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Message-Id: <1181272316.24958.13.camel@localhost.localdomain>
Date: Fri, 08 Jun 2007 13:11:56 +1000
From: Rusty Russell <rusty@...tcorp.com.au>
To: Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>
Cc: lkml - Kernel Mailing List <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
virtualization <virtualization@...ts.linux-foundation.org>
Subject: [PATCH 2/7] lguest documentation:Chapter II
Documentation: The Guest
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@...tcorp.com.au>
---
drivers/lguest/lguest.c | 456 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
drivers/lguest/lguest_asm.S | 57 +++--
include/linux/lguest.h | 47 +++-
3 files changed, 510 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)
===================================================================
--- a/drivers/lguest/lguest.c
+++ b/drivers/lguest/lguest.c
@@ -68,6 +68,12 @@
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/sched-clock.h>
+/*G:010 Welcome to the Guest!
+ *
+ * The Guest in our tale is a simple creature: identical to the Host but
+ * behaving in simplified but equivalent ways. In particular, the Guest is the
+ * same kernel as the Host (or at least, built from the same source code). :*/
+
/* Declarations for definitions in lguest_guest.S */
extern char lguest_noirq_start[], lguest_noirq_end[];
extern const char lgstart_cli[], lgend_cli[];
@@ -85,7 +91,26 @@ struct lguest_data lguest_data = {
};
struct lguest_device_desc *lguest_devices;
-static enum paravirt_lazy_mode lazy_mode;
+/*G:035 Notice the lazy_hcall() above, rather than hcall(). This is our first
+ * real optimization trick!
+ *
+ * When lazy_mode is set, it means we're allowed to defer all hypercalls and do
+ * them as a batch when lazy_mode is eventually turned off. Because hypercalls
+ * are reasonably expensive, batching them up makes sense. For example, a
+ * large mmap might update dozens of page table entries: that code calls
+ * lguest_lazy_mode(PARAVIRT_LAZY_MMU), does the dozen updates, then calls
+ * lguest_lazy_mode(PARAVIRT_LAZY_NONE).
+ *
+ * So, when we're in lazy mode, we call async_hypercall() to store the call for
+ * future processing. When lazy mode is turned off we issue a hypercall to
+ * flush the stored calls.
+ *
+ * There's also a hack where "mode" is set to "PARAVIRT_LAZY_FLUSH" which
+ * indicates we're to flush any outstanding calls immediately. This is used
+ * when an interrupt handler does a kmap_atomic(): the page table changes must
+ * happen immediately even if we're in the middle of a batch. Usually we're
+ * not, though, so there's nothing to do. */
+static enum paravirt_lazy_mode lazy_mode; /* Note: not SMP-safe! */
static void lguest_lazy_mode(enum paravirt_lazy_mode mode)
{
if (mode == PARAVIRT_LAZY_FLUSH) {
@@ -109,6 +134,16 @@ static void lazy_hcall(unsigned long cal
async_hcall(call, arg1, arg2, arg3);
}
+/* async_hcall() is pretty simple: I'm quite proud of it really. We have a
+ * ring buffer of stored hypercalls which the Host will run though next time we
+ * do a normal hypercall. Each entry in the ring has 4 slots for the hypercall
+ * arguments, and a "hcall_status" word which is 0 if the call is ready to go,
+ * and 255 once the Host has finished with it.
+ *
+ * If we come around to a slot which hasn't been finished, then the table is
+ * full and we just make the hypercall directly. This has the nice side
+ * effect of causing the Host to run all the stored calls in the ring buffer
+ * which empties it for next time! */
void async_hcall(unsigned long call,
unsigned long arg1, unsigned long arg2, unsigned long arg3)
{
@@ -116,6 +151,9 @@ void async_hcall(unsigned long call,
static unsigned int next_call;
unsigned long flags;
+ /* Disable interrupts if not already disabled: we don't want an
+ * interrupt handler making a hypercall while we're already doing
+ * one! */
local_irq_save(flags);
if (lguest_data.hcall_status[next_call] != 0xFF) {
/* Table full, so do normal hcall which will flush table. */
@@ -125,7 +163,7 @@ void async_hcall(unsigned long call,
lguest_data.hcalls[next_call].edx = arg1;
lguest_data.hcalls[next_call].ebx = arg2;
lguest_data.hcalls[next_call].ecx = arg3;
- /* Make sure host sees arguments before "valid" flag. */
+ /* Arguments must all be written before we mark it to go */
wmb();
lguest_data.hcall_status[next_call] = 0;
if (++next_call == LHCALL_RING_SIZE)
@@ -133,9 +171,14 @@ void async_hcall(unsigned long call,
}
local_irq_restore(flags);
}
-
+/*:*/
+
+/* Wrappers for the SEND_DMA and BIND_DMA hypercalls. This is mainly because
+ * Jeff Garzik complained that __pa() should never appear in drivers, and this
+ * helps remove most of them. But also, it wraps some ugliness. */
void lguest_send_dma(unsigned long key, struct lguest_dma *dma)
{
+ /* The hcall might not write this if something goes wrong */
dma->used_len = 0;
hcall(LHCALL_SEND_DMA, key, __pa(dma), 0);
}
@@ -143,11 +186,16 @@ int lguest_bind_dma(unsigned long key, s
int lguest_bind_dma(unsigned long key, struct lguest_dma *dmas,
unsigned int num, u8 irq)
{
+ /* This is the only hypercall which actually wants 5 arguments, and we
+ * only support 4. Fortunately the interrupt number is always less
+ * than 256, so we can pack it with the number of dmas in the final
+ * argument. */
if (!hcall(LHCALL_BIND_DMA, key, __pa(dmas), (num << 8) | irq))
return -ENOMEM;
return 0;
}
+/* Unbinding is the same hypercall as binding, but with 0 num & irq. */
void lguest_unbind_dma(unsigned long key, struct lguest_dma *dmas)
{
hcall(LHCALL_BIND_DMA, key, __pa(dmas), 0);
@@ -165,35 +213,65 @@ void lguest_unmap(void *addr)
iounmap((__force void __iomem *)addr);
}
+/*G:033
+ * Here are our first native-instruction replacements: four functions for
+ * interrupt control.
