Message-ID: <ca5618221003101206t6f2fe07by18843e37d663d085@mail.gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Mar 2010 21:06:52 +0100
From: Luka Milkovic <milkovic.luka@...il.com>
To: full-disclosure@...ts.grok.org.uk, bugtraq@...urityfocus.com
Subject: Multiple vulnerabilities in SUPERAntiSpyware and
	Super Ad Blocker

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 Title:                              Multiple vulnerabilities in
SUPERAntiSpyware and Super Ad Blocker
 Date of Discovery:         2 Feb 2010
 Contact Date:                4 Feb 2010
 Release Date:                10 Mar 2010
 Author:                          Luka Milkovic
 Mail:                              milkovic.luka at gmail.com
 Software Link:               SUPERAntiSpyware -
http://www.superantispyware.com/index.html
                                      Super Ad Blocker -
http://www.superadblocker.com/
 Version:                         SUPERAntiSpyware 4.34.1000 (18 Feb
2010) or older
                                      Super Ad Blocker 4.6.1000 (not
updated since 2007, pre-release exists) or older
 Platform:                       Windows XP and later
 Components affected:    Device drivers in both applications
 Remote:                        No
 Local:                           Yes
 Vulnerability type:         DoS, Privilege Escalation


VENDOR SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:
- ---------------

SUPERAntiSpyware is the most thorough scanner on the market. Our
Multi-Dimensional Scanning and Process Interrogation Technology will
detect spyware that other products miss! SUPERAntiSpyware will remove
ALL the Spyware, NOT just the easy ones!

Super Ad Blocker™ is the first ad-blocker designed to block all new
forms of advertising! Blocks all Rich Media, Flash, pop-ups,
pop-unders, messenger ads, spyware ads, InVue, slide-in, fly-in ads
and more! Block AND Remove Spyware such as SurfSideKick, LOP, Nail,
Cydoor, Huntbar, Ezula, Sandboxer and more! The only ad-blocker you
will ever need! Clear cache, cookies and other history trails to
protect your privacy!


VULNERABILITIES DESCRIPTION AND TECHNICAL DETAILS:
- ---------------

SUPERAntiSpyware and Super Ad Blocker have almost identical device
drivers in order to set up hooks and perform other duties from kernel
space. These device drivers suffer from lack of validation of
parameters passed from user mode. Additionally, some of the functions
accessible from user mode are inherently insecure and lead to easy
privilege escalation. All vulnerabilities are applicable to both
applications.

Analysis and code was developed for SUPERAntiSpyware v4.33.1000, but
the vendor released a new version of the product (v4.34.1000) - all
differences will be addressed and emphasized in technical details
below.

Vulnerable drivers:
SASENUM.sys - SUPERAntiSpyware, used just for an object name retieval
SABProcEnum.sys - Super Ad Blocker, equivalent of the above driver
SASKUTIL.sys - SUPERAntiSpyware, main driver (hooks, registry and
process functions)
SABKUTIL.sys - Super Ad Blocker, equivalent of the above driver

- --- 1. Issue: Local DoS in SABProcEnum.sys/SASENUM.sys ---

Drivers SABProcEnum.sys/SASENUM.sys define two IOCTL codes for the
device control.
Both control codes are used for an object name retrieval, through
ZwQueryObject() method or
ObReferenceObjectByHandle()/ObQueryNameString() methods. Input buffers
for both IRP packets include user mode pointers which are completely
user-controllable. However, no checks regarding NULL pointers, invalid
input buffer length, or otherwise invalid pointers are made - user can
pass NULL input buffer and thus cause a BSOD.

Vulnerable code disassembly excerpt:
- ---
.text:1000120B                 push    0
.text:1000120D                 push    1000h
.text:10001212                 mov     eax, [ebp+SystemBuffer]    ;
EAX CAN BE NULL NOW
.text:10001215                 mov     ecx, [eax+8]        ; CRASH HERE!
.text:10001218                 push    ecx
.text:10001219                 push    1
.text:1000121B                 mov     edx, [ebp+SystemBuffer]
.text:1000121E                 mov     eax, [edx]        ; OR HERE!
.text:10001220                 push    eax
.text:10001221                 call    ZwQueryObject   ; query object
name information
- ---

Arbitrary code execution is probably impossible, since an attacker
does not control content which will be written to the pointers under
user's control.

