevich@...il.com>,
        Stephen Hemminger <stephen@...workplumber.org>
Subject: Re: [RFC PATCH -tip 0/5] kprobes: Abolish jprobe APIs

On Fri, 6 Oct 2017 11:34:30 -0400
Steven Rostedt <rostedt@...dmis.org> wrote:

> On Fri, 6 Oct 2017 13:49:59 +0900
> Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@...nel.org> wrote:
> 
> > Steve, could you write a documentation how to use ftrace callback?
> > I think I should update the Documentation/kprobes.txt so that jprobe
> > user can easily migrate on that.
> 
> I decided to do this now. Here's a first draft. What do you think?

Good! Thank you for writing this down. I just found some typo.

> 
> -- Steve
> 
> 		Using ftrace to hook to functions
> 		=================================
> 
> Copyright 2017 VMware Inc.
>    Author:   Steven Rostedt <srostedt@...dmis.org>
>   License:   The GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
>                (dual licensed under the GPL v2)
> 
> Written for: 4.14
> 
> Introduction
> ------------
> 
> The ftrace infrastructure was originially created to attach hooks to the
> beginning of functions in order to record and trace the flow of the kernel.
> But hooks to the start of a function can have other use cases. Either
> for live kernel patching, or for security monitoring. This document describes
> how to use ftrace to implement your own function hooks.
> 
> 
> The ftrace context
> ==================
> 
> WARNING: The ability to add a callback to almost any function within the
> kernel comes with risks. A callback can be called from any context
> (normal, softirq, irq, and NMI). Callbacks can also be called just before
> going to idle, during CPU bring up and takedown, or going to user space.
> This requires extra care to what can be done inside a callback. A callback
> can be called outside the protective scope of RCU.
> 
> The ftrace infrastructure has some protections agains recursions and RCU
> but one must still be very careful how they use the callbacks.

Q: As far as I know the ftrace handler is called under preempt-disabled,
 don't we need to mention that here?

> 
> The ftrace_ops structure
> ========================
> 
> To register a function callback, a ftrace_ops is required. This structure
> is used to tell ftrace what function should be called as the callback
> as well as what protections the callback will perform and not require
> ftrace to handle.
> 
> There are only two fields that are needed to be set when registering
> an ftrace_ops with ftrace. The rest should be NULL.
> 
> struct ftrace_ops ops = {
>        .func			= my_callback_func,
>        .flags			= MY_FTRACE_FLAGS
>        .private			= any_private_data_structure,
> };
> 
> Both .flags and .private are optional. Only .func is required.
> 
> To enable tracing call:
> 
>   register_ftrace_function(&ops);
> 
> To disable tracing call:
> 
>   unregister_ftrace_function(@ops);
                               ^^^^Is this &ops?

> 
> 
> The callback function
> =====================
> 
> The prototype of the callback function is as follows (as of v4.14):
                                                                ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
If we put this document under Documentation/, do we still need it?
(since it should be updated along with the code)