+ *
+ * The simplest way of implementing these would be to have "turn interrupts
+ * off" and "turn interrupts on" hypercalls. Unfortunately, this is too slow:
+ * these by far the most commonly called functions of those we override.
+ *
+ * So instead we keep an "irq_enabled" field inside our "struct lguest_data",
+ * which the Guest can update with a single instruction. The Host knows to
+ * check there when it wants to deliver an interrupt.
+ */
+
+/* save_flags() is expected to return the processor state (ie. "eflags"). The
+ * eflags word contains all kind of stuff, but in practice Linux only cares
+ * about the interrupt flag. Our "save_flags()" just returns that. */
static unsigned long save_fl(void)
{
return lguest_data.irq_enabled;
}
+/* "restore_flags" just sets the flags back to the value given. */
static void restore_fl(unsigned long flags)
{
- /* FIXME: Check if interrupt pending... */
lguest_data.irq_enabled = flags;
}
+/* Interrupts go off... */
static void irq_disable(void)
{
lguest_data.irq_enabled = 0;
}
+/* Interrupts go on... */
static void irq_enable(void)
{
- /* FIXME: Check if interrupt pending... */
lguest_data.irq_enabled = X86_EFLAGS_IF;
}
+/*G:034
+ * The Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT).
+ *
+ * The IDT tells the processor what to do when an interrupt comes in. Each
+ * entry in the table is a 64-bit descriptor: this holds the privilege level,
+ * address of the handler, and... well, who cares? The Guest just asks the
+ * Host to make the change anyway, because the Host controls the real IDT.
+ */
static void lguest_write_idt_entry(struct desc_struct *dt,
int entrynum, u32 low, u32 high)
{
+ /* Keep the local copy up to date. */
write_dt_entry(dt, entrynum, low, high);
+ /* Tell Host about this new entry. */
hcall(LHCALL_LOAD_IDT_ENTRY, entrynum, low, high);
}
+/* Changing to a different IDT is very rare: we keep the IDT up-to-date every
+ * time it is written, so we can simply loop through all entries and tell the
+ * Host about them. */
static void lguest_load_idt(const struct Xgt_desc_struct *desc)
{
unsigned int i;
@@ -203,12 +281,29 @@ static void lguest_load_idt(const struct
hcall(LHCALL_LOAD_IDT_ENTRY, i, idt[i].a, idt[i].b);
}
+/*
+ * The Global Descriptor Table.
+ *
+ * The Intel architecture defines another table, called the Global Descriptor
+ * Table (GDT). You tell the CPU where it is (and its size) using the "lgdt"
+ * instruction, and then several other instructions refer to entries in the
+ * table. There are three entries which the Switcher needs, so the Host simply
+ * controls the entire thing and the Guest asks it to make changes using the
+ * LOAD_GDT hypercall.
+ *
+ * This is the opposite of the IDT code where we have a LOAD_IDT_ENTRY
+ * hypercall and use that repeatedly to load a new IDT. I don't think it
+ * really matters, but wouldn't it be nice if they were the same?
+ */
static void lguest_load_gdt(const struct Xgt_desc_struct *desc)
{
BUG_ON((desc->size+1)/8 != GDT_ENTRIES);
hcall(LHCALL_LOAD_GDT, __pa(desc->address), GDT_ENTRIES, 0);
}
+/* For a single GDT entry which changes, we do the lazy thing: alter our GDT,
+ * then tell the Host to reload the entire thing. This operation is so rare
+ * that this naive implementation is reasonable. */
static void lguest_write_gdt_entry(struct desc_struct *dt,
int entrynum, u32 low, u32 high)
{
@@ -216,19 +311,58 @@ static void lguest_write_gdt_entry(struc
hcall(LHCALL_LOAD_GDT, __pa(dt), GDT_ENTRIES, 0);
}
+/* OK, I lied. There are three "thread local storage" GDT entries which change
+ * on every context switch (these three entries are how glibc implements
+ * __thread variables). So we have a hypercall specifically for this case. */
static void lguest_load_tls(struct thread_struct *t, unsigned int cpu)
{
lazy_hcall(LHCALL_LOAD_TLS, __pa(&t->tls_array), cpu, 0);
}
-
+/*:*/
+
+/*G:038 That's enough excitement for now, back to ploughing through each of
+ * the paravirt_ops (we're about 1/3 of the way through).
+ *
+ * This is the Local Descriptor Table, another weird Intel thingy. Linux only
+ * uses this for some strange applications like Wine. We don't do anything
+ * here, so they'll get an informative and friendly Segmentation Fault. */
static void lguest_set_ldt(const void *addr, unsigned entries)
{
}
+/* This loads a GDT entry into the "Task Register": that entry points to a
+ * structure called the Task State Segment. Some comments scattered though the
+ * kernel code indicate that this used for task switching in ages past, along
+ * with blood sacrifice and astrology.
+ *
+ * Now there's nothing interesting in here that we don't get told elsewhere.
