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Date: Fri, 10 Mar 2023 16:08:15 +0100
From: Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@...nel.org>
To: Evgeniy Baskov <baskov@...ras.ru>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@...en8.de>, Andy Lutomirski <luto@...nel.org>,
Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@...ux.intel.com>,
Ingo Molnar <mingo@...hat.com>,
Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>,
Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>,
Alexey Khoroshilov <khoroshilov@...ras.ru>,
Peter Jones <pjones@...hat.com>,
"Limonciello, Mario" <mario.limonciello@....com>,
joeyli <jlee@...e.com>, lvc-project@...uxtesting.org,
x86@...nel.org, linux-efi@...r.kernel.org,
linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, linux-hardening@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH v4 15/26] efi/x86: Support extracting kernel from libstub
On Thu, 15 Dec 2022 at 13:40, Evgeniy Baskov <baskov@...ras.ru> wrote:
>
> Doing it that way allows setting up stricter memory attributes,
> simplifies boot code path and removes potential relocation
> of kernel image.
>
> Wire up required interfaces and minimally initialize zero page
> fields needed for it to function correctly.
>
> Tested-by: Peter Jones <pjones@...hat.com>
> Signed-off-by: Evgeniy Baskov <baskov@...ras.ru>
Some more comments - apologies for the multi stage approach ...
> ---
> arch/x86/boot/compressed/head_32.S | 50 ++++-
> arch/x86/boot/compressed/head_64.S | 58 ++++-
> drivers/firmware/efi/Kconfig | 2 +
> drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/Makefile | 2 +-
> .../firmware/efi/libstub/x86-extract-direct.c | 208 ++++++++++++++++++
> drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/x86-stub.c | 119 +---------
> drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/x86-stub.h | 14 ++
> 7 files changed, 338 insertions(+), 115 deletions(-)
> create mode 100644 drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/x86-extract-direct.c
> create mode 100644 drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/x86-stub.h
>
...
> diff --git a/drivers/firmware/efi/Kconfig b/drivers/firmware/efi/Kconfig
> index 043ca31c114e..f50c2a84a754 100644
> --- a/drivers/firmware/efi/Kconfig
> +++ b/drivers/firmware/efi/Kconfig
> @@ -58,6 +58,8 @@ config EFI_DXE_MEM_ATTRIBUTES
> Use DXE services to check and alter memory protection
> attributes during boot via EFISTUB to ensure that memory
> ranges used by the kernel are writable and executable.
> + This option also enables stricter memory attributes
> + on compressed kernel PE image.
images
>
> config EFI_PARAMS_FROM_FDT
> bool
> diff --git a/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/Makefile b/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/Makefile
> index be8b8c6e8b40..99b81c95344c 100644
> --- a/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/Makefile
> +++ b/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/Makefile
> @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ lib-$(CONFIG_EFI_GENERIC_STUB) += efi-stub.o string.o intrinsics.o systable.o \
>
> lib-$(CONFIG_ARM) += arm32-stub.o
> lib-$(CONFIG_ARM64) += arm64.o arm64-stub.o arm64-entry.o smbios.o
> -lib-$(CONFIG_X86) += x86-stub.o
> +lib-$(CONFIG_X86) += x86-stub.o x86-extract-direct.o
> lib-$(CONFIG_RISCV) += riscv.o riscv-stub.o
> lib-$(CONFIG_LOONGARCH) += loongarch.o loongarch-stub.o
>
> diff --git a/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/x86-extract-direct.c b/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/x86-extract-direct.c
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..4ecbc4a9b3ed
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/x86-extract-direct.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
> +// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
> +
> +#include <linux/acpi.h>
> +#include <linux/efi.h>
> +#include <linux/elf.h>
> +#include <linux/stddef.h>
> +
> +#include <asm/efi.h>
> +#include <asm/e820/types.h>
> +#include <asm/desc.h>
> +#include <asm/boot.h>
> +#include <asm/bootparam_utils.h>
> +#include <asm/shared/extract.h>
> +#include <asm/shared/pgtable.h>
> +
> +#include "efistub.h"
> +#include "x86-stub.h"
> +
> +static efi_handle_t image_handle;
> +
> +static void do_puthex(unsigned long value)
> +{
> + efi_printk("%08lx", value);
> +}
> +
> +static void do_putstr(const char *msg)
> +{
> + efi_printk("%s", msg);
> +}
> +
> +static unsigned long do_map_range(unsigned long start,
> + unsigned long end,
> + unsigned int flags)
> +{
> + efi_status_t status;
> +
Please drop this newline.
