Message-Id: <20070822124340.16a891f2.akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Date:	Wed, 22 Aug 2007 12:43:40 -0700
From:	Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>
To:	paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com, Andy Whitcroft <apw@...dowen.org>
Cc:	linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, linux-rt-users@...r.kernel.org,
	mingo@...e.hu, dipankar@...ibm.com, josht@...ux.vnet.ibm.com,
	tytso@...ibm.com, dvhltc@...ibm.com, tglx@...utronix.de
Subject: Re: [PATCH RFC] Priority boosting for preemptible RCU

On Wed, 22 Aug 2007 12:02:54 -0700
"Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com> wrote:

> Hello!
> 
> This patch is a forward-port of RCU priority boosting (described in
> http://lwn.net/Articles/220677/).  It applies to 2.6.22 on top of
> the patches sent in the http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/8/7/276 series and
> the hotplug patch (http://lkml.org/lkml/2007/8/17/262).  Passes several
> hours of rcutorture on x86_64 and POWER, so OK for experimentation but
> not ready for inclusion.

It'd be nice to have a brief summary of why we might want this code in Linux.

> ...
>
> +#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST

Do we really need this?  Why not just enable the feature all the time?

> ...
>  
> +#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST
> +extern void init_rcu_boost_late(void);
> +extern void __rcu_preempt_boost(void);
> +#define rcu_preempt_boost() \
> +	do { \
> +		if (unlikely(current->rcu_read_lock_nesting > 0)) \
> +			__rcu_preempt_boost(); \
> +	} while (0)

This could be a C function, couldn't it?  Probably an inlined one.

> +#else /* #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST */
> +#define init_rcu_boost_late()
> +#define rcu_preempt_boost()

These need the `do {} while(0)' thing.  I don't immediately recall why, but
trust me ;)  At least to avoid "empty body in an else-statement" warnings.

But, again, the rule should be: only code in cpp when it is not possible to
code in C.  These could be coded in C.

> +#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST
> +#define set_rcu_prio(p, prio)  ((p)->rcu_prio = (prio))
> +#define get_rcu_prio(p) ((p)->rcu_prio)
> +#else /* #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST */
> +#define set_rcu_prio(p, prio)  do { } while (0)
> +#define get_rcu_prio(p) MAX_PRIO
> +#endif /* #else #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST */

More macros-which-don't-need-to-be-macros.

> +config PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST_STATS_INTERVAL

Four new config options?  Sob.  Zero would be preferable.

>   * PREEMPT_RCU data structures.
> @@ -82,6 +83,525 @@ static struct rcu_ctrlblk rcu_ctrlblk = 
>  };
>  static DEFINE_PER_CPU(int [2], rcu_flipctr) = { 0, 0 };
>  
> +#ifndef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST
> +static inline void init_rcu_boost_early(void) { }
> +static inline void rcu_read_unlock_unboost(void) { }
> +#else /* #ifndef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST */
> +
> +/* Defines possible event indices for ->rbs_stats[] (first index). */
> +
> +#define RCU_BOOST_DAT_BLOCK	0
> +#define RCU_BOOST_DAT_BOOST	1
> +#define RCU_BOOST_DAT_UNLOCK	2
> +#define N_RCU_BOOST_DAT_EVENTS	3
> +
> +/* RCU-boost per-CPU array element. */
> +
> +struct rcu_boost_dat {
> +	spinlock_t rbs_mutex;

It would be more conventional to name this rbs_lock.

> +	struct list_head rbs_toboost;
> +	struct list_head rbs_boosted;
> +	unsigned long rbs_blocked;
> +	unsigned long rbs_boost_attempt;
> +	unsigned long rbs_boost;
> +	unsigned long rbs_unlock;
> +	unsigned long rbs_unboosted;
> +#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST_STATS
> +	unsigned long rbs_stats[N_RCU_BOOST_DAT_EVENTS][N_RCU_BOOST_STATE];
> +#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST_STATS */
> +};
> +#define RCU_BOOST_ELEMENTS 4
> +
> +int rcu_boost_idx = -1; /* invalid value in case someone uses RCU early. */
> +DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct rcu_boost_dat, rcu_boost_dat[RCU_BOOST_ELEMENTS]);

Do these need global scope?

> +static struct task_struct *rcu_boost_task = NULL;

Please always pass all patches through scripts/checkpatch.pl

> +#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST_STATS
> +
> +/*
> + * Function to increment indicated ->rbs_stats[] element.
> + */
> +static inline void rcu_boost_dat_stat(struct rcu_boost_dat *rbdp,
> +				      int event,
> +				      enum rcu_boost_state oldstate)
> +{
> +	if (oldstate >= RCU_BOOST_IDLE &&
> +	    oldstate <= RCU_BOOSTED) {
> +		rbdp->rbs_stats[event][oldstate]++;
> +	} else {
> +		rbdp->rbs_stats[event][RCU_BOOST_INVALID]++;
> +	}
> +}

	if (oldstate >= RCU_BOOST_IDLE && oldstate <= RCU_BOOSTED)
		rbdp->rbs_stats[event][oldstate]++;
	else
		rbdp->rbs_stats[event][RCU_BOOST_INVALID]++;

Much less fuss, no?