These drivers are only present after installation of the application -
after reboot they are not loaded. There is strong possibility that
these drivers are not used at all, as demonstrated by the most recent
release of SUPERAntiSpyware...

After vendor was contacted and informed about the vulnerabilities, new
version was released, with all vulnerabilities supposedly fixed.

Vulnerability explained above was fixed by adding
ProbeForRead()/ProbeForWrite() calls in order to catch malformed
requests.
However, every affected driver uses METHOD_BUFFERED for all IOCTL
calls. Buffer passed from user mode is first copied to kernel mode,
and will always have kernel mode address (when accessed by the above
function). Calling ProbeForRead()/ProbeForWrite() on kernel mode
addresses raises exception which is appropriately handled, and the
ZwQueryObject() call is never performed.
Because of the added "fixes", even legitimate request cannot be
fulfilled, so these drivers are very likely not used at all.

- --- 2. Issue: Local DoS by overwriting array of registered processes ---

SABKUTIL.sys/SASKUTIL.sys have unique mechanism of
connecting/registering with an application (i.e. user mode). Every
application with intention to use these drivers must first register
with the driver. Registration involves a modified variant of MD5 hash
of current time which is calculated both by the application and the
driver. If these two values match, application is successfully
registered with the driver (otherwise, driver refuses to fulfill
application's requests).
Driver holds a constant length array of successfully registered
applications and iterates through this array for every IRP packet
(except the registration IRP with IOCTL
IOCTL_SABKUTIL_REGISTER_PROCESS_WITH_DRIVER = 0x9c4028c). Array has
256 DWORD elements which is enough for 256 application registrations
(each DWORD is registered application's process ID).

Sending more than 256 registration request will successfully overflow
the array because no checks are made whether the current PID is
already present in the array or whether all array elements are already
used. Array overflow will cause the overwrite of certain critical
driver structures or memory pages beyond the driver memory which will
lead to access violation and BSOD.
Possibility of arbitrary code execution is very low because user does
not control the content which is going to be written beyond the array
boundaries - an attacker cannot influence PIDs easily.

New version adds ProbeForRead()/ProbeForWrite() calls in order to
validate buffer passed from the user mode (completely unnecessary),
checks whether the array is already filled and, if it is, restarts the
array index thus overwriting the array from the beginning. If PID
being added is already present in the array, it's not added again.
It's obvious that if an attacker creates more than 256 registration
request, each from its own process, the array will be overflowed, and
initially registered application (i.e. legitimate SUPERAntiSpyware or
Super Ad Blocker process) will be "unregistered" and all requests will
fail.

Consequences of this "driver hijack" are not directly obvious -
malware scanner seems not to be affected, despite the application
making driver calls which all fail - some parts of malware detection
engine are obviously placed in user mode.
Nevertheless, the application must be affected somehow (because all
calls fail), but the specific details were not discovered.

- --- 3. Issue: local DoS by dereferencing invalid pointer used as a
parameter for ZwOpenProcess() method ---

SABKUTIL.sys and SASKUTIL.sys use IOCTL code 0x9c402090
(IOCTL_SABKUTIL_ZWOPENPROCESS) as a wrapper around the ZwOpenProcess()
method which creates the handle to the specified process (valid only
in kernel mode).
Parameters passed to the ZwOpenProcess() method are completely under
attacker's control. The wrapper tries to restrict the handle usage to
kernel mode by setting OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES.Attributes field to
OBJ_KERNEL_HANDLE | OBJ_CASE_INSENSITIVE values. Since this field is
controllable by the user, user could pass invalid pointer which, when
dereferenced, leads to BSOD. No check is made whether the pointer is
valid.
Possibility of arbitrary code execution is very low because only
constant value (0x240) can be written to an arbitrary location
(particular kernel address that could be somehow exploited could
exist).

