Message-Id: <57CCDA98-4334-469B-B6D8-364417E69423@dilger.ca>
Date:   Mon, 27 Jan 2020 16:15:32 -0700
From:   Andreas Dilger <adilger@...ger.ca>
To:     Jaco Kroon <jaco@....co.za>
Cc:     linux-ext4 <linux-ext4@...r.kernel.org>
Subject: Re: e2fsck fails with unable to set superblock

On Jan 27, 2020, at 10:52 AM, Jaco Kroon <jaco@....co.za> wrote:
> 
> Hi Andreas,
> 
> Ok, so there were a few calc errors below.  I believe I've rectified those.  I've written code to both locate and read the GD, as well as generate the fields I plan to update, comparing the fields I plan to update against those of all known-good blocks.  The only issue I've picked up is that I've realised I don't understand bg_flags at all.  Extract from output of my program (it uses the read GD as template and then just overwrites the fields I'm calculating).
> Group 65542, bg_flags differs: 0 (actual) != 4 (generated)

The EXT2_BG_{INODE,BLOCK}_UNINIT flags mean that the inode/block bitmaps are
all zero and do not need to be read from disk.  That should only be used for
groups that have no blocks or inodes allocated to them.

The EXT2_BG_INODE_ZEROED flag means that the inode table has been zeroed out
on disk after the filesystem has been formatted.  It is safest to set this
flag on the group, so that the kernel does not try to zero out the inode tables
again, especially if your bitmaps are not correct.

> Group 65542 (actual):
> Block Bitmap:             2147483654 (0x80000006)
> Inode Bitmap:             2147483670 (0x80000016)
> Inode Table:              2147483872 (0x800000e0)
> Free Blocks:              0 (0x0)
> Free Inodes:              315 (0x13b)
> Dirs Count:               197 (0xc5)
> Flags:                    0 (0x0)
> Exclusion Bmap:           0 (0x0)
> Block Bitmap Csum:        629120042 (0x257f9c2a)
> Inode Bitmap Csum:        330504133 (0x13b317c5)
> itable unused:            0 (0x0)
> checksum:                 17392 (0x43f0)
> Group 65542 (calculated):
> Block Bitmap:             2147483654 (0x80000006)
> Inode Bitmap:             2147483670 (0x80000016)
> Inode Table:              2147483872 (0x800000e0)
> Free Blocks:              0 (0x0)
> Free Inodes:              315 (0x13b)
> Dirs Count:               197 (0xc5)
> Flags:                    4 (0x4)
> Exclusion Bmap:           0 (0x0)
> Block Bitmap Csum:        629120042 (0x257f9c2a)
> Inode Bitmap Csum:        330504133 (0x13b317c5)
> itable unused:            0 (0x0)
> checksum:                 17392 (0x43f0)
> Basically, I'm not sure how I should go about "setting" (or unsetting) the bg_flags values.  Advise would be greatly appreciated.  My best-effort guess after this is to set BOTH the UNINIT flags (to force recalc of the bitmaps),

e2fsck will already regenerate the bitmaps on each full run.  Setting the
UNINIT flags will confuse the kernel and should be avoided.

> and to possibly inspect the data at inode_table looking for some kind of "magic" as to whether or not it's already initialized or not...

The group descriptors also have a checksum that needs to be valid.

> My code is available at http://downloads.uls.co.za/85T/ext4_rebuild_gds.c for anyone that cares.  Currently some work pending.

It probably makes more sense to include this into e2fsck, so that it will be
usable for everyone.  IMHO, there is a design flaw in the meta_bg disk format,
in that the last group(s) of the filesystem may have few/no backup copies, so
cannot easily be recovered in case of an error.  There is also the secondary
issue that meta_bg causes the metadata to be spread out over the whole disk,
which causes a *LOT* of seeking on a very large filesystem, on the order of
millions of seeks, which takes a lot of time to read.