> +#define rcu_boost_dat_stat_block(rbdp, oldstate) \
> +	rcu_boost_dat_stat(rbdp, RCU_BOOST_DAT_BLOCK, oldstate)
> +#define rcu_boost_dat_stat_boost(rbdp, oldstate) \
> +	rcu_boost_dat_stat(rbdp, RCU_BOOST_DAT_BOOST, oldstate)
> +#define rcu_boost_dat_stat_unlock(rbdp, oldstate) \
> +	rcu_boost_dat_stat(rbdp, RCU_BOOST_DAT_UNLOCK, oldstate)

c-not-cpp.

> +/*
> + * Print out RCU booster task statistics at the specified interval.
> + */
> +static void rcu_boost_dat_stat_print(void)
> +{
> +	/* Three decimal digits per byte plus spacing per number and line. */
> +	char buf[N_RCU_BOOST_STATE * (sizeof(long) * 3 + 2) + 2];
> +	int cpu;
> +	int event;
> +	int i;
> +	static time_t lastprint = 0;
> +	struct rcu_boost_dat *rbdp;
> +	int state;
> +	struct rcu_boost_dat sum;
> +
> +	/* Wait a graceful interval between printk spamming. */
> +
> +	if (xtime.tv_sec - lastprint <
> +	    CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST_STATS_INTERVAL)
> +		return;

	if (xtime.tv_sec - lastprint < CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST_STATS_INTERVAL)
		return;

or even time_after()..

> +	/* Sum up the state/event-independent counters. */
> +
> +	sum.rbs_blocked = 0;
> +	sum.rbs_boost_attempt = 0;
> +	sum.rbs_boost = 0;
> +	sum.rbs_unlock = 0;
> +	sum.rbs_unboosted = 0;
> +	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu)
> +		for (i = 0; i < RCU_BOOST_ELEMENTS; i++) {
> +			rbdp = per_cpu(rcu_boost_dat, cpu);
> +			sum.rbs_blocked += rbdp[i].rbs_blocked;
> +			sum.rbs_boost_attempt += rbdp[i].rbs_boost_attempt;
> +			sum.rbs_boost += rbdp[i].rbs_boost;
> +			sum.rbs_unlock += rbdp[i].rbs_unlock;
> +			sum.rbs_unboosted += rbdp[i].rbs_unboosted;
> +		}
> +
> +	/* Sum up the state/event-dependent counters. */
> +
> +	for (event = 0; event < N_RCU_BOOST_DAT_EVENTS; event++)
> +		for (state = 0; state < N_RCU_BOOST_STATE; state++) {
> +			sum.rbs_stats[event][state] = 0;
> +			for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
> +				for (i = 0; i < RCU_BOOST_ELEMENTS; i++) {
> +					sum.rbs_stats[event][state]
> +					    += per_cpu(rcu_boost_dat,
> +						       cpu)[i].rbs_stats[event][state];
> +				}
> +			}
> +		}

for_each_possible_cpu() can sometimes do a *lot* more work than
for_each_online_cpu().  And even for_each_present_cpu().


> +	/* Print them out! */
> +
> +	printk(KERN_ALERT
> +	       "rcu_boost_dat: idx=%d "
> +	       "b=%lu ul=%lu ub=%lu boost: a=%lu b=%lu\n",
> +	       rcu_boost_idx,
> +	       sum.rbs_blocked, sum.rbs_unlock, sum.rbs_unboosted,
> +	       sum.rbs_boost_attempt, sum.rbs_boost);
> +	for (event = 0; event < N_RCU_BOOST_DAT_EVENTS; event++) {
> +		i = 0;
> +		for (state = 0; state < N_RCU_BOOST_STATE; state++) {
> +			i += sprintf(&buf[i], " %ld%c",
> +				     sum.rbs_stats[event][state],
> +				     rcu_boost_state_error[event][state]);
> +		}
> +		printk(KERN_ALERT "rcu_boost_dat %s %s\n",
> +		       rcu_boost_state_event[event], buf);
> +	}
> +
> +	/* Go away and don't come back for awhile. */
> +
> +	lastprint = xtime.tv_sec;
> +}
> +
> +#else /* #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST_STATS */
> +
> +#define rcu_boost_dat_stat_block(rbdp, oldstate)
> +#define rcu_boost_dat_stat_boost(rbdp, oldstate)
> +#define rcu_boost_dat_stat_unlock(rbdp, oldstate)
> +#define rcu_boost_dat_stat_print()

argh.