> + unsigned long size = end - start;
> +
> + if (flags & MAP_ALLOC) {
> + unsigned long addr;
> +
> + status = efi_low_alloc_above(size, CONFIG_PHYSICAL_ALIGN,
> + &addr, start);
> + if (status != EFI_SUCCESS) {
> + efi_err("Unable to allocate memory for uncompressed kernel");
> + efi_exit(image_handle, EFI_OUT_OF_RESOURCES);
> + }
> +
OK, so this is the place where the chosen address for deompressing the
kernel is actually allocated and carved out in the EFI memory map.
Could you add a comment here so other folks won't be confused like I
was how this is put together?
> + if (start != addr) {
> + efi_debug("Unable to allocate at given address"
> + " (desired=0x%lx, actual=0x%lx)",
> + (unsigned long)start, addr);
> + start = addr;
> + }
> + }
> +
> + if ((flags & (MAP_PROTECT | MAP_ALLOC)) &&
> + IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_EFI_DXE_MEM_ATTRIBUTES)) {
> + unsigned long attr = 0;
> +
> + if (!(flags & MAP_EXEC))
> + attr |= EFI_MEMORY_XP;
> +
> + if (!(flags & MAP_WRITE))
> + attr |= EFI_MEMORY_RO;
> +
> + status = efi_adjust_memory_range_protection(start, size, attr);
> + if (status != EFI_SUCCESS)
> + efi_err("Unable to protect memory range");
> + }
> +
> + return start;
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Trampoline takes 3 pages and can be loaded in first megabyte of memory
> + * with its end placed between 0 and 640k where BIOS might start.
> + * (see arch/x86/boot/compressed/pgtable_64.c)
> + */
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_64BIT
> +static efi_status_t prepare_trampoline(void)
> +{
> + efi_status_t status;
> +
> + status = efi_allocate_pages(TRAMPOLINE_32BIT_SIZE,
> + (unsigned long *)&trampoline_32bit,
> + TRAMPOLINE_32BIT_PLACEMENT_MAX);
> +
> + if (status != EFI_SUCCESS)
> + return status;
> +
> + unsigned long trampoline_start = (unsigned long)trampoline_32bit;
> +
Please put all variable declarations at the start of the block
> + memset(trampoline_32bit, 0, TRAMPOLINE_32BIT_SIZE);
> +
> + if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_EFI_DXE_MEM_ATTRIBUTES)) {
> + /* First page of trampoline is a top level page table */
> + efi_adjust_memory_range_protection(trampoline_start,
> + PAGE_SIZE,
> + EFI_MEMORY_XP);
> + }
> +
> + /* Second page of trampoline is the code (with a padding) */
> +
> + void *caddr = (void *)trampoline_32bit + TRAMPOLINE_32BIT_CODE_OFFSET;
> +
same here
> + memcpy(caddr, trampoline_32bit_src, TRAMPOLINE_32BIT_CODE_SIZE);
> +
> + if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_EFI_DXE_MEM_ATTRIBUTES)) {
> + efi_adjust_memory_range_protection((unsigned long)caddr,
> + PAGE_SIZE,
> + EFI_MEMORY_RO);
> +
> + /* And the last page of trampoline is the stack */
> +
> + efi_adjust_memory_range_protection(trampoline_start + 2 * PAGE_SIZE,
> + PAGE_SIZE,
> + EFI_MEMORY_XP);
> + }
> +
> + return EFI_SUCCESS;
> +}
> +#else
> +static inline efi_status_t prepare_trampoline(void)
> +{
> + return EFI_SUCCESS;
> +}
> +#endif
> +
> +static efi_status_t init_loader_data(efi_handle_t handle,
> + struct boot_params *params,
> + struct efi_boot_memmap **map)
> +{
> + struct efi_info *efi = (void *)¶ms->efi_info;
> + efi_status_t status;
> +
> + status = efi_get_memory_map(map, false);
> +
> + if (status != EFI_SUCCESS) {
> + efi_err("Unable to get EFI memory map...\n");
> + return status;
> + }
> +
> + const char *signature = efi_is_64bit() ? EFI64_LOADER_SIGNATURE
> + : EFI32_LOADER_SIGNATURE;
> +
Move this to the start
> + memcpy(&efi->efi_loader_signature, signature, sizeof(__u32));
> +
> + efi->efi_memdesc_size = (*map)->desc_size;
> + efi->efi_memdesc_version = (*map)->desc_ver;
> + efi->efi_memmap_size = (*map)->map_size;
> +
> + efi_set_u64_split((unsigned long)(*map)->map,
> + &efi->efi_memmap, &efi->efi_memmap_hi);
> +
> + efi_set_u64_split((unsigned long)efi_system_table,
> + &efi->efi_systab, &efi->efi_systab_hi);
> +
> + image_handle = handle;
> +
> + return EFI_SUCCESS;
> +}
> +
> +static void free_loader_data(struct boot_params *params, struct efi_boot_memmap *map)
> +{
> + struct efi_info *efi = (void *)¶ms->efi_info;
> +
> + efi_bs_call(free_pool, map);
> +
> + efi->efi_memdesc_size = 0;
> + efi->efi_memdesc_version = 0;
> + efi->efi_memmap_size = 0;
> + efi_set_u64_split(0, &efi->efi_memmap, &efi->efi_memmap_hi);
> +}
> +
> +extern unsigned char input_data[];
> +extern unsigned int input_len, output_len;
> +
> +unsigned long extract_kernel_direct(efi_handle_t handle, struct boot_params *params)
> +{
> +
> + void *res;
> + efi_status_t status;
> + struct efi_extract_callbacks cb = { 0 };
> +
> + status = prepare_trampoline();
> +
> + if (status != EFI_SUCCESS)
> + return 0;
> +
> + /* Prepare environment for do_extract_kernel() call */
> + struct efi_boot_memmap *map = NULL;
Move this to the start.