> On 2020/01/27 12:24, Jaco Kroon wrote:
>> Hi Andreas,
>> 
>> Thank you.  The filesystem uses meta_bg and is larger than 16TB, my issue also doesn't exhibit in the first 16TB covered by those blocks.
>> On 2020/01/26 23:45, Andreas Dilger wrote:
>>> There are backups of all the group descriptors that can be used in such cases, immediately following the backup superblocks.
>>> 
>>> Failing that, the group descriptors follow a very regular pattern and could be recreated by hand if needed (eg. all the backups were also corrupted for some reason).
>>> 
>> You are right.  It's however tricky to wrap your head around it.  I think I've got it, but if you don't mind double checking me please:
>> 
>> Given a group number g.  sb = superblock.
>> gds_per_block = 2^(10+sb.s_log_block_size) / sb.s_desc_size = 4096 / 64 = 64
>> gd_block = floor(g / gds_per_block)
>> if (gd_block < ${sb.s_reserved_gdt_blocks})
>>   phys_gd_block = gd_block + 1;
>> else
>>   phys_gd_block = floor(gd_block / gds_per_block) * gds_per_block * sb.s_blocks_per_group
>> 
>> phys_gd_block_offset = sb.s_desc_size * (g % gds_per_block)
>> 
>> Backup blocks, are either with every superblock backup (groups 0, and groups being a power of 3, 5 and 7, ie, 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 25, 27, ...) where gd_block < ${sb.s_reserved_gdt_blocks); or
>> phys_gd_backup1 = phys_gd_block + sb.s_blocks_per_group
>> phys_gd_backup2 = phys_gd_block + sb.s_blocks_per_group * (gds_per_block - 1)
>> 
>> offset stays the same.
>> 
>> To reconstruct it's critical to fill the following fields, with the required calculations (gd = group descriptor, calculations for groups < 2^17, using 131072 as example):
>> 
>> bitmap_group = floor(g / flex_groups) * flex_groups
>>     => floor(131072 / 16) * 16 => 131072
>> gd.bg_block_bitmap = bitmap_group * blocks_per_group + g % flex_groups
>>     => 131072 * 3768 + 131072 % 16
>>     => 493879296
>> if (bitmap_group % gds_per_block == 0) /* if bitmap_group also houses a meta group block */
>>     gd.bg_block_bitmap++;
>> => if (131072 % 64 == 0)
>> => if (0 == 0)
>> => gd.bg_block_bitmap = 493879297
>> 
>> gd.bg_inode_bitmap = gd.bg_block_bitmap + flex_groups
>>  => gd.bg_inode_bitmap = 493879297 + 16 = 493879313
>> gd.bg_inode_table = gd.bg_inode_bitmap + flex_groups - (g % flex_groups) + (g % flex_groups * inode_blocks_per_group)
>>  => 493879313 + 16 - 0 + 0 * 32 = 493879329
>> Bad example, for g=131074:
>>  =>493879315 + 16 - 2 + 2 * 32 = 493879393
>> 
>> gd.bg_flags = 0x4
>> 
>> I suspect it's OK to just zero (or leave them zero) these:
>> 
>> bg_free_blocks_count
>> bg_free_inodes_count
>> bg_used_dirs_count
>> bg_exclude_bitmap
>> bg_itable_unused
>> 
>> As well as all checksum fields (hopefully e2fsck will correct those).
>> I did action this calculation for a few non-destructed GDs and my manual calculations seems OK for the groups I checked (all into meta_bg area):
>> 
>> 131072 (multiple of 64, meta_bg + fleg_bg)
>> 131073 (multiple of 64 + 1 - first meta_bg backup)
>> 131074 (none of the others, ie, plain group with data blocks only)
>> 131088 (multiple of 16 but not 64, flex_bg)
>> 131089 (multiple of 16 but not 64, +1)
>> 131135 (multiple of 64 + 63 - second meta_bg backup)
>> It is however a very limited sample, but should cover all the corner cases I could think of based on the specification and my understanding thereof.
>> 
>> Given the above I should be able to write a small program that will produce the 128 4KiB blocks that's required, and then I can use dd to place them into the correct locations.
>> As an aside, debugfs refuses to open the filesystem:
>> 
>> crowsnest ~ # debugfs /dev/lvm/home
>> debugfs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
>> /dev/lvm/home: Block bitmap checksum does not match bitmap while reading allocation bitmaps
>> debugfs:  chroot /
>> chroot: Filesystem not open
>> debugfs:  quit
