Message-ID: <5481D808.30405@vulnerability-lab.com>
Date: Fri, 05 Dec 2014 17:06:32 +0100
From: Vulnerability Lab <research@...nerability-lab.com>
To: bugtraq@...urityfocus.com, bugs@...uritytracker.com
Subject: NASA Orion Mars Program - Bypass, Persistent Issue & Embed Code Execution
 Vulnerability (Boarding Pass)

Document Title:
===============
NASA Orion - Bypass, Persistent Issue & Embed Code Execution Vulnerability


References (Source):
====================
http://www.vulnerability-lab.com/get_content.php?id=1339

[VU#666988] US CERT

Vulnerability Magazine: http://magazine.vulnerability-db.com/?q=articles/2014/12/05/nasa-mars-orion-program-researcher-reveals-vulnerability-boarding-pass

Reference Article: http://www.securityweek.com/exploit-payload-possibly-made-it-nasas-orion-spacecraft


Release Date:
=============
2014-12-05


Vulnerability Laboratory ID (VL-ID):
====================================
1339


Common Vulnerability Scoring System:
====================================
6


Product & Service Introduction:
===============================
People are being invited to sign up for a free `boarding pass`for trips into space. The plan is to start small with orbital flights 
but will later involve flights to Mars. The US National Aeronautics and Space Administration is behind the scheme which is linked to 
its new Orion spacecraft. It is expected to bring humans back into space for travel to far-flung destinations including the Red Planet.

And Nasa wants us all along for the ride. Sort of. It is inviting people to send in their names for inclusion in a penny-sized microchip 
that will be carried on Orion’s first flight planned for December 4th. At time of publishing just over 114,000 people have signed up for 
their “boarding pass” that will bring their name into space for a two-orbit flight and a splash-down in the Pacific Ocean. The names will 
also fly on future Nasa exploration flights including missions to Mars. “When we set foot on the Red Planet, we’ll be exploring for all of 
humanity,” says Mark Geyer, Orion programme manager. “Flying these names will enable people to be part of our journey.”

Nasa is using the web to collect names and social media to help promote it (#JourneyToMars). Sending your name isn’t quite like flying 
yourself, but then there will be no question of space flight sickness and you don’t have to worry about getting your feet wet in cold 
Pacific waters. Don’t delay as the closing date to add your name is October 31st. Submit your name to fly on Orion’s test flight by 
visiting go.usa.gov/vcpz and learn more about Orion at nasa.gov/orion.

(Copy of the Homepage: http://mars.nasa.gov/participate/send-your-name/orion-first-flight/ & http://www.cnet.com/news/nasa-you-cant-fly-to-mars-but-your-name-can/)


Abstract Advisory Information:
==============================
The Vulnerability Laboratory Research Team discovered an application-side vulnerability and a filter bypass issue in the official Nasa Orion (mars) web-application.


Vulnerability Disclosure Timeline:
==================================
2014-10-09:	Researcher Notification & Coordination (Benjamin Kunz Mejri)
2014-10-10:	Vendor Notification (US CERT Team)
2014-10-15:	Vendor Response/Feedback (US CERT Team - Nasa Security Team)
2014-11-13:	Vendor Fix/Patch Notification (Nasa JPL Developer Team)
2014-12-05:	Public Disclosure (Vulnerability Laboratory)


Discovery Status:
=================
Published


Affected Product(s):
====================
NASA (US) [GOV]
Product: Orion Mars - Boarding Pass 2014 Q4


Exploitation Technique:
=======================
Remote


Severity Level:
===============
High


Technical Details & Description:
================================
A filter bypass and persistent input validation web vulnerability (embed code exeuction) has been discovered in the official NASA Mars Program web-application.
The high severity vulnerability allows remote attackers to inject own system specific codes to the application-side of the affected NASA online-service website.

The issue is located in the firstname and lastname input fields of the nasa mission orion boarding pass module. Remote attackers are able to inject own script codes 
as firstname and lastname to compromise the embed boarding pass module of the nasa website. The request method to inject is POST and the attack vector is on the 
application-side of the vulnerable online-service module. After saving the malicious context to a boarding pass service the attacker can use the embed module to 
stream malicious codes as embed code execution through the boarding pass application of the nasa mars program website.

In case of the scenario we would like to fly as first and inject a script code that gets stored in the nasa dbms. In a special case of a pentest ago the user limit 
in the list runs that long since an error occurs. In case of the vote the nasa boarding pass list runs since the execution occurs and this will be the last entry 
that counts. Result is that the user with the injected special crafted code could be able to become the first for a ticket.