Vulnerable code disassembly excerpt:
- ---
.text:0001572F                 mov     edx, [ebp+SystemBuffer]
.text:00015732                 mov     eax,
[edx+ObjectAttributesPointer] ; EAX IS OURS
.text:00015735                 mov     dword ptr
[eax+OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES.Attributes], 240h ; CRASH OR OVERWRITE HERE!
.text:0001573C                 push    0
.text:0001573E                 call    EmptyStub
- ---

New version adds ProbeForRead()/ProbeForWrite() checks for input
buffer (or jumps over these checks, if input buffer resides in the
kernel, as is the case here). Additionally, OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES pointer
(part of the input buffer) is checked with the same calls, and if not
readable/writable, exception is raised and handled appropriately
(ZwOpenProcess() call is not performed). However, if this pointer
points to kernel address, checks are not used - invalid address, such
as 0xFFFFFFFF leads to crash.

- --- 4. Issue: Local DoS by dereferencing invalid pointer used as a
parameter for ZwQueryValueKey() method ---

SABKUTIL.sys and SASKUTIL.sys use IOCTL code 0x9c402064
(IOCTL_SABKUTIL_QUERY_VALUE) as a wrapper around the ZwQueryValueKey()
method which queries specified value of the given key. In order to use
this function, user must first send IRP with IOCTL 0x9c402058
(IOCTL_SABKUTIL_OPEN_KEY) which returns a handle to the specified
registry key (valid only in kernel mode).
This wrapper allocates kernel pool which will hold content of the
specified value, queries the value of the given key and then copies
content from the pool to the user mode buffer pointed to by the
pointer passed in the input buffer (user-controlled).
Inside the wrapper, this pointer is checked for NULL value - if the
pointer is NULL, no content is copied back to the user mode buffer.
Using other invalid address, 0x1 for example, will crash the system.

New version adds ProbeForRead()/ProbeForWrite() calls for the input
buffer and the "content pointer" inside the input buffer. Using
invalid address such as 0xFFFFFFFF (must be in kernel space, in order
to bypass probe-checks), just like in the vulnerability described
previously, crashes the system.

Possibility of arbitrary code execution is very high and is described
further below.

- --- 5. Issue: Arbitrary code execution by using ZwQueryValueKey() wrapper ---

ZwQueryValueKey() wrapper was described above. Since pointer to which
contents of the specifed value of the given key in the registry will
be written is completely controllable by the user, we can overwrite
arbitrary memory location. Furthermore, contents which are going to be
written to arbitrary memory location are also completely controllable
by the user - they are registry values. An attacker could create
registry value with malicious content (x86 code).

Checks added in new version do not prevent this attack in any way.

PoC for this vulnerability was not created since privilege escalation
(most probable outcome/goal of arbitrary ring0 code execution) can be
achieved much more easily with techniques described below.

- --- 6. Issue: Information leakage/privilege escalation by using
registry/file functions ---

Since registry and file access is done in kernel mode, every registry
key/value and file can be accessed. Normally protected files like SAM
database in registry or on disk can be easily accessed - NT/LM hashes
or other sensitive information could be compromised.
SABKUTIL.sys or SASKUTIL.sys drivers do not provide WriteFile()
wrapper method and arbitrary content cannot be written to arbitrary
files. This is not true for the registry access though, since all
relevant registry method wrappers are present. Limited user account
could thus not only read sensitive information (SAM database for
example), but also write arbitrary content (disable passwords for
certain accounts, add new Administrator group users, etc.).

- --- 7. Issue: Local DoS/privilege escalation by dereferencing invalid
pointer(s) used as parameter(s) for SetVistaTokenInformation() method
- ---

SABKUTIL.sys and SASKUTIL.sys use IOCTL code 0x9c4020c0
(IOCTL_SABKUTIL_SET_VISTA_TOKEN_INFORMATION) for writing arbitrary
information to the token of the current process.
Since all information being written to token is user-controllable,
there are plenty of exploitation possibilities (including privilege
escalation). Sending malformed packet (all NULLs or random data) will
corrupt the token which leads to BSOD.
Crash is not immediate - no pointer is dereferenced inside the driver
instantly, but sooner or later, token will be manipulated (for
example, when application which edited the token exits), crashing the
system.
This call works only in Windows Vista and later.