>  void callback_func(unsigned long ip, unsigned long parent_ip,
> 		    struct ftrace_ops *op, struct pt_regs *regs);
> 
> @ip - This is the instruction pointer of the function that is being traced.
>       (where the fentry or mcount is within the function)
> 
> @parent_ip - This is the instruction pointer of the function that called the
>       the function being traced (where the call of the function occurred).
> 
> @op - This is a pointer to ftrace_ops that was used to register the callback.
>       This can be used to pass data to the callback via the private pointer.
> 
> @regs - If the FTRACE_OPS_FL_SAVE_REGS or FTRACE_OPS_FL_SAVE_REGS_IF_SUPPORTED
>       flags are set in the ftrace_ops structure, then this will be pointing
>       to the pt_regs structure like it would be if an breakpoint was placed
>       at the start of the function where ftrace was tracing. Otherwise it
>       either contains garbage, or NULL.
> 
> 
> The ftrace FLAGS
> ================
> 
> The ftrace_ops flags are all defined and documented in include/linux/ftrace.h.
> Some of the flags are used for internal infrastructure of ftrace, but the
> ones that users should be aware of are the following:
> 
> (All of these are prefixed with FTRACE_OPS_FL_)
> 
> PER_CPU - When set, the callback can be enabled or disabled per cpu with the
>       following functions:
> 
>       void ftrace_function_local_enable(struct ftrace_ops *ops);
>       void ftrace_function_local_disable(struct ftrace_ops *ops);
> 
>       These two functions must be called with preemption disabled.
> 
> SAVE_REGS - If the callback requires reading or modifying the pt_regs
>       passed to the callback, then it must set this flag. Registering
>       a ftrace_ops with this flag set on an architecture that does not
>       support passing of pt_regs to the callback, will fail.
> 
> SAVE_REGS_IF_SUPPORTED - Similar to SAVE_REGS but the registering of a
>       ftrace_ops on an architecture that does not support passing of regs
>       will not fail with this flag set. But the callback must check if
>       regs is NULL or not to determine if the architecture supports it.
> 
> RECURSION_SAFE - By default, a wrapper is added around the callback to
>       make sure that recursion of the function does not occur. That is
>       if a function within the callback itself is also traced, ftrace
>       will prevent the callback from being called again. But this wrapper
>       adds some overhead, and if the callback is safe from recursion,
>       it can set this flag to disable the ftrace protection.

( Ah, I didn't noticed this flag )

> 
> IPMODIFY - Requires SAVE_REGS set. If the callback is to "hijack" the
>       traced function (have another function called instead of the traced
>       function), it requires setting this flag. This is what live kernel
>       patches uses. Without this flag the pt_regs->ip can not be modified.
>       Note, only one ftrace_ops with IPMODIFY set may be registered to
>       any given function at a time.
> 
> RCU - If this is set, then the callback will only be called by functions
>       where RCU is "watching". This is required if the callback function
>       performs any rcu_read_lock() operation.
> 
> 
> Filtering what functions to trace
> =================================
> 
> If a callback is only to be called from specific functions, a filter must be
> set up. The filters are added by name, or ip if it is known.
> 
>  int ftrace_set_filter(struct ftrace_ops *ops, unsigned char *buf,
> 		       int len, int reset);
> 
>  @ops - the ops to set the filter with
>  @buf - the string that holds the function filter text.
>  @len - the length of the string.
>  @reset - non zero to reset all filters before applying this filter.
> 
>  Filters denote which functions should be enabled when tracing is enabled.
>  If @buf is NULL and reset is set, all functions will be enabled for tracing.
> 
> 
> The @buf can also be a glob expression to enable all functions that
> match a specific pattern.
> 
> To just trace the schedule function:
> 
>  ret = ftrace_set_filter(&ops, "schedule", strlen("schedule"), 0);
> 
> To add more functions, call the ftrace_set_filter() more than once with the
> @reset parameter set to zero. To remove the current filter and replace it
> with new functions to trace, have @reset be non zero.
> 
> Sometimes more than one function has the same name. To trace just a specific
> function in this case, ftrace_set_filter_ip() can be used.
> 
>  ret = ftrace_set_filter_ip(&ops, ip, 0, 0);
> 
> Although the ip must be the address where the call to fentry or mcount is
> located in the function.
> 
> If a glob is used to set the filter, to remove unwanted matches the
> ftrace_set_notrace() can also be used.
> 
>   int ftrace_set_notrace(struct ftrace_ops *ops, unsigned char *buf,
> 			 int len, int reset);
> 
> This takes the same parameters as ftrace_set_filter() but will add the
> functions it finds to not be traced. This doesn't remove them from the
> filter itself, but keeps them from being traced. If @reset is set,
> the filter is cleaded but the functions that match @buf will still not
                  ^^^^^^^^
                       cleared?

> be traced (the callback will not be called on those functions).

Thank you,


-- 
Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@...nel.org>

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