>> Which is probably fair.  So for this one I'll have to go make modifications using either some programatic tool that opens the underlying block device, or use dd trickery (ie, construct a GD and dd it into the right location, a a sequence of 64 GDs as it's always 64 GDs that's destroyed in my case, exactly 1 4KiB block).
>> 
>> Kind Regards,
>> Jaco
>>> Cheers, Andreas
>>> 
>>> 
>>>> On Jan 26, 2020, at 13:44, Jaco Kroon <jaco@....co.za>
>>>>  wrote:
>>>> 
>>>> Hi,
>>>> 
>>>> So working through the dumpe2fs file, the group mentioned by dmesg
>>>> contains this:
>>>> 
>>>> Group 404160: (Blocks 13243514880-13243547647) csum 0x9546
>>>>   Group descriptor at 13243514880
>>>>   Block bitmap at 0 (bg #0 + 0), csum 0x00000000
>>>>   Inode bitmap at 0 (bg #0 + 0), csum 0x00000000
>>>>   Inode table at 0-31 (bg #0 + 0)
>>>>   0 free blocks, 0 free inodes, 0 directories
>>>>   Free blocks: 13243514880-13243547647
>>>>   Free inodes: 206929921-206930432
>>>> 
>>>> Based on that it's quite simple to see that during the array
>>>> reconstruction we apparently wiped a bunch of data blocks with all
>>>> zeroes.  This is obviously bad. During reconstruction we had to zero one
>>>> of the disks before we could get the array to reassemble. What I'm
>>>> wondering is whether this process was a good choice now, and whether the
>>>> right disk was zeroed.  Obviously this implies major data loss (at least
>>>> 4TB, probably more assuming that directory structures may well have been
>>>> destroyed as well, maybe less if some of those blocks weren't in use).
>>>> 
>>>> I'm hoping that it's possible to recreate these group descriptors (there
>>>> are a few of them) to at least point to the correct locations on disk,
>>>> and to then attempt a cleanup with e2fsck.  Again, data loss here is to
>>>> be expected, but if we can limit it at least that would be great.
>>>> 
>>>> There are unfortunately a large bunch of groups affected (128 cases of
>>>> 64 consecutive group blocks).
>>>> 
>>>> 32768 blocks/group => 128 * 64 * 32768 blocks => 268m blocks, at
>>>> 4KB/block => 1TB of data lost.  However, this is extremely conservative
>>>> seeing that this could include directory structures with cascading effect.
>>>> 
>>>> Based on the patterns of the first 64 group descriptors (GDs) it looks
>>>> like it should be possible to reconstruct the 8192 affected GDs, or
>>>> alternatively possibly "uninit" them
>>>> (
>>>> https://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Ext4_Disk_Layout#Lazy_Block_Group_Initialization
>>>> ).
>>>> I'm inclined to reason that it's probably safer to repair in the GDs the
>>>> following fields:
>>>> 
>>>> bg_block_bitmap_{lo,hi}
>>>> bg_inode_bitmap_{lo,hi}
>>>> bg_inode_table_{lo,hi}
>>>> 
>>>> I'm not sure about:
>>>> 
>>>> bg_flags (I'm guessing the safest is to leave this zeroed).
>>>> bg_exclude_bitmap_{lo,hi} (I don't know what this is used for).
>>>> 
>>>> The following should (as far as my understanding goes) then be "fixable"
>>>> by e2fsck:
>>>> 
>>>> bg_free_blocks_count_{lo,hi}
>>>> bg_free_inodes_count_{lo,hi}
>>>> bg_used_dirs_count_{lo,hi}
>>>> bg_block_bitmap_csum_{lo,hi}
>>>> bg_inode_bitmap_csum_{lo,hi}
>>>> bg_itable_unused_{lo,hi}
>>>> bg_checksum
>>>> 
>>>> And of course, tracking down the GD on disk will be tricky it seems. It
>>>> seems some blocks have the GD in the block, and a bunch of others don't
>>>> (nor does dumpe2fs say where exactly they are).  There is 2048 blocks of
>>>> GDs (131072 or 2^17 GDs) with every superblock backup, however, rom
>>>> group 2^17 onwards there are additional groups simply stating "Group
>>>> descriptor at ${frist_block_of_group}", so it's unclear how to track
>>>> down the GD for a given block group.
>>>> 
>>>> https://ext4.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Ext4_Disk_Layout#Block_Group_Descriptors
>>>> 
>>>> does not describe this particularly well either, and there seems to be
>>>> confusion w.r.t. flex_bg and meta_bg features and this.