> + status = init_loader_data(handle, params, &map);
> +
> + if (status != EFI_SUCCESS)
> + return 0;
> +
> + cb.puthex = do_puthex;
> + cb.putstr = do_putstr;
> + cb.map_range = do_map_range;
> +
> + res = efi_extract_kernel(params, &cb, input_data, input_len, output_len);
> +
> + free_loader_data(params, map);
> +
> + return (unsigned long)res;
> +}
> diff --git a/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/x86-stub.c b/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/x86-stub.c
> index 7fb1eff88a18..1d1ab1911fd3 100644
> --- a/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/x86-stub.c
> +++ b/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/x86-stub.c
> @@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
> #include <asm/boot.h>
>
> #include "efistub.h"
> +#include "x86-stub.h"
>
> /* Maximum physical address for 64-bit kernel with 4-level paging */
> #define MAXMEM_X86_64_4LEVEL (1ull << 46)
> @@ -24,7 +25,7 @@
> const efi_system_table_t *efi_system_table;
> const efi_dxe_services_table_t *efi_dxe_table;
> u32 image_offset __section(".data");
> -static efi_loaded_image_t *image = NULL;
> +static efi_loaded_image_t *image __section(".data");
>
> static efi_status_t
> preserve_pci_rom_image(efi_pci_io_protocol_t *pci, struct pci_setup_rom **__rom)
> @@ -212,55 +213,9 @@ static void retrieve_apple_device_properties(struct boot_params *boot_params)
> }
> }
>
> -/*
> - * Trampoline takes 2 pages and can be loaded in first megabyte of memory
> - * with its end placed between 128k and 640k where BIOS might start.
> - * (see arch/x86/boot/compressed/pgtable_64.c)
> - *
> - * We cannot find exact trampoline placement since memory map
> - * can be modified by UEFI, and it can alter the computed address.
> - */
> -
> -#define TRAMPOLINE_PLACEMENT_BASE ((128 - 8)*1024)
> -#define TRAMPOLINE_PLACEMENT_SIZE (640*1024 - (128 - 8)*1024)
> -
> -void startup_32(struct boot_params *boot_params);
> -
> -static void
> -setup_memory_protection(unsigned long image_base, unsigned long image_size)
> -{
> - /*
> - * Allow execution of possible trampoline used
> - * for switching between 4- and 5-level page tables
> - * and relocated kernel image.
> - */
> -
> - efi_adjust_memory_range_protection(TRAMPOLINE_PLACEMENT_BASE,
> - TRAMPOLINE_PLACEMENT_SIZE, 0);
> -
> -#ifdef CONFIG_64BIT
> - if (image_base != (unsigned long)startup_32)
> - efi_adjust_memory_range_protection(image_base, image_size, 0);
> -#else
> - /*
> - * Clear protection flags on a whole range of possible
> - * addresses used for KASLR. We don't need to do that
> - * on x86_64, since KASLR/extraction is performed after
> - * dedicated identity page tables are built and we only
> - * need to remove possible protection on relocated image
> - * itself disregarding further relocations.
> - */
> - efi_adjust_memory_range_protection(LOAD_PHYSICAL_ADDR,
> - KERNEL_IMAGE_SIZE - LOAD_PHYSICAL_ADDR,
> - 0);
> -#endif
> -}
> -
> static const efi_char16_t apple[] = L"Apple";
>
> -static void setup_quirks(struct boot_params *boot_params,
> - unsigned long image_base,
> - unsigned long image_size)
> +static void setup_quirks(struct boot_params *boot_params)
> {
> efi_char16_t *fw_vendor = (efi_char16_t *)(unsigned long)
> efi_table_attr(efi_system_table, fw_vendor);
> @@ -269,9 +224,6 @@ static void setup_quirks(struct boot_params *boot_params,
> if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_APPLE_PROPERTIES))
> retrieve_apple_device_properties(boot_params);
> }
> -
> - if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_EFI_DXE_MEM_ATTRIBUTES))
> - setup_memory_protection(image_base, image_size);
> }
>
> /*
> @@ -384,7 +336,7 @@ static void setup_graphics(struct boot_params *boot_params)
> }
>
>
> -static void __noreturn efi_exit(efi_handle_t handle, efi_status_t status)
> +void __noreturn efi_exit(efi_handle_t handle, efi_status_t status)
> {
> efi_bs_call(exit, handle, status, 0, NULL);
> for(;;)
> @@ -707,8 +659,7 @@ static efi_status_t exit_boot(struct boot_params *boot_params, void *handle)
> }
>
> /*
> - * On success, we return the address of startup_32, which has potentially been
> - * relocated by efi_relocate_kernel.