Arbitrary code execution is improbable - privileges, user/groups and
restricted SIDs are the variable parts of the token. It's much easier
to cause privilege escalation by manipulating these structures, than
to cause execution of arbitrary code (if at all possible).

ProbeForRead()/ProbeForWrite() checks added in new version do not fix
this vulnerability - only input buffer is checked (actually, since it
comes from the kernel mode because of METHOD_BUFFERED transfer method,
checks are bypassed).

- --- 8. Issue: Privilege escalation by adjusting token privileges ---

SABKUTIL.sys and SASKUTIL.sys use IOCTL codes 0x9c4020b4
(IOCTL_SABKUTIL_SET_VISTA_PRIVILEGES_FOR_CURRENT_PROCESS) and
0x9c4020b8 (IOCTL_SABKUTIL_SET_VISTA_PRIVILEGES_BY_PID) for enabling
all privileges for current process or the process with the given PID.
Despite the presence, setting privileges for the process with the
given PID does not work at all - method which tries to obtain the
EPROCESS block of the process with the given PID fails for Vista OS or
later. On OSes prior to Vista these functions are not usable because
of the IsVista() check.
This function is inherently insecure - limited user can gain all
possible privileges for current process.

Arbitrary code execution is not possible (not necessary, either).

- --- 9. Issue: Privilege escalation by adjusting token SIDs ---

This vulnerability is very similar to the previous one - by adjusting
token SIDs, one could gain administrator privileges.

- --- 10. Issue: Privilege escalation by replacing process token with
System process token ---

Issue 7 described SetVistaTokenInformation() method. SABKUTIL.sys and
SASKUTIL.sys use IOCTL code 0x9c4020bc (IOCTL_SABKUTIL_GET_VISTA_
TOKEN_INFORMATION) to obtain all relevant information about the token
of the current process, or the process with the name passed as a
parameter - this function will be called GetVistaTokenInformation().
Using this method, an attacker can first obtain token of an arbitrary
process (all token fields), for example "System" process. This token
information can then be passed to SetVistaTokenInformation() method
which will successfully replace token of the current process with the
System process token, thus granting the process SYSTEM privileges.

EXPLOIT/POC:
- ---------------

Visual Studio project is attached in the ZIP archive (sorry because of
the attachment).
Exploit code is a bit bloated, but because of the code repetition and
redundancy, I decided to aggregate it together in a small application.
Boost library is required for project compilation (read from BOOST
environment variable).

DISCLOSURE TIMELINE:
- ---------------

2 Feb 2010: Discovery of vulnerabilities
4 Feb 2010: Initial contact through official forum, ask for secure contact
4 Feb 2010: Initial vendor response, secure contact given
4 Feb 2010: Ask for a PGP key, disclosure policy given
4 Feb 2010: Vendor refuses encryption of e-mails, requests PoC
5 Feb 2010: Sent PoC and details about vulnerabilities
        [-] No response
8 Feb 2010: Status update request, vendor is informed that the planned
disclosure date is 15 Feb 2010 or other date which is mutually agreed
upon by the vendor and me
8 Feb 2010: Vendor response; Vendor is "currently reviewing the items
to see if they represent an actual issue or simply a 'scare tactic'",
requests confirmation that the advisory won't go public
9 Feb 2010: Vendor is informed that advisory will be published, but
specific dates of disclosure can be negotiated; Details about how
issues are going to be addressed are requested
       [-] No response
8 Mar 2010: Status update request, requested details about fixes and
advisory release dates
8 Mar 2010: Vendor replies that all of the issues have been (silently)
resolved since version 4.34.1000 of SUPERAntiSpyware (does not mention
Super Ad Blocker)
10 Mar 2010: Decided to publish this advisory, despite the fact that
the new version seems to be plagued by the same problems as the
previous one; Vendor notified

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Download attachment "PoC.zip" of type "application/zip" (29007 bytes)

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