linux-kernel - Re: [PATCH v7 2/5] arm: arm64: page_alloc: reduce unnecessary binary search in memblock_next_valid

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Date:   Fri, 6 Apr 2018 12:23:17 +0200
From:   Daniel Vacek <neelx@...hat.com>
To:     Russell King - ARM Linux <linux@...linux.org.uk>
Cc:     Matthew Wilcox <willy@...radead.org>, Jia He <hejianet@...il.com>,
        Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@....com>,
        Will Deacon <will.deacon@....com>,
        Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@....com>,
        Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@...aro.org>,
        Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
        Michal Hocko <mhocko@...e.com>,
        Wei Yang <richard.weiyang@...il.com>,
        Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>,
        Laura Abbott <labbott@...hat.com>,
        Vladimir Murzin <vladimir.murzin@....com>,
        Philip Derrin <philip@....systems>,
        AKASHI Takahiro <takahiro.akashi@...aro.org>,
        James Morse <james.morse@....com>,
        Steve Capper <steve.capper@....com>,
        Pavel Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@...cle.com>,
        Gioh Kim <gi-oh.kim@...fitbricks.com>,
        Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@...e.cz>, Mel Gorman <mgorman@...e.de>,
        Johannes Weiner <hannes@...xchg.org>,
        Kemi Wang <kemi.wang@...el.com>,
        Petr Tesarik <ptesarik@...e.com>,
        YASUAKI ISHIMATSU <yasu.isimatu@...il.com>,
        Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@...tuozzo.com>,
        Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@...e.com>,
        Daniel Jordan <daniel.m.jordan@...cle.com>,
        Eugeniu Rosca <erosca@...adit-jv.com>,
        linux-arm-kernel <linux-arm-kernel@...ts.infradead.org>,
        open list <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
        Linux-MM <linux-mm@...ck.org>, Jia He <jia.he@...-semitech.com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH v7 2/5] arm: arm64: page_alloc: reduce unnecessary binary
 search in memblock_next_valid_pfn()

On Fri, Apr 6, 2018 at 11:09 AM, Russell King - ARM Linux
<linux@...linux.org.uk> wrote:
> On Thu, Apr 05, 2018 at 05:50:54AM -0700, Matthew Wilcox wrote:
>> On Thu, Apr 05, 2018 at 08:44:12PM +0800, Jia He wrote:
>> >
>> >
>> > On 4/5/2018 7:34 PM, Matthew Wilcox Wrote:
>> > > On Thu, Apr 05, 2018 at 01:04:35AM -0700, Jia He wrote:
>> > > > Commit b92df1de5d28 ("mm: page_alloc: skip over regions of invalid pfns
>> > > > where possible") optimized the loop in memmap_init_zone(). But there is
>> > > > still some room for improvement. E.g. if pfn and pfn+1 are in the same
>> > > > memblock region, we can simply pfn++ instead of doing the binary search
>> > > > in memblock_next_valid_pfn.
>> > > Sure, but I bet if we are >end_pfn, we're almost certainly going to the
>> > > start_pfn of the next block, so why not test that as well?
>> > >
>> > > > +       /* fast path, return pfn+1 if next pfn is in the same region */
>> > > > +       if (early_region_idx != -1) {
>> > > > +               start_pfn = PFN_DOWN(regions[early_region_idx].base);
>> > > > +               end_pfn = PFN_DOWN(regions[early_region_idx].base +
>> > > > +                               regions[early_region_idx].size);
>> > > > +
>> > > > +               if (pfn >= start_pfn && pfn < end_pfn)
>> > > > +                       return pfn;
>> > >           early_region_idx++;
>> > >           start_pfn = PFN_DOWN(regions[early_region_idx].base);
>> > >           if (pfn >= end_pfn && pfn <= start_pfn)
>> > >                   return start_pfn;
>> > Thanks, thus the binary search in next step can be discarded?
>>
>> I don't know all the circumstances in which this is called.  Maybe a linear
>> search with memo is more appropriate than a binary search.

This is actually a good point.

> That's been brought up before, and the reasoning appears to be
> something along the lines of...
>
> Academics and published wisdom is that on cached architectures, binary
> searches are bad because it doesn't operate efficiently due to the
> overhead from having to load cache lines.  Consequently, there seems
> to be a knee-jerk reaction that "all binary searches are bad, we must
> eliminate them."

a) This does not make sense. At least in general case.
b) It is not the case here. Here it's really mostly called with
sequentially incremented pfns, AFAICT.

> What is failed to be grasped here, though, is that it is typical that
> the number of entries in this array tend to be small, so the entire
> array takes up one or two cache lines, maybe a maximum of four lines
> depending on your cache line length and number of entries.
>
> This means that the binary search expense is reduced, and is lower
> than a linear search for the majority of cases.

In this case it hits mostly the last result or eventually the
sequentially next one.

> What is key here as far as performance is concerned is whether the
> general usage of pfn_valid() by the kernel is optimal.  We should
> not optimise only for the boot case, which means evaluating the
> effect of these changes with _real_ workloads, not just "does my
> machine boot a milliseconds faster".

IIUC, this is only used during early boot (and memory hotplug) and it
does not influence regular runtime. Whether the general usage of
pfn_valid() by the kernel is optimal is another good question, but
that's totally unrelated to this series, IMHO.

On the other hand I also wonder if this all really is worth the
negligible boot time speedup.

--nX

> --
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