+ * But the native version uses the "ltr" instruction, which makes the Host
+ * complain to the Guest about a Segmentation Fault and it'll oops. So we
+ * override the native version with a do-nothing version. */
static void lguest_load_tr_desc(void)
{
}
+/* The "cpuid" instruction is a way of querying both the CPU identity
+ * (manufacturer, model, etc) and its features. It was introduced before the
+ * Pentium in 1993 and keeps getting extended by both Intel and AMD. As you
+ * might imagine, after a decade and a half this treatment, it is now a giant
+ * ball of hair. Its entry in the current Intel manual runs to 28 pages.
+ *
+ * This instruction even it has its own Wikipedia entry. The Wikipedia entry
+ * has been translated into 4 languages. I am not making this up!
+ *
+ * We could get funky here and identify ourselves as "GenuineLguest", but
+ * instead we just use the real "cpuid" instruction. Then I pretty much turned
+ * off feature bits until the Guest booted. (Don't say that: you'll damage
+ * lguest sales!) Shut up, inner voice! (Hey, just pointing out that this is
+ * hardly future proof.) Noone's listening! They don't like you anyway,
+ * parenthetic weirdo!
+ *
+ * Replacing the cpuid so we can turn features off is great for the kernel, but
+ * anyone (including userspace) can just use the raw "cpuid" instruction and
+ * the Host won't even notice since it isn't privileged. So we try not to get
+ * too worked up about it. */
static void lguest_cpuid(unsigned int *eax, unsigned int *ebx,
unsigned int *ecx, unsigned int *edx)
{
@@ -241,21 +375,43 @@ static void lguest_cpuid(unsigned int *e
*ecx &= 0x00002201;
/* SSE, SSE2, FXSR, MMX, CMOV, CMPXCHG8B, TSC, FPU. */
*edx &= 0x07808111;
- /* Host wants to know when we flush kernel pages: set PGE. */
+ /* The Host can do a nice optimization if it knows that the
+ * kernel mappings (addresses above 0xC0000000 or whatever
+ * PAGE_OFFSET is set to) haven't changed. But Linux calls
+ * flush_tlb_user() for both user and kernel mappings unless
+ * the Page Global Enable (PGE) feature bit is set. */
*edx |= 0x00002000;
break;
case 0x80000000:
/* Futureproof this a little: if they ask how much extended
- * processor information, limit it to known fields. */
+ * processor information there is, limit it to known fields. */
if (*eax > 0x80000008)
*eax = 0x80000008;
break;
}
}
+/* Intel has four control registers, imaginatively named cr0, cr2, cr3 and cr4.
+ * I assume there's a cr1, but it hasn't bothered us yet, so we'll not bother
+ * it. The Host needs to know when the Guest wants to change them, so we have
+ * a whole series of functions like read_cr0() and write_cr0().
+ *
+ * We start with CR0. CR0 allows you to turn on and off all kinds of basic
+ * features, but Linux only really cares about one: the horrifically-named Task
+ * Switched (TS) bit at bit 3 (ie. 8)
+ *
+ * What does the TS bit do? Well, it causes the CPU to trap (interrupt 7) if
+ * the floating point unit is used. Which allows us to restore FPU state
+ * lazily after a task switch, and Linux uses that gratefully, but wouldn't a
+ * name like "FPUTRAP bit" be a little less cryptic?
+ *
+ * We store cr0 (and cr3) locally, because the Host never changes it. The
+ * Guest sometimes wants to read it and we'd prefer not to bother the Host
+ * unnecessarily. */
static unsigned long current_cr0, current_cr3;
static void lguest_write_cr0(unsigned long val)
{
+ /* 8 == TS bit. */
lazy_hcall(LHCALL_TS, val & 8, 0, 0);
current_cr0 = val;
}
@@ -265,17 +421,25 @@ static unsigned long lguest_read_cr0(voi
return current_cr0;
}
+/* Intel provided a special instruction to clear the TS bit for people too cool
+ * to use write_cr0() to do it. This "clts" instruction is faster, because all
+ * the vowels have been optimized out. */
static void lguest_clts(void)
{
lazy_hcall(LHCALL_TS, 0, 0, 0);
current_cr0 &= ~8U;
}
+/* CR2 is the virtual address of the last page fault, which the Guest only ever
+ * reads. The Host kindly writes this into our "struct lguest_data", so we
+ * just read it out of there. */
static unsigned long lguest_read_cr2(void)
{
return lguest_data.cr2;
}
+/* CR3 is the current toplevel pagetable page: the principle is the same as
+ * cr0. Keep a local copy, and tell the Host when it changes. */
static void lguest_write_cr3(unsigned long cr3)
{
lazy_hcall(LHCALL_NEW_PGTABLE, cr3, 0, 0);
@@ -287,7 +451,7 @@ static unsigned long lguest_read_cr3(voi
return current_cr3;
}
-/* Used to enable/disable PGE, but we don't care. */
+/* CR4 is used to enable and disable PGE, but we don't care. */
static unsigned long lguest_read_cr4(void)
{
return 0;
@@ -297,6 +461,59 @@ static void lguest_write_cr4(unsigned lo
{
}
+/*
+ * Page Table Handling.
+ *
+ * Now would be a good time to take a rest and grab a coffee or similarly
+ * relaxing stimulant. The easy parts are behind us, and the trek gradually
+ * winds uphill from here.
+ *
+ * Quick refresher: memory is divided into "pages" of 4096 bytes each. The CPU
+ * maps virtual addresses to physical addresses using "page tables". We could
+ * use one huge index of 1 million entries: each address is 4 bytes, so that's
+ * 1024 pages just to hold the page tables. But since most virtual addresses
+ * are unused, we use a two level index which saves space. The CR3 register
+ * contains the physical address of the top level "page directory" page, which
+ * contains physical addresses of up to 1024 second-level pages. Each of these
+ * second level pages contains up to 1024 physical addresses of actual pages,
+ * or Page Table Entries (PTEs).