> +#endif /* #else #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST_STATS */
> +
> +/*
> + * Initialize RCU-boost state.  This happens early in the boot process,
> + * when the scheduler does not yet exist.  So don't try to use it.
> + */
> +static void init_rcu_boost_early(void)
> +{
> +	struct rcu_boost_dat *rbdp;
> +	int cpu;
> +	int i;
> +
> +	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
> +		rbdp = per_cpu(rcu_boost_dat, cpu);
> +		for (i = 0; i < RCU_BOOST_ELEMENTS; i++) {
> +			rbdp[i].rbs_mutex = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;

Doesn't this confound lockdep?   We're supposed to use spin_lock_init().

Andy, can we have a checkpatch rule for SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED please?  It's
basically always wrong.

> +			INIT_LIST_HEAD(&rbdp[i].rbs_toboost);
> +			INIT_LIST_HEAD(&rbdp[i].rbs_boosted);
> +			rbdp[i].rbs_blocked = 0;
> +			rbdp[i].rbs_boost_attempt = 0;
> +			rbdp[i].rbs_boost = 0;
> +			rbdp[i].rbs_unlock = 0;
> +			rbdp[i].rbs_unboosted = 0;
> +#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST_STATS
> +			{
> +				int j, k;
> +
> +				for (j = 0; j < N_RCU_BOOST_DAT_EVENTS; j++)
> +					for (k = 0; k < N_RCU_BOOST_STATE; k++)
> +						rbdp[i].rbs_stats[j][k] = 0;
> +			}
> +#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU_BOOST_STATS */
> +		}
> +		smp_wmb();  /* Make sure readers see above initialization. */
> +		rcu_boost_idx = 0;  /* Allow readers to access data. */
> +	}
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Return the list on which the calling task should add itself, or
> + * NULL if too early during initialization.
> + */
> +static inline struct rcu_boost_dat *rcu_rbd_new(void)
> +{
> +	int cpu = raw_smp_processor_id();  /* locks used, so preemption OK. */

plain old smp_processor_id() could have been used here.

> +	int idx = rcu_boost_idx;
> +
> +	smp_read_barrier_depends(); barrier(); /* rmb() on Alpha for idx. */

newline, please.

> +	if (unlikely(idx < 0))
> +		return (NULL);

return-is-not-a-function

> +	return &per_cpu(rcu_boost_dat, cpu)[idx];
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Return the list from which to boost target tasks.
> + * May only be invoked by the booster task, so guaranteed to
> + * already be initialized.  Use rcu_boost_dat element least recently
> + * the destination for task blocking in RCU read-side critical sections.
> + */
> +static inline struct rcu_boost_dat *rcu_rbd_boosting(int cpu)
> +{
> +	int idx = (rcu_boost_idx + 1) & (RCU_BOOST_ELEMENTS - 1);
> +
> +	return &per_cpu(rcu_boost_dat, cpu)[idx];
> +}
> +
> +#define PREEMPT_RCU_BOOSTER_PRIO 49  /* Match curr_irq_prio manually. */
> +			             /*  Administrators can always adjust */
> +				     /*  via the /proc interface. */
> +
> +/*
> + * Boost the specified task from an RCU viewpoint.
> + * Boost the target task to a priority just a bit less-favored than
> + * that of the RCU-boost task, but boost to a realtime priority even
> + * if the RCU-boost task is running at a non-realtime priority.
> + * We check the priority of the RCU-boost task each time we boost
> + * in case the sysadm manually changes the priority.
> + */
> +static void rcu_boost_prio(struct task_struct *taskp)
> +{
> +	unsigned long oldirq;

It's conventional to name this "flags".

> +	int rcuprio;
> +
> +	spin_lock_irqsave(&current->pi_lock, oldirq);
> +	rcuprio = rt_mutex_getprio(current) + 1;
> +	if (rcuprio >= MAX_USER_RT_PRIO)
> +		rcuprio = MAX_USER_RT_PRIO - 1;
> +	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&current->pi_lock, oldirq);
> +	spin_lock_irqsave(&taskp->pi_lock, oldirq);

Sometimes we'll just do spin_unlock+spin_lock here and leave irqs disabled.
Saves a few cycles.

> +	if (taskp->rcu_prio != rcuprio) {
> +		taskp->rcu_prio = rcuprio;
> +		if (taskp->rcu_prio != taskp->prio)
> +			rt_mutex_setprio(taskp, taskp->rcu_prio);
> +	}
> +	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&taskp->pi_lock, oldirq);
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Unboost the specified task from an RCU viewpoint.
> + */
> +static void rcu_unboost_prio(struct task_struct *taskp)
> +{
> +	int nprio;
> +	unsigned long oldirq;

`flags' would reduce the surprise factor a bit.