> + * On success, we return extracted kernel entry point.
> * On failure, we exit to the firmware via efi_exit instead of returning.
> */
> asmlinkage unsigned long efi_main(efi_handle_t handle,
> @@ -733,60 +684,6 @@ asmlinkage unsigned long efi_main(efi_handle_t handle,
> efi_dxe_table = NULL;
> }
>
> - /*
> - * If the kernel isn't already loaded at a suitable address,
> - * relocate it.
> - *
> - * It must be loaded above LOAD_PHYSICAL_ADDR.
> - *
> - * The maximum address for 64-bit is 1 << 46 for 4-level paging. This
> - * is defined as the macro MAXMEM, but unfortunately that is not a
> - * compile-time constant if 5-level paging is configured, so we instead
> - * define our own macro for use here.
> - *
> - * For 32-bit, the maximum address is complicated to figure out, for
> - * now use KERNEL_IMAGE_SIZE, which will be 512MiB, the same as what
> - * KASLR uses.
> - *
> - * Also relocate it if image_offset is zero, i.e. the kernel wasn't
> - * loaded by LoadImage, but rather by a bootloader that called the
> - * handover entry. The reason we must always relocate in this case is
> - * to handle the case of systemd-boot booting a unified kernel image,
> - * which is a PE executable that contains the bzImage and an initrd as
> - * COFF sections. The initrd section is placed after the bzImage
> - * without ensuring that there are at least init_size bytes available
> - * for the bzImage, and thus the compressed kernel's startup code may
> - * overwrite the initrd unless it is moved out of the way.
> - */
> -
> - buffer_start = ALIGN(bzimage_addr - image_offset,
> - hdr->kernel_alignment);
> - buffer_end = buffer_start + hdr->init_size;
> -
> - if ((buffer_start < LOAD_PHYSICAL_ADDR) ||
> - (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_X86_32) && buffer_end > KERNEL_IMAGE_SIZE) ||
> - (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_X86_64) && buffer_end > MAXMEM_X86_64_4LEVEL) ||
> - (image_offset == 0)) {
> - extern char _bss[];
> -
> - status = efi_relocate_kernel(&bzimage_addr,
> - (unsigned long)_bss - bzimage_addr,
> - hdr->init_size,
> - hdr->pref_address,
> - hdr->kernel_alignment,
> - LOAD_PHYSICAL_ADDR);
> - if (status != EFI_SUCCESS) {
> - efi_err("efi_relocate_kernel() failed!\n");
> - goto fail;
> - }
> - /*
> - * Now that we've copied the kernel elsewhere, we no longer
> - * have a set up block before startup_32(), so reset image_offset
> - * to zero in case it was set earlier.
> - */
> - image_offset = 0;
> - }
> -
> #ifdef CONFIG_CMDLINE_BOOL
> status = efi_parse_options(CONFIG_CMDLINE);
> if (status != EFI_SUCCESS) {
> @@ -843,7 +740,11 @@ asmlinkage unsigned long efi_main(efi_handle_t handle,
>
> setup_efi_pci(boot_params);
>
> - setup_quirks(boot_params, bzimage_addr, buffer_end - buffer_start);
> + setup_quirks(boot_params);
> +
> + bzimage_addr = extract_kernel_direct(handle, boot_params);
> + if (!bzimage_addr)
> + goto fail;
>
> status = exit_boot(boot_params, handle);
> if (status != EFI_SUCCESS) {
> diff --git a/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/x86-stub.h b/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/x86-stub.h
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..baecc7c6e602
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/x86-stub.h
> @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
> +/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
> +
> +#ifndef _DRIVERS_FIRMWARE_EFI_X86STUB_H
> +#define _DRIVERS_FIRMWARE_EFI_X86STUB_H
> +
> +#include <linux/efi.h>
> +
> +#include <asm/bootparam.h>
> +
> +void __noreturn efi_exit(efi_handle_t handle, efi_status_t status);
> +unsigned long extract_kernel_direct(efi_handle_t handle, struct boot_params *boot_params);
> +void startup_32(struct boot_params *boot_params);
> +
> +#endif
> --
> 2.37.4
>
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