+ *
+ * Here's a diagram, where arrows indicate physical addresses:
+ *
+ * CR3 ---> +---------+
+ * | --------->+---------+
+ * | | | PADDR1 |
+ * Top-level | | PADDR2 |
+ * (PMD) page | | |
+ * | | Lower-level |
+ * | | (PTE) page |
+ * | | | |
+ * .... ....
+ *
+ * So to convert a virtual address to a physical address, we look up the top
+ * level, which points us to the second level, which gives us the physical
+ * address of that page. If the top level entry was not present, or the second
+ * level entry was not present, then the virtual address is invalid (we
+ * say "the page was not mapped").
+ *
+ * Put another way, a 32-bit virtual address is divided up like so:
+ *
+ * 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ * |<---- 10 bits ---->|<---- 10 bits ---->|<------ 12 bits ------>|
+ * Index into top Index into second Offset within page
+ * page directory page pagetable page
+ *
+ * The kernel spends a lot of time changing both the top-level page directory
+ * and lower-level pagetable pages. The Guest doesn't know physical addresses,
+ * so while it maintains these page tables exactly like normal, it also needs
+ * to keep the Host informed whenever it makes a change: the Host will create
+ * the real page tables based on the Guests'.
+ */
+
+/* The Guest calls this to set a second-level entry (pte), ie. to map a page
+ * into a process' address space. We set the entry then tell the Host the
+ * toplevel and address this corresponds to. The Guest uses one pagetable per
+ * process, so we need to tell the Host which one we're changing (mm->pgd). */
static void lguest_set_pte_at(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr,
pte_t *ptep, pte_t pteval)
{
@@ -304,7 +521,9 @@ static void lguest_set_pte_at(struct mm_
lazy_hcall(LHCALL_SET_PTE, __pa(mm->pgd), addr, pteval.pte_low);
}
-/* We only support two-level pagetables at the moment. */
+/* The Guest calls this to set a top-level entry. Again, we set the entry then
+ * tell the Host which top-level page we changed, and the index of the entry we
+ * changed. */
static void lguest_set_pmd(pmd_t *pmdp, pmd_t pmdval)
{
*pmdp = pmdval;
@@ -312,7 +531,15 @@ static void lguest_set_pmd(pmd_t *pmdp,
(__pa(pmdp)&(PAGE_SIZE-1))/4, 0);
}
-/* FIXME: Eliminate all callers of this. */
+/* There are a couple of legacy places where the kernel sets a PTE, but we
+ * don't know the top level any more. This is useless for us, since we don't
+ * know which pagetable is changing or what address, so we just tell the Host
+ * to forget all of them. Fortunately, this is very rare.
+ *
+ * ... except in early boot when the kernel sets up the initial pagetables,
+ * which makes booting astonishingly slow. So we don't even tell the Host
+ * anything changed until we've done the first page table switch.
+ */
static void lguest_set_pte(pte_t *ptep, pte_t pteval)
{
*ptep = pteval;
@@ -321,22 +548,51 @@ static void lguest_set_pte(pte_t *ptep,
lazy_hcall(LHCALL_FLUSH_TLB, 1, 0, 0);
}
+/* Unfortunately for Lguest, the paravirt_ops for page tables were based on
+ * native page table operations. On native hardware you can set a new page
+ * table entry whenever you want, but if you want to remove one you have to do
+ * a TLB flush (a TLB is a little cache of page table entries kept by the CPU).
+ *
+ * So the lguest_set_pte_at() and lguest_set_pmd() functions above are only
+ * called when a valid entry is written, not when it's removed (ie. marked not
+ * present). Instead, this is where we come when the Guest wants to remove a
+ * page table entry: we tell the Host to set that entry to 0 (ie. the present
+ * bit is zero). */
static void lguest_flush_tlb_single(unsigned long addr)
{
- /* Simply set it to zero, and it will fault back in. */
+ /* Simply set it to zero: if it was not, it will fault back in. */
lazy_hcall(LHCALL_SET_PTE, current_cr3, addr, 0);
}
+/* This is what happens after the Guest has removed a large number of entries.
+ * This tells the Host that any of the page table entries for userspace might
+ * have changed, ie. virtual addresses below PAGE_OFFSET. */
static void lguest_flush_tlb_user(void)
{
lazy_hcall(LHCALL_FLUSH_TLB, 0, 0, 0);
}
+/* This is called when the kernel page tables have changed. That's not very
+ * common (unless the Guest is using highmem, which makes the Guest extremely
+ * slow), so it's worth separating this from the user flushing above. */
static void lguest_flush_tlb_kernel(void)
{
lazy_hcall(LHCALL_FLUSH_TLB, 1, 0, 0);
}
+/*
+ * The Unadvanced Programmable Interrupt Controller.
+ *
+ * This is an attempt to implement the simplest possible interrupt controller.
+ * I spent some time looking though routines like set_irq_chip_and_handler,
+ * set_irq_chip_and_handler_name, set_irq_chip_data and set_phasers_to_stun and
+ * I *think* this is as simple as it gets.
+ *
+ * We can tell the Host what interrupts we want blocked ready for using the
+ * lguest_data.interrupts bitmap, so disabling (aka "masking") them is as
+ * simple as setting a bit. We don't actually "ack" interrupts as such, we
+ * just mask and unmask them. I wonder if we should be cleverer?