>>>> 
>>>> I do have an LVM snapshot of the affected LV currently, so happy to try
>>>> things.
>>>> 
>>>> Kind Regards,
>>>> Jaco
>>>> 
>>>> 
>>>>> On 2020/01/26 12:21, Jaco Kroon wrote:
>>>>> 
>>>>> Hi,
>>>>> 
>>>>> I've got an 85TB ext4 filesystem which I'm unable to fsck.  The only
>>>>> cases of same error I could find was from what I can find due to an SD
>>>>> card "swallowing" writes (ie, the card goes into a read-only mode but
>>>>> doesn't report write failure).
>>>>> 
>>>>> crowsnest ~ # e2fsck -f /dev/lvm/home
>>>>> 
>>>>> e2fsck 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
>>>>> ext2fs_check_desc: Corrupt group descriptor: bad block for block bitmap
>>>>> e2fsck: Group descriptors look bad... trying backup blocks...
>>>>> /dev/lvm/home: recovering journal
>>>>> e2fsck: unable to set superblock flags on /dev/lvm/home
>>>>> 
>>>>> 
>>>>> /dev/lvm/home: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED *****
>>>>> 
>>>>> /dev/lvm/home: ********** WARNING: Filesystem still has errors **********
>>>>> 
>>>>> I have also (using dumpe2fs) obtained the location of the backup super
>>>>> blocks and tried same against a few other superblocks using -b.  -y (as
>>>>> per suggestion from at least one post) make absolutely no difference,
>>>>> our understanding is that this simply answers yes to all questions, so
>>>>> we didn't expect this to have impact but decided it was worth a try anyway.
>>>>> 
>>>>> Looking at the code for the unable to set superblock error it looks like
>>>>> the code is in e2fsck/unix.c, specifically this:
>>>>> 
>>>>> 1765     if (ext2fs_has_feature_journal_needs_recovery(sb)) {
>>>>> 1766         if (ctx->options & E2F_OPT_READONLY) {
>>>>> ...
>>>>> 1771         } else {
>>>>> 1772             if (ctx->flags & E2F_FLAG_RESTARTED) {
>>>>> 1773                 /*
>>>>> 1774                  * Whoops, we attempted to run the
>>>>> 1775                  * journal twice.  This should never
>>>>> 1776                  * happen, unless the hardware or
>>>>> 1777                  * device driver is being bogus.
>>>>> 1778                  */
>>>>> 1779                 com_err(ctx->program_name, 0,
>>>>> 1780                     _("unable to set superblock flags "
>>>>> 1781                       "on %s\n"), ctx->device_name);
>>>>> 1782                 fatal_error(ctx, 0);
>>>>> 1783             }
>>>>> 
>>>>> That comment has me somewhat confused.  I'm assuming the implication
>>>>> there is that e2fsck tried to update the superblock, but after reading
>>>>> it back, it's either unchanged or still wrong (In line with the
>>>>> description of the SD card I found online).  None of our arrays are
>>>>> reflecting R/O in /proc/mdstat. We did pick out this in kernel bootup
>>>>> (we downgraded back to 5.1.15, which we're on currently, after
>>>>> experiencing major performance issues on 5.3.6 and subsequently 5.4.8
>>>>> didn't seem to fix those, and the 4.14.13 kernel that was used
>>>>> previously is known to cause ext4 corruption of the kind we saw on the
>>>>> other filesystems):
>>>>> 
>>>>> [ 3932.271538] EXT4-fs (dm-7): ext4_check_descriptors: Block bitmap for
>>>>> group 404160 overlaps superblock
>>>>> [ 3932.271539] EXT4-fs (dm-7): group descriptors corrupted!
>>>>> 
>>>>> I created a dumpe2fs file as well:
>>>>> 
>>>>> crowsnest ~ # dumpe2fs /dev/lvm/home > /var/tmp/dump2fs_home.txt
>>>>> dumpe2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
>>>>> dumpe2fs: Block bitmap checksum does not match bitmap while trying to
>>>>> read '/dev/lvm/home' bitmaps
>>>>> 
>>>>> Available at
>>>>> https://downloads.uls.co.za/85T/dump2fs_home.txt.xz
>>>>>  (1.2GB,
>>>>> md5:79b3250e209c067af2532d5324ff95aa, around 12GB extracted)
>>>>> 
>>>>> A strace of e2fsck -y -f /dev/lvm/home at
>>>>> 
>>>>> https://downloads.uls.co.za/85T/fsck.strace.txt
>>>>>  (13MB,
>>>>> md5:60aa91b0c47dd2837260218eb774152d)
>>>>> 
