Message-ID: <b1df1cf6-8a0f-9d59-af65-89eb71d17eed@schoggi.org>
Date: Thu, 13 Sep 2018 09:24:42 +0200
From: Antoine Neuenschwander <antoine@...oggi.org>
To: fulldisclosure@...lists.org
Subject: [FD] CVE-2018-16242 - oBike Electronic Lock Bypass

################################################################################
#                                                                              #
# CVE-2018-16242 - oBike Electronic Lock Bypass                                #
#                                                                              #
################################################################################
#                                                                              #
# Product:   oBike bicycle-sharing service                                     #
# Vendor:    oBike Inc.                                                        #
# CVE ID:    CVE-2018-16242                                                    #
# Subject:   Access control bypass by replay attack on predictable nonce       #
# Effect:    Unauthorized unlocking of bikes, cirumventing the ride-fees       #
# Author:    Antoine Neuenschwander (@ant0inet)                                #
# Date:      2018-09-13                                                        #
#                                                                              #
################################################################################


Vendor/product description:
-----------------------------
oBike is (was) a Singaporean stationless bicycle-sharing system with operations
in several countries [1].

Introduction:
-------------
The bikes have a built-in Bluetooth lock [2]. Clients use their smartphone to
locate a bicycle. Once nearby, they unlock the bicycle directly from the app or
by scanning a QR code. Unlike traditional rental services, which require bikes
to be returned to a fixed docking station, users are free to leave the bikes
at any suitable bike parking spot.

Affected:
---------
As of August 2018, this issue seems to affect the whole oBike fleet (or what is
left of it).

Technical Description:
----------------------
The oBike lock consists of a TI CC2541 microcontroller, a power-optimized
System on a Chip (SoC) used for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) applications. The
lock itself has no IP connectivity; it piggybacks the mobile device's 3G/4G
connection to communicate with the oBike backend. The lock communicates via
BLE with the oBike app on the mobile device. Protocol messages are then relayed
to the oBike backend via a REST API.


 oBike Lock          (BLE)     Mobile Device    (HTTPS)           oBike Backend
------------+------------------------+---------------------------+--------------
            |                        |                           |
            | (1) hello(lat, lng)    |                           |
            | <--------------------- |                           |
Generate    |                        |                           |
32bit       | (2) keySource          |                           |
Challenge   | ---------------------> | (3) unlockPass(keySource) |
            |                        | ========================> | Compute
            |                        |                           | Response
            | (5)                    | (4) encKey, keys          |
            | sendKeys(encKey, keys) | <======================== |
!Unlock     | <--------------------- |                           |
 Bike!      |                        |                           |
            |                        |                           |
Generate    |                        |                           |
Acknowledge | (6) macKey, index      | (7)                       |
Message     | ---------------------> | lockMessage(macKey,index) |
            |                        | ========================> | Register
            |                        |                           | Ride (start
            |                        |                           | billing)

Steps:
(1) BLE send `hello` message, push GPS coordinates to lock.
(2) BLE receive `keySource`, a 32bit value used as a challenge.
(3) HTTPS send `keySource` to oBike backend via the `unlockPass` REST call.
(4) HTTPS receive `encKey` (key index) and a 128bit ciphertext in `keys`.
(5) BLE send `keys` (truncated to 96bits) and the `encKey`. At that point, the
    bike will unlock.
(6) BLE receive `macKey` and `index`, an acknowledgement that the unlocking was
    successful.
(7) HTTPS send `lockMessage`, with the corresponding values (`macKey` and
   `index`). At that point, the oBike backend will register the ride and start
   billing.

A first vulnerability [3] was found prior to this advisory, which consists in
leaving out the acknowledgement in step (7). By omitting this message, the
lock is opened but the ride is not registered at the oBike backend, therefore
not being billed.

Analysis of the `keySource` field (32 bit challenge) in step (2) showed that
the values generated by the lock are not random as expected. Rather, the
values represent the number of milliseconds since the chip was powered on. This
corresponds to a time window of roughly 50 days (2^32 milliseconds).

The 128bit ciphertext in `keys` from step (5) is used to unlock the bike. Its
value as returned by the oBike backend is the result of an unknown cryptographic
operation based on the `keySource` field (generated by the lock), and the
`encKey` value (given by the backend). Taken from the CC2541 specifications
and the length of `keys`, the value corresponds most probably to an AES-128
ciphertext. The `encKey` in turn selects the encryption key from a set of
64 distinct indices, which is chosen randomly by the backend.

Given fixed `keySource` and `encKey` values it was observed that the resulting
`keys` value is always equal, allowing for replay attacks. To this end, all
possible `keySource` values are enumerated and the corresponding `keys` and
`encKey` values captured. It is possible to replay these values offline at a
later point in time.

To limit the number of values to be enumerated, A BLE command was discovered
that provokes a chip reset. Given this condition, the generated `keySource`
lies within a predictable time window, which greatly simplifies the attack.
Now, only several seconds worth of `keySource` values are needed to implement
the replay attack.

A description of the BLE and REST protocols can be found in [4].

Workaround / Fix:
-----------------
No known fix/workaround available. The attack works offline, there is no known
possiblity to detect or to prevent it on the backend.

Timeline:
---------
2018-08-21:    Found vulnerability
2018-08-22:    Contact request sent to oBike Inc. support
2018-08-24:    Contact request sent to SingCERT
2018-08-28:    Another attempt contacting oBike Inc. support
2018-08-28:    CVE-ID requested
2018-08-29:    Another attempt contacting SingCERT
2018-08-29:    Contact request sent to oBike Italy
2018-08-30:    Response from SingCERT
2018-08-30:    CVE ID assigned CVE-2018-16242
2018-09-13:    No response from oBike, vulnerability disclosure

References:
-----------
[1] oBike Inc. https://www.o.bike/

[2] Smart Locker HBT203 by Hangzhou Luoping Electronics Co.,Ltd
    https://fccid.io/2ALWC-HBT203

[3] "Exploration of Weakness in Bike Sharing System"
    National University of Singapore, School of Computing
    CS3235 Student Projects 2017/2018

[4] Reverse engineering of the oBike protocol communication (BLE and HTTP)
    https://github.com/antoinet/obike

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