+ */
static void disable_lguest_irq(unsigned int irq)
{
set_bit(irq, lguest_data.blocked_interrupts);
@@ -345,9 +601,9 @@ static void enable_lguest_irq(unsigned i
static void enable_lguest_irq(unsigned int irq)
{
clear_bit(irq, lguest_data.blocked_interrupts);
- /* FIXME: If it's pending? */
-}
-
+}
+
+/* This structure describes the lguest IRQ controller. */
static struct irq_chip lguest_irq_controller = {
.name = "lguest",
.mask = disable_lguest_irq,
@@ -355,6 +611,10 @@ static struct irq_chip lguest_irq_contro
.unmask = enable_lguest_irq,
};
+/* This sets up the Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT) entry for each hardware
+ * interrupt (except 128, which is used for system calls), and then tells the
+ * Linux infrastructure that each interrupt is controlled by our level-based
+ * lguest interrupt controller. */
static void __init lguest_init_IRQ(void)
{
unsigned int i;
@@ -367,9 +627,17 @@ static void __init lguest_init_IRQ(void)
handle_level_irq);
}
}
+ /* This call is required to set up for 4k stacks, where we have
+ * separate stacks for hard and soft interrupts. */
irq_ctx_init(smp_processor_id());
}
+/*
+ * Time.
+ *
+ * It would be far better for everyone if the Guest had its own clock, but
+ * until then it must ask the Host for the time.
+ */
static unsigned long lguest_get_wallclock(void)
{
return hcall(LHCALL_GET_WALLCLOCK, 0, 0, 0);
@@ -439,7 +707,9 @@ static void lguest_time_irq(unsigned int
{
unsigned long flags;
- /* Check in case host TSC has changed rate. */
+ /* Host tells us TSC has changed rate, and we frob our clock. This
+ * isn't perfect, but it seems there's no perfect way and this is
+ * simple. */
if (unlikely(tsc_khz != lguest_data.tsc_khz)) {
tsc_khz = lguest_data.tsc_khz;
lguest_clock.mult = clocksource_khz2mult(tsc_khz, 22);
@@ -453,26 +723,50 @@ static void lguest_time_irq(unsigned int
local_irq_restore(flags);
}
+/* At some point in the boot process, we get asked to set up our timing
+ * infrastructure. The kernel doesn't expect timer interrupts before this, but
+ * we cleverly initialized the "blocked_interrupts" field of "struct
+ * lguest_data" so that timer interrupts were blocked until now. */
static void lguest_time_init(void)
{
+ /* We set up the timer interrupt (0) to go to our simple timer
+ * routine */
set_irq_handler(0, lguest_time_irq);
+ /* The "mult" field of the lguest_clock can be determined now. */
lguest_clock.mult = clocksource_khz2mult(tsc_khz, 22);
clocksource_register(&lguest_clock);
- /* We can't set cpumask in the initializer: damn C limitations! */
+ /* We can't set cpumask in the initializer: damn C limitations! Set it
+ * here and register our timer device. */
lguest_clockevent.cpumask = cpumask_of_cpu(0);
clockevents_register_device(&lguest_clockevent);
+ /* We can't set cpumask in the initializer: damn C limitations! */
enable_lguest_irq(0);
}
+/* The Host tells us the rate the Time Stamp Counter runs at. */
static unsigned long lguest_get_cpu_khz(void)
{
- /* The Host tells us the TSC speed */
return lguest_data.tsc_khz;
}
+/*
+ * Miscellaneous bits and pieces.
+ *
+ * Here is an oddball collection of functions which the Guest needs for things
+ * to work. They're pretty simple.
+ */
+
+/* The Guest needs to tell the host what stack it expects traps to use. For
+ * native hardware, this is part of the Task State Segment mentioned above in
+ * lguest_load_tr_desc(), but to help hypervisors there's this special call.
+ *
+ * We tell the Host the segment we want to use (__KERNEL_DS is the kernel data
+ * segment), the privilege level (we're privilege level 1, the Host is 0 and
+ * will not tolerate us trying to use that), the stack pointer, and the number
+ * of pages in the stack. */
static void lguest_load_esp0(struct tss_struct *tss,
struct thread_struct *thread)
{
@@ -480,15 +774,31 @@ static void lguest_load_esp0(struct tss_
THREAD_SIZE/PAGE_SIZE);
}
+/* Let's just say, I wouldn't do debugging under a Guest. */
static void lguest_set_debugreg(int regno, unsigned long value)
{
/* FIXME: Implement */
}
+/* There are times when the kernel wants to make sure that no memory writes are
+ * caught in the cache (that they've all reached real hardware devices). This
+ * doesn't matter for the Guest which has virtual hardware.
+ *
+ * On the Pentium 4 and above, cpuid() indicates that the Cache Line Flush
+ * (clflush) instruction is available and the kernel uses that. Otherwise, it
+ * uses the older "Write Back and Invalidate Cache" (wbinvd) instruction.
+ * Unlike clflush, wbinvd can only be run at privilege level 0. So we can
+ * ignore clflush, but replace wbinvd.
+ */
static void lguest_wbinvd(void)
{
}
+/* If the Guest expects to have an Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller,
+ * we play dumb by ignoring writes and returning 0 for reads. So it's no
+ * longer Programmable nor Controlling anything, and I don't think 8 lines of
+ * code qualifies for Advanced. It will also never interrupt anything. It
+ * does, however, allow us to get through the Linux boot code. */
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
static void lguest_apic_write(unsigned long reg, unsigned long v)
{
@@ -500,19 +810,32 @@ static unsigned long lguest_apic_read(un
}
#endif
+/* STOP! Until an interrupt comes in. */
static void lguest_safe_halt(void)
{
hcall(LHCALL_HALT, 0, 0, 0);
}
+/* Perhaps CRASH isn't the best name for this hypercall, but we use it to get a
+ * message out when we're crashing as well as elegant termination like powering
+ * off.
