Date:	Thu, 12 Mar 2009 10:21:14 +0100
From:	Pavel Machek <pavel@....cz>
To:	kernel list <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
	Andrew Morton <akpm@...l.org>, mtk.manpages@...il.com,
	tytso@....edu, rdunlap@...otime.net, linux-doc@...r.kernel.org
Cc:	linux-ext4@...r.kernel.org
Subject: ext2/3: document conditions when reliable operation is possible


Not all block devices are suitable for all filesystems. In fact, some
block devices are so broken that reliable operation is pretty much
impossible. Document stuff ext2/ext3 needs for reliable operation.

Signed-off-by: Pavel Machek <pavel@....cz>

diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/expectations.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/expectations.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c3d729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/expectations.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+Linux block-backed filesystems can only work correctly when several
+conditions are met in the block layer and below (disks, flash
+cards). Some of them are obvious ("data on media should not change
+randomly"), some are less so.
+
+Write errors not allowed (NO-WRITE-ERRORS)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Writes to media never fail. Even if disk returns error condition
+during write, filesystems can't handle that correctly, because success
+on fsync was already returned when data hit the journal.
+
+	Fortunately writes failing are very uncommon on traditional 
+	spinning disks, as they have spare sectors they use when write
+	fails.
+
+Sector writes are atomic (ATOMIC-SECTORS)
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Either whole sector is correctly written or nothing is written during
+powerfail.
+
+	Unfortuantely, none of the cheap USB/SD flash cards I seen do 
+	behave like this, and are unsuitable for all linux filesystems 
+	I know. 
+
+		An inherent problem with using flash as a normal block
+		device is that the flash erase size is bigger than
+		most filesystem sector sizes.  So when you request a
+		write, it may erase and rewrite the next 64k, 128k, or
+		even a couple megabytes on the really _big_ ones.
+
+		If you lose power in the middle of that, filesystem
+		won't notice that data in the "sectors" _around_ the
+		one your were trying to write to got trashed.
+
+	Because RAM tends to fail faster than rest of system during 
+	powerfail, special hw killing DMA transfers may be neccessary;
+	otherwise, disks may write garbage during powerfail.
+	Not sure how common that problem is on generic PC machines.
+
+	Note that atomic write is very hard to guarantee for RAID-4/5/6,
+	because it needs to write both changed data, and parity, to 
+	different disks.
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/ext2.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/ext2.txt
index 4333e83..b09aa4c 100644
--- a/Documentation/filesystems/ext2.txt
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/ext2.txt
@@ -338,27 +339,25 @@ enough 4-character names to make up unique directory entries, so they
 have to be 8 character filenames, even then we are fairly close to
 running out of unique filenames.
 
+Requirements
+============
+
+Ext3 expects disk/storage subsystem to behave sanely. On sanely
+behaving disk subsystem, data that have been successfully synced will
+stay on the disk. Sane means:
+
+* write errors not allowed
+
+* sector writes are atomic
+
+(see expectations.txt; note that most/all linux block-based
+filesystems have similar expectations)
+
+* write caching is disabled. ext2 does not know how to issue barriers
+  as of 2.6.28. hdparm -W0 disables it on SATA disks.
+
 Journaling
-----------
-
-A journaling extension to the ext2 code has been developed by Stephen
-Tweedie.  It avoids the risks of metadata corruption and the need to
-wait for e2fsck to complete after a crash, without requiring a change
-to the on-disk ext2 layout.  In a nutshell, the journal is a regular
-file which stores whole metadata (and optionally data) blocks that have
-been modified, prior to writing them into the filesystem.  This means
-it is possible to add a journal to an existing ext2 filesystem without
-the need for data conversion.
-
-When changes to the filesystem (e.g. a file is renamed) they are stored in
-a transaction in the journal and can either be complete or incomplete at
-the time of a crash.  If a transaction is complete at the time of a crash
-(or in the normal case where the system does not crash), then any blocks
-in that transaction are guaranteed to represent a valid filesystem state,
-and are copied into the filesystem.  If a transaction is incomplete at
-the time of the crash, then there is no guarantee of consistency for
-the blocks in that transaction so they are discarded (which means any
-filesystem changes they represent are also lost).
+==========
 Check Documentation/filesystems/ext3.txt if you want to read more about
 ext3 and journaling.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/ext3.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/ext3.txt
index 9dd2a3b..02a9bd5 100644
--- a/Documentation/filesystems/ext3.txt
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/ext3.txt
@@ -188,6 +200,27 @@ mke2fs: 	create a ext3 partition with the -j flag.
 debugfs: 	ext2 and ext3 file system debugger.
 ext2online:	online (mounted) ext2 and ext3 filesystem resizer
 
+Requirements
+============
+
+Ext3 expects disk/storage subsystem to behave sanely. On sanely
+behaving disk subsystem, data that have been successfully synced will
+stay on the disk. Sane means:
+
+* write errors not allowed
+
+* sector writes are atomic
+
+(see expectations.txt; note that most/all linux block-based
+filesystems have similar expectations)
+
+* either write caching is disabled, or hw can do barriers and they are enabled.
+
+	   (Note that barriers are disabled by default, use "barrier=1"
+	   mount option after making sure hw can support them). 
+
+	   hdparm -I reports disk features. If you have "Native
+	   Command Queueing" is the feature you are looking for.
 
 References
 ==========

-- 
(english) http://www.livejournal.com/~pavelmachek
(cesky, pictures) http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~pavel/picture/horses/blog.html
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