The web filter of the service encodes for example frames or script code tags. Img onloads can pass through the filter validation and the second instance filter of 
cloudflare to provoke an execution of script code in the embed nasa boarding pass module. The dime-size microship carries 1.3 million names that fly aboard Orion.
Engeneers wrote 1.3 million names onto the tiny 0.8 cm sqare (8 mm square) silicon wafer microchip. To write the context to the chip the E-beam litography tool was used.
After the input the payload gets flashed to a nasa chip that is configured to get send with mission orion to the space. 

After the report to the US CERT Team informed the nasa about the issue and they closed the active ticket of the researcher. To ensure the ticket got closed the NASA 
included an image that shows the user in the official Nasa `NO FLY List`. The researcher was that intelligent to inject three payloads. Two ids got observed by the 
nasa team and one passed through the procedure of verification and validation with id 344***.

In a statement the nasa wrote back that the chip itself is not at risk because there is no interaction or running code with it. In case of the research the code has 
been blocked since it got written to the silicon microchip. The context that gets written to the chip will be done manually for about 1.3 million users. In a later 
conversation to other security team they acknowledged that it would be impossible to check 1.3 million user accounts. By watching the last id of the researcher included 
as reference, the people can see that the name value of an accepted ticket is not secure validated. He used the word Payload1 as firstname and Payload2 as second name to 
approve the validation.

The security risk of the embed code execution vulnerability in the boarding pass is estimated as high with a cvss (common vulnerability scoring system) count of 6.0. 
Exploitation of the persistent remote web vulnerability requires no privileged application user account and only low user interaction.  Successful exploitation of the 
security vulnerability results in session hijacking, persistent phishing, persistent external redirect through nasa domains and persistent manipulation of affected or 
connected module context.

Request Method(s):
				[+] POST

Vulnerable Module(s):
				[+] NASA Mars > Boarding Pass > Registration

Vulnerable Parameter(s):
				[+] firstname
				[+] lastname

Affected Module(s):
				[+] NASA Mars - Boarding Pass (Embed Boarding Pass)


Proof of Concept (PoC):
=======================
The persistent input validation web vulnerability can be exploited by remote attackers without privileged application user account and 
with low user interaction. For security demonstration or to reproduce the security vulnerability follow the provided information and 
steps below to continue.

Manual steps to reproduce the remote vulnerability ...

1. Open the mars.nasa.gov website portal
2. Register a new boarding pass to register for the orion program
3. Iclude as firstname and lastname own script code to inject and to provoke the execution
Note: After saving the input the payload will be streamed to the invite of the boardpass index but also to the embed board pass module
4. The code execution occurs in the boarding pass website that displays the saved embed context information of the nasa customer/client
5. Successful reproduce of the security vulnerability!


PoC: Embed Exploitcode (Mars BoardingCard)
<iframe src="http://mars.nasa.gov/participate/send-your-name/orion-first-flight/?action=getcert&e=1&cn=334902" width="750" height="307" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe>


PoC: J2M1000000158467 (send-your-name/orion-first-flight/?s=confirm&cn=334902)

<div class="boarding">
<img src="/images/general/layout/hexAccentImage.png" class="graphic-right">
<div class="certificate-id">J2M1000000158467</div>
        <div class="name">
            <div style="font-size:1.5em;">"><"<[PERSISTENT INJECTED SCRIPT CODE VIA FIRSTNAME VALUES!]"></div>
            <div>"><"<[PERSISTENT INJECTED SCRIPT CODE VIA LASTNAME VALUES!]"></div></div>
        <img src="/images/mep/send-name-to-mars/Boarding-Pass.png" class="image-boarding" alt="boarding pass">	
        <div style="bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;z-index:100;background-color: rgba(85, 85, 85, 0.5);width:100%;">
          <div style="position:relative;z-index:101;float:right;margin-right:0%;margin-top:2px;margin-bottom:2px;">
              <a target="_blank" style="color:#eee;text-decoration:none;font-weight:normal !important;border:none;display:inline-block;padding-right:
8px;padding-right:10px;line-height:16px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue',Arial,sans-
serif;font-size: 12px;" href="http://mars.nasa.gov/participate/send-your-name/orion-first-flight/"><div style="font-size:16px;margin-left:6px;float:
right;font-weight:bold;">+</div><div style="float:left;">Image Credit: mars.nasa.gov</div></a>
          </div>
        <br clear="all">
        </div>
    </div>