+ *
+ * Note that the Host always prefers that the Guest speak in physical addresses
+ * rather than virtual addresses, so we use __pa() here. */
static void lguest_power_off(void)
{
hcall(LHCALL_CRASH, __pa("Power down"), 0, 0);
}
+/*
+ * Panicing.
+ *
+ * Don't. But if you did, this is what happens.
+ */
static int lguest_panic(struct notifier_block *nb, unsigned long l, void *p)
{
hcall(LHCALL_CRASH, __pa(p), 0, 0);
+ /* The hcall won't return, but to keep gcc happy, we're "done". */
return NOTIFY_DONE;
}
@@ -520,15 +843,45 @@ static struct notifier_block paniced = {
.notifier_call = lguest_panic
};
+/* Setting up memory is fairly easy. */
static __init char *lguest_memory_setup(void)
{
- /* We do this here because lockcheck barfs if before start_kernel */
+ /* We do this here and not earlier because lockcheck barfs if we do it
+ * before start_kernel() */
atomic_notifier_chain_register(&panic_notifier_list, &paniced);
+ /* The Linux bootloader header contains an "e820" memory map: the
+ * Launcher populated the first entry with our memory limit. */
add_memory_region(E820_MAP->addr, E820_MAP->size, E820_MAP->type);
+
+ /* This string is for the boot messages. */
return "LGUEST";
}
+/*G:050
+ * Patching (Powerfully Placating Performance Pedants)
+ *
+ * We have already seen that "struct paravirt_ops" lets us replace simple
+ * native instructions with calls to the appropriate back end all throughout
+ * the kernel. This allows the same kernel to run as a Guest and as a native
+ * kernel, but it's slow because of all the indirect branches.
+ *
+ * Remember that David Wheeler quote about "Any problem in computer science can
+ * be solved with another layer of indirection"? The rest of that quote is
+ * "... But that usually will create another problem." This is the first of
+ * those problems.
+ *
+ * Our current solution is to allow the paravirt back end to optionally patch
+ * over the indirect calls to replace them with something more efficient. We
+ * patch the four most commonly called functions: disable interrupts, enable
+ * interrupts, restore interrupts and save interrupts. We usually have 10
+ * bytes to patch into: the Guest versions of these operations are small enough
+ * that we can fit comfortably.
+ *
+ * First we need assembly templates of each of the patchable Guest operations,
+ * and these are in lguest_asm.S. */
+
+/*G:060 We construct a table from the assembler templates: */
static const struct lguest_insns
{
const char *start, *end;
@@ -538,35 +891,52 @@ static const struct lguest_insns
[PARAVIRT_PATCH(restore_fl)] = { lgstart_popf, lgend_popf },
[PARAVIRT_PATCH(save_fl)] = { lgstart_pushf, lgend_pushf },
};
+
+/* Now our patch routine is fairly simple (based on the native one in
+ * paravirt.c). If we have a replacement, we copy it in and return how much of
+ * the available space we used. */
static unsigned lguest_patch(u8 type, u16 clobber, void *insns, unsigned len)
{
unsigned int insn_len;
- /* Don't touch it if we don't have a replacement */
+ /* Don't do anything special if we don't have a replacement */
if (type >= ARRAY_SIZE(lguest_insns) || !lguest_insns[type].start)
return paravirt_patch_default(type, clobber, insns, len);
insn_len = lguest_insns[type].end - lguest_insns[type].start;
- /* Similarly if we can't fit replacement. */
+ /* Similarly if we can't fit replacement (shouldn't happen, but let's
+ * be thorough). */
if (len < insn_len)
return paravirt_patch_default(type, clobber, insns, len);
+ /* Copy in our instructions. */
memcpy(insns, lguest_insns[type].start, insn_len);
return insn_len;
}
+/*G:030 Once we get to lguest_init(), we know we're a Guest. The paravirt_ops
+ * structure in the kernel provides a single point for (almost) every routine
+ * we have to override to avoid privileged instructions. */
__init void lguest_init(void *boot)
{
- /* Copy boot parameters first. */
+ /* Copy boot parameters first: the Launcher put the physical location
+ * in %esi, and head.S converted that to a virtual address and handed
+ * it to us. */
memcpy(&boot_params, boot, PARAM_SIZE);
+ /* The boot parameters also tell us where the command-line is: save
+ * that, too. */
memcpy(boot_command_line, __va(boot_params.hdr.cmd_line_ptr),
COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
+ /* We're under lguest, paravirt is enabled, and we're running at
+ * privilege level 1, not 0 as normal. */
paravirt_ops.name = "lguest";
paravirt_ops.paravirt_enabled = 1;
paravirt_ops.kernel_rpl = 1;
+ /* We set up all the lguest overrides for sensitive operations. These
+ * are detailed with the operations themselves. */
paravirt_ops.save_fl = save_fl;
paravirt_ops.restore_fl = restore_fl;
paravirt_ops.irq_disable = irq_disable;
@@ -610,18 +980,41 @@ __init void lguest_init(void *boot)
paravirt_ops.set_lazy_mode = lguest_lazy_mode;
paravirt_ops.wbinvd = lguest_wbinvd;
paravirt_ops.get_cpu_khz = lguest_get_cpu_khz;
-
+ /* Now is a good time to look at the implementations of these functions
+ * before returning to the rest of lguest_init(). */
+
+ /*G:070 Now we've seen all the paravirt_ops, we return to
+ * lguest_init() where the rest of the fairly chaotic boot setup
+ * occurs.