>>>>> crowsnest ~ # tune2fs -l /dev/lvm/home
>>>>> tune2fs 1.45.4 (23-Sep-2019)
>>>>> Filesystem volume name:   <none>
>>>>> Last mounted on:          /home
>>>>> Filesystem UUID:          522a9faf-7992-4888-93d5-7fe49a9762d6
>>>>> Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53
>>>>> Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)
>>>>> Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr filetype meta_bg extent
>>>>> 64bit flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file dir_nlink extra_isize
>>>>> metadata_csum
>>>>> Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash
>>>>> Default mount options:    user_xattr acl
>>>>> Filesystem state:         clean
>>>>> Errors behavior:          Continue
>>>>> Filesystem OS type:       Linux
>>>>> Inode count:              356515840
>>>>> Block count:              22817013760
>>>>> Reserved block count:     0
>>>>> Free blocks:              6874204745
>>>>> Free inodes:              202183498
>>>>> First block:              0
>>>>> Block size:               4096
>>>>> Fragment size:            4096
>>>>> Group descriptor size:    64
>>>>> Blocks per group:         32768
>>>>> Fragments per group:      32768
>>>>> Inodes per group:         512
>>>>> Inode blocks per group:   32
>>>>> RAID stride:              128
>>>>> RAID stripe width:        1024
>>>>> First meta block group:   2048
>>>>> Flex block group size:    16
>>>>> Filesystem created:       Thu Jul 26 12:19:07 2018
>>>>> Last mount time:          Sat Jan 18 18:58:50 2020
>>>>> Last write time:          Sun Jan 26 11:38:56 2020
>>>>> Mount count:              2
>>>>> Maximum mount count:      -1
>>>>> Last checked:             Wed Oct 30 17:37:27 2019
>>>>> Check interval:           0 (<none>)
>>>>> Lifetime writes:          976 TB
>>>>> Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)
>>>>> Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)
>>>>> First inode:              11
>>>>> Inode size:               256
>>>>> Required extra isize:     32
>>>>> Desired extra isize:      32
>>>>> Journal inode:            8
>>>>> Default directory hash:   half_md4
>>>>> Directory Hash Seed:      876a7d14-bce8-4bef-9569-82e7d573b7aa
>>>>> Journal backup:           inode blocks
>>>>> Checksum type:            crc32c
>>>>> Checksum:                 0xfbd895e9
>>>>> 
>>>>> Infrastructure:  3 x RAID6 arrays, 2 of 12 x 4TB disks, and 1 of 4 x
>>>>> 10TB disks (100TB usable total).  These are combined into a single VG
>>>>> using LVM, and then carved up into a number of LVs, the largest of which
>>>>> is this 85TB chunk.  We have tried in the past to carve this into
>>>>> smaller LVs but failed.  So we're aware that this is very large and not
>>>>> ideal.
>>>>> 
>>>>> We did experience an assembly issue on one of  the underlying RAID6 PVs,
>>>>> those have been resolved, and the disk that was giving issues has been
>>>>> scrubbed and rebuilt.  rom what we can tell based on other file systems,
>>>>> this did not affect data integrity but we can't make that statement with
>>>>> 100% certainty, as such we are expecting some data loss here but it
>>>>> would be better if we can recover at least some of this data.
>>>>> 
>>>>> Other filesystems which also resides on the same PV that was affected by
>>>>> the RAID6 problem either received a clean bill of health, or were
>>>>> successfully repaired by e2fsck (the system did crash however, it's
>>>>> unclear whether the RAID6 assembly problem was the cause or merely
>>>>> another consequence, and as a result, whether the corruption on the
>>>>> repaired filesystem was a consequence of the kernel or the RAID).
>>>>> 
>>>>> I'm continuing onwards with e2fsck code to try and figure this out, am
>>>>> hopeful though that someone could perhaps provide some much needed
>>>>> insight and pointers for me.
>>>>> 
>>>>> Kind Regards,
>>>>> Jaco
>>>>> 
>>>>> 


Cheers, Andreas






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