--- PoC Session Logs [POST] ---
Status: 200[OK] 
POST http://mars.nasa.gov/participate/send-your-name/orion-first-flight/ Load Flags[LOAD_DOCUMENT_URI  LOAD_INITIAL_DOCUMENT_URI  ] Größe des Inhalts[144] Mime Type[text/html]
   Request Header:
      Host[mars.nasa.gov]
      User-Agent[Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOW64; rv:32.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/32.0]
      Accept[text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8]
      Accept-Language[de,en-US;q=0.7,en;q=0.3]
      Accept-Encoding[gzip, deflate]
      Referer[http://mars.nasa.gov/participate/send-your-name/orion-first-flight/]
      Cookie[s_cc=true; s_vnum=1415451392569%26vn%3D3; s_sq=%5B%5BB%5D%5D; __utma=36124604.1688619800.1412859393.1412866915.1412869134.3; 
__utmc=36124604; __utmz=36124604.1412859393.1.1.utmcsr=(direct)|utmccn=(direct)|utmcmd=(none); s_vi=[CS]v1|2A1B4302851D2BE0-40000107A00688CE[CE]; 
fsr.s=%7B%22v2%22%3A1%2C%22v1%22%3A1%2C%22rid%22%3A%22d036702-53567014-5eea-b60c-7e184%22%2C%22ru%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2F
mars.nasa.gov%2Fparticipate%2Fsend-your-name%2Forion-first-flight%2F%3Fcn%3D161115%22%2C%22r%22%3A%22mars.nasa.gov%22%2C%22st%22%3A%22%22%2C%22cp%22%3A%7B%22
delivery_src%22%3A%22none%22%7D%2C%22to%22%3A3%2C%22mid%22%3A%22d036702-53567258-d212-8c96-20007%22%2C%22rt%22%3Afalse%2C%22rc%22%3Afalse%2C%22c%22%3A%22
http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2F%22%2C%22pv%22%3A1%2C%22lc%22%3A%7B%22d3%22%3A%7B%22v%22%3A1%2C%22s%22%3Afalse%7D%7D%2C%22cd%22%3A3%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22rtp
%22%3A%22a%22%2C%22rta%22%3A3%2C%22rts%22%3A3%7D%7D; __utma=259910805.435627752.1412859567.1412859567.1412859567.1; __utmc=259910805; 
__utmz=259910805.1412859567.1.1.utmcsr=mars.nasa.gov|utmccn=(referral)|utmcmd=referral|utmcct=/participate/send-your-name/orion-first-flight/; 
gpv_pe5=MEP%20-%20Send%20Your%20Name%20on%20NASA%27s%20Journey%20to%20Mars%2C%20Starting%20with%20Orion%27s%20First%20Flight; 
s_invisit=true; __utmb=36124604.0.10.1412869134]
      Connection[keep-alive]
   POST-Daten:
      action[submit]
      pid[2]
      FirstName[[PERSISTENT INJECTED SCRIPT CODE!]]
      LastName[[PERSISTENT INJECTED SCRIPT CODE!]]
      CountryCode[DE]
      ZipCode[34128]
      Email[research%40vulnerability-lab.com]
      rp[]
      recaptcha_challenge_field[03AHJ_VutiAgzfSZseCHPF92TfRrOZIIX-E6X078M8JwT-meq1bJthIybgz2TGRb_fl0QJdopcWTcJLSp2vy-DirSlgF370p4a4xnMI1D-
oypqwieb2Q5ckPquDsbrDV4Gp4u3B2jRORQn4KW4VEont0UfwogAMQgKBpqEjer1MrSEimu9LxVJRD3v-Jz40RRNTcR2FvsQqCL3hGPl27ca9RjTd7KrzM56-
xZRWdnXHfHmFNyLNSNzOrcCEvcv3ZW9oZVBoV0IQzL19g_zMXEOt61sAKOZbVDI0cT0DGUt2EGDlBJ81uj8dp0]
      recaptcha_response_field[619]
      Submit[SEND+MY+NAME]
   Response Header:
      Content-Type[text/html;charset=UTF-8]
      Content-Length[144]
      Connection[keep-alive]
      Access-Control-Allow-Origin[http://marsdev.jpl.nasa.gov]
      Cache-Control[max-age=600]
      Date[Thu, 09 Oct 2014 15:46:04 GMT]
      Location[./?s=confirm&cn=344616]
      Server[nginx/1.1.19]
      X-Cache[Miss from cloudfront]
      Via[1.1 641720e73fe93af037f911457c12ae1e.cloudfront.net (CloudFront)]
      X-Amz-Cf-Id[Ol1wi0YiljsLjsNOdJjXmYAjmvQgVMvLCh9WnjvbTFF0a4GKSVHifw==]
-
Status: 200[OK]
GET http://mars.nasa.gov/participate/send-your-name/orion-first-flight/?s=confirm&cn=344616 
Load Flags[LOAD_DOCUMENT_URI  LOAD_REPLACE  LOAD_INITIAL_DOCUMENT_URI  ] Größe des Inhalts[7642] Mime Type[text/html]
   Request Header:
      Host[mars.nasa.gov]