+ *
+ * The Host expects our first hypercall to tell it where our "struct
+ * lguest_data" is, so we do that first. */
hcall(LHCALL_LGUEST_INIT, __pa(&lguest_data), 0, 0);
- /* We use top of mem for initial pagetables. */
+ /* The native boot code sets up initial page tables immediately after
+ * the kernel itself, and sets init_pg_tables_end so they're not
+ * clobbered. The Launcher places our initial pagetables somewhere at
+ * the top of our physical memory, so we don't need extra space: set
+ * init_pg_tables_end to the end of the kernel. */
init_pg_tables_end = __pa(pg0);
+ /* Load the %fs segment register (the per-cpu segment register) with
+ * the normal data segment to get through booting. */
asm volatile ("mov %0, %%fs" : : "r" (__KERNEL_DS) : "memory");
+ /* The Host uses the top of the Guest's virtual address space for the
+ * Host<->Guest Switcher, and it tells us how much it needs in
+ * lguest_data.reserve_mem, set up on the LGUEST_INIT hypercall. */
reserve_top_address(lguest_data.reserve_mem);
+ /* The IDE code spends about 3 seconds probing for disks: if we reserve
+ * all the I/O ports up front it can't get them and so doesn't probe.
+ * Other device drivers are similar (but less severe). This cuts the
+ * kernel boot time on my machine from 4.1 seconds to 0.45 seconds. */
paravirt_disable_iospace();
+ /* This is messy CPU setup stuff which the native boot code does before
+ * start_kernel, so we have to do, too: */
cpu_detect(&new_cpu_data);
/* Math is always hard! */
new_cpu_data.hard_math = 1;
@@ -627,14 +1016,27 @@ __init void lguest_init(void *boot)
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_MCE
mce_disabled = 1;
#endif
-
#ifdef CONFIG_ACPI
acpi_disabled = 1;
acpi_ht = 0;
#endif
+ /* We set the perferred console to "hvc". This is the "hypervisor
+ * virtual console" driver written by the PowerPC people, which we also
+ * adapted for lguest's use. */
add_preferred_console("hvc", 0, NULL);
+ /* Last of all, we set the power management poweroff hook to point to
+ * the Guest routine to power off. */
pm_power_off = lguest_power_off;
+
+ /* Now we're set up, call start_kernel() in init/main.c and we proceed
+ * to boot as normal. It never returns. */
start_kernel();
}
+/*
+ * This marks the end of stage II of our journey, The Guest.
+ *
+ * It is now time for us to explore the nooks and crannies of the three Guest
+ * devices and complete our understanding of the Guest in "make Drivers".
+ */
===================================================================
--- a/drivers/lguest/lguest_asm.S
+++ b/drivers/lguest/lguest_asm.S
@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@
/* FIXME: Once asm/processor-flags.h goes in, include that */
#define X86_EFLAGS_IF 0x00000200
-/*
- * This is where we begin: we have a magic signature which the launcher looks
- * for. The plan is that the Linux boot protocol will be extended with a
+/*G:020 This is where we begin: we have a magic signature which the launcher
+ * looks for. The plan is that the Linux boot protocol will be extended with a
* "platform type" field which will guide us here from the normal entry point,
- * but for the moment this suffices. We pass the virtual address of the boot
- * info to lguest_init().
+ * but for the moment this suffices. The normal boot code uses %esi for the
+ * boot header, so we do too. We convert it to a virtual address by adding
+ * PAGE_OFFSET, and hand it to lguest_init() as its argument (ie. %eax).
*
- * We put it in .init.text will be discarded after boot.
- */
+ * The .section line puts this code in .init.text so it will be discarded after
+ * boot. */
.section .init.text, "ax", @progbits
.ascii "GenuineLguest"
/* Set up initial stack. */
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@
addl $__PAGE_OFFSET, %eax
jmp lguest_init
-/* The templates for inline patching. */
+/*G:055 We create a macro which puts the assembler code between lgstart_ and
+ * lgend_ markers. These templates end up in the .init.text section, so they
+ * are discarded after boot. */
#define LGUEST_PATCH(name, insns...) \
lgstart_##name: insns; lgend_##name:; \
.globl lgstart_##name; .globl lgend_##name
@@ -32,24 +34,47 @@ LGUEST_PATCH(sti, movl $X86_EFLAGS_IF, l
LGUEST_PATCH(sti, movl $X86_EFLAGS_IF, lguest_data+LGUEST_DATA_irq_enabled)
LGUEST_PATCH(popf, movl %eax, lguest_data+LGUEST_DATA_irq_enabled)
LGUEST_PATCH(pushf, movl lguest_data+LGUEST_DATA_irq_enabled, %eax)
+/*:*/
.text
/* These demark the EIP range where host should never deliver interrupts. */
.global lguest_noirq_start
.global lguest_noirq_end
-/*
- * We move eflags word to lguest_data.irq_enabled to restore interrupt state.
- * For page faults, gpfs and virtual interrupts, the hypervisor has saved
- * eflags manually, otherwise it was delivered directly and so eflags reflects
- * the real machine IF state, ie. interrupts on. Since the kernel always dies
- * if it takes such a trap with interrupts disabled anyway, turning interrupts
- * back on unconditionally here is OK.
- */
+/*G:045 There is one final paravirt_op that the Guest implements, and glancing
+ * at it you can see why I left it to last. It's *cool*! It's in *assembler*!
+ *
+ * The "iret" instruction is used to return from an interrupt or trap. The
+ * stack looks like this:
+ * old address
+ * old code segment & privilege level
+ * old processor flags ("eflags")
+ *
+ * The "iret" instruction pops those values off the stack and restores them all
+ * at once. The only problem is that eflags includes the Interrupt Flag which
+ * the Guest can't change: the CPU will simply ignore it when we do an "iret".
+ * So we have to copy eflags from the stack to lguest_data.irq_enabled before
+ * we do the "iret".
+ *
+ * There are two problems with this: firstly, we need to use a register to do
+ * the copy and secondly, the whole thing needs to be atomic. The first
+ * problem is easy to solve: push %eax on the stack so we can use it, and then
+ * restore it at the end just before the real "iret".
+ *
+ * The second is harder: copying eflags to lguest_data.irq_enabled will turn
+ * interrupts on before we're finished, so we could be interrupted before we
+ * return to userspace or wherever. Our solution to this is to surround the
+ * code with lguest_noirq_start: and lguest_noirq_end: labels. We tell the
+ * Host that it is *never* to interrupt us there, even if interrupts seem to be
+ * enabled. */
ENTRY(lguest_iret)
pushl %eax
movl 12(%esp), %eax
lguest_noirq_start:
+ /* Note the %ss: segment prefix here. Normal data accesses use the
+ * "ds" segment, but that will have already been restored for whatever
+ * we're returning to (such as userspace): we can't trust it. The %ss:
+ * prefix makes sure we use the stack segment, which is still valid. */
movl %eax,%ss:lguest_data+LGUEST_DATA_irq_enabled
popl %eax
iret
===================================================================
--- a/include/linux/lguest.h
+++ b/include/linux/lguest.h
@@ -27,18 +27,38 @@
#define LG_CLOCK_MIN_DELTA 100UL
#define LG_CLOCK_MAX_DELTA ULONG_MAX
+/*G:031 First, how does our Guest contact the Host to ask for privileged
+ * operations? There are two ways: the direct way is to make a "hypercall",
+ * to make requests of the Host Itself.
+ *
+ * Our hypercall mechanism uses the highest unused trap code (traps 32 and
+ * above are used by real hardware interrupts). Seventeen hypercalls are
+ * available: the hypercall number is put in the %eax register, and the
+ * arguments (when required) are placed in %edx, %ebx and %ecx. If a return
+ * value makes sense, it's returned in %eax.
+ *
+ * Grossly invalid calls result in Sudden Death at the hands of the vengeful
+ * Host, rather than returning failure. This reflects Winston Churchill's
+ * definition of a gentleman: "someone who is only rude intentionally". */
#define LGUEST_TRAP_ENTRY 0x1F
static inline unsigned long
hcall(unsigned long call,
unsigned long arg1, unsigned long arg2, unsigned long arg3)
{
+ /* "int" is the Intel instruction to trigger a trap. */
asm volatile("int $" __stringify(LGUEST_TRAP_ENTRY)
+ /* The call is in %eax (aka "a"), and can be replaced */
: "=a"(call)
+ /* The other arguments are in %eax, %edx, %ebx & %ecx */
: "a"(call), "d"(arg1), "b"(arg2), "c"(arg3)
+ /* "memory" means this might write somewhere in memory.
+ * This isn't true for all calls, but it's safe to tell
+ * gcc that it might happen so it doesn't get clever. */
: "memory");
return call;
}
+/*:*/
void async_hcall(unsigned long call,
unsigned long arg1, unsigned long arg2, unsigned long arg3);
@@ -52,31 +72,40 @@ struct hcall_ring
u32 eax, edx, ebx, ecx;
};
-/* All the good stuff happens here: guest registers it with LGUEST_INIT */
+/*G:032 The second method of communicating with the Host is to via "struct
+ * lguest_data". The Guest's very first hypercall is to tell the Host where
+ * this is, and then the Guest and Host both publish information in it. :*/
struct lguest_data
{
-/* Fields which change during running: */
- /* 512 == enabled (same as eflags) */
+ /* 512 == enabled (same as eflags in normal hardware). The Guest
+ * changes interrupts so often that a hypercall is too slow. */
unsigned int irq_enabled;
- /* Interrupts blocked by guest. */
+ /* Fine-grained interrupt disabling by the Guest */
DECLARE_BITMAP(blocked_interrupts, LGUEST_IRQS);
- /* Virtual address of page fault. */
+ /* The Host writes the virtual address of the last page fault here,
+ * which saves the Guest a hypercall. CR2 is the native register where
+ * this address would normally be found. */
unsigned long cr2;
- /* Async hypercall ring. 0xFF == done, 0 == pending. */
+ /* Async hypercall ring. Instead of directly making hypercalls, we can
+ * place them in here for processing the next time the Host wants.
+ * This batching can be quite efficient. */
+
+ /* 0xFF == done (set by Host), 0 == pending (set by Guest). */
u8 hcall_status[LHCALL_RING_SIZE];
+ /* The actual registers for the hypercalls. */
struct hcall_ring hcalls[LHCALL_RING_SIZE];
-/* Fields initialized by the hypervisor at boot: */
+/* Fields initialized by the Host at boot: */
/* Memory not to try to access */
unsigned long reserve_mem;
- /* ID of this guest (used by network driver to set ethernet address) */
+ /* ID of this Guest (used by network driver to set ethernet address) */
u16 guestid;
/* KHz for the TSC clock. */
u32 tsc_khz;
-/* Fields initialized by the guest at boot: */
+/* Fields initialized by the Guest at boot: */
/* Instruction range to suppress interrupts even if enabled */
unsigned long noirq_start, noirq_end;
};
-
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