      User-Agent[Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOW64; rv:32.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/32.0]
      Accept[text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8]
      Accept-Language[de,en-US;q=0.7,en;q=0.3]
      Accept-Encoding[gzip, deflate]
      Referer[http://mars.nasa.gov/participate/send-your-name/orion-first-flight/]
      Cookie[s_cc=true; s_vnum=1415451392569%26vn%3D3; s_sq=%5B%5BB%5D%5D; __utma=36124604.1688619800.1412859393.1412866915.1412869134.3; 
__utmc=36124604; __utmz=36124604.1412859393.1.1.utmcsr=(direct)|utmccn=(direct)|utmcmd=(none); s_vi=[CS]v1|2A1B4302851D2BE0-40000107A00688CE[CE]; 
fsr.s=%7B%22v2%22%3A1%2C%22v1%22%3A1%2C%22rid%22%3A%22d036702-53567014-5eea-b60c-7e184%22%2C%22ru%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2Fmars.nasa.gov%2Fparticipate
%2Fsend-your-name%2Forion-first-flight%2F%3Fcn%3D161115%22%2C%22r%22%3A%22mars.nasa.gov%22%2C%22st%22%3A%22%22%2C%22cp%22%3A%7B%22delivery_src%22%3A
%22none%22%7D%2C%22to%22%3A3%2C%22mid%22%3A%22d036702-53567258-d212-8c96-20007%22%2C%22rt%22%3Afalse%2C%22rc%22%3Afalse%2C%22c%22%3A%22http%3A%2F%2F
www.nasa.gov%2F%22%2C%22pv%22%3A1%2C%22lc%22%3A%7B%22d3%22%3A%7B%22v%22%3A1%2C%22s%22%3Afalse%7D%7D%2C%22cd%22%3A3%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22rtp%22%3A%22
a%22%2C%22rta%22%3A3%2C%22rts%22%3A3%7D%7D; __utma=259910805.435627752.1412859567.1412859567.1412859567.1; __utmc=259910805; 
__utmz=259910805.1412859567.1.1.utmcsr=mars.nasa.gov|utmccn=(referral)|utmcmd=referral|utmcct=/participate/send-your-name/orion-first-flight/; 
gpv_pe5=MEP%20-%20Send%20Your%20Name%20on%20NASA%27s%20Journey%20to%20Mars%2C%20Starting%20with%20Orion%27s%20First%20Flight; s_invisit=true; __utmb=36124604.0.10.1412869134]
      Connection[keep-alive]
   Response Header:
      Content-Type[text/html;charset=UTF-8]
      Content-Length[7642]
      Connection[keep-alive]
      Access-Control-Allow-Origin[http://marsdev.jpl.nasa.gov]
      Cache-Control[max-age=600]
      Content-Encoding[gzip]
      Date[Thu, 09 Oct 2014 15:46:05 GMT]
      Server[nginx/1.1.19]
      Vary[Accept-Encoding]
      X-Cache[Miss from cloudfront]
      Via[1.1 641720e73fe93af037f911457c12ae1e.cloudfront.net (CloudFront)]
      X-Amz-Cf-Id[fcCNBQ3RNkRMQ_9nK-1v_ConkoOko6ttxX2F0IDcwKGyovh3SJSAZg==]


Reference(s):
http://mars.nasa.gov/
http://mars.nasa.gov/participate/
http://mars.nasa.gov/participate/send-your-name/
http://mars.nasa.gov/participate/send-your-name/orion-first-flight/
http://mars.nasa.gov/participate/send-your-name/orion-first-flight/?s=confirm&cn=334902
http://mars.nasa.gov/participate/send-your-name/orion-first-flight/?s=confirm&cn=344616


Solution - Fix & Patch:
=======================
The vulnerability can be patched by a secure parse and encode of the vulnerable firstname and lastname input fields.
Restrict and filter the input to prevent execution of persistent script codes in the board pass service.
Encode the boarding pass output values in the embed code module to block application-side script code executions.
Upgrade the filter and capture image onloads and image cookie requests.


Security Risk:
==============
The security risk of the filter bypass and persistent script code inject web vulnerability in the nasa boarding pass application is estimated as high. (CVSS 6.0)


Credits & Authors:
==================
Vulnerability Laboratory [Research Team] - Benjamin Kunz Mejri (bkm@...lution-sec.com) [www.vulnerability-lab.com]


Disclaimer & Information:
=========================
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