> +	spin_lock_irqsave(&taskp->pi_lock, oldirq);
> +	taskp->rcu_prio = MAX_PRIO;
> +	nprio = rt_mutex_getprio(taskp);
> +	if (nprio > taskp->prio)
> +		rt_mutex_setprio(taskp, nprio);
> +	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&taskp->pi_lock, oldirq);
> +}
> +
>
> ...
>
> +/*
> + * Priority-boost tasks stuck in RCU read-side critical sections as
> + * needed (presumably rarely).
> + */
> +static int rcu_booster(void *arg)
> +{
> +	int cpu;
> +	struct sched_param sp;
> +
> +	sp.sched_priority = PREEMPT_RCU_BOOSTER_PRIO;

I suppose using

	struct sched_param sp = { .sched_priority = PREEMPT_RCU_BOOSTER_PRIO, };

would provide a bit of future-safety here.

> +	sched_setscheduler(current, SCHED_RR, &sp);
> +	current->flags |= PF_NOFREEZE;
> +
> +	do {
> +
> +		/* Advance the lists of tasks. */
> +
> +		rcu_boost_idx = (rcu_boost_idx + 1) % RCU_BOOST_ELEMENTS;
> +		for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
> +
> +			/*
> +			 * Boost all sufficiently aged readers.
> +			 * Readers must first be preempted or block
> +			 * on a mutex in an RCU read-side critical section,
> +			 * then remain in that critical section for
> +			 * RCU_BOOST_ELEMENTS-1 time intervals.
> +			 * So most of the time we should end up doing
> +			 * nothing.
> +			 */
> +
> +			rcu_boost_one_reader_list(rcu_rbd_boosting(cpu));
> +
> +			/*
> +			 * Large SMP systems may need to sleep sometimes
> +			 * in this loop.  Or have multiple RCU-boost tasks.
> +			 */
> +		}
> +
> +		/*
> +		 * Sleep to allow any unstalled RCU read-side critical
> +		 * sections to age out of the list.  @@@ FIXME: reduce,
> +		 * adjust, or eliminate in case of OOM.
> +		 */
> +
> +		schedule_timeout_uninterruptible(HZ / 100);

Boy, that's a long time.

> +		/* Print stats if enough time has passed. */
> +
> +		rcu_boost_dat_stat_print();
> +
> +	} while (!kthread_should_stop());
> +
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Perform the portions of RCU-boost initialization that require the
> + * scheduler to be up and running.
> + */
> +void init_rcu_boost_late(void)
> +{
> +
> +	/* Spawn RCU-boost task. */
> +
> +	printk(KERN_INFO "Starting RCU priority booster\n");
> +	rcu_boost_task = kthread_run(rcu_booster, NULL, "RCU Prio Booster");
> +	if (IS_ERR(rcu_boost_task)) {
> +		printk(KERN_ALERT
> +		       "Unable to create RCU Priority Booster, errno %ld\n",
> +		       -PTR_ERR(rcu_boost_task));
> +
> +		/*
> +		 * Continue running, but tasks permanently blocked
> +		 * in RCU read-side critical sections will be able
> +		 * to stall grace-period processing, potentially
> +		 * OOMing the machine.
> +		 */

I don't think we want to try to struggle along like that.  This thread is a
piece of core infrastructure: if we couldn't start it then just panic
rather than trying to run the kernel in unknown and untested regions of
operation.

> +		rcu_boost_task = NULL;
> +	}
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Update task's RCU-boost state to reflect blocking in RCU read-side
> + * critical section, so that the RCU-boost task can find it in case it
> + * later needs its priority boosted.
> + */
> +void __rcu_preempt_boost(void)
> +{
> +	struct rcu_boost_dat *rbdp;
> +	unsigned long oldirq;
> +
> +	/* Identify list to place task on for possible later boosting. */
> +
> +	local_irq_save(oldirq);
> +	rbdp = rcu_rbd_new();
> +	if (rbdp == NULL) {
> +		local_irq_restore(oldirq);
> +		printk(KERN_ALERT
> +		       "Preempted RCU read-side critical section too early.\n");
> +		return;
> +	}
> +	spin_lock(&rbdp->rbs_mutex);
> +	rbdp->rbs_blocked++;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Update state.  We hold the lock and aren't yet on the list,
> +	 * so the booster cannot mess with us yet.
> +	 */
> +
> +	rcu_boost_dat_stat_block(rbdp, current->rcub_state);
> +	if (current->rcub_state != RCU_BOOST_IDLE) {
> +
> +		/*
> +		 * We have been here before, so just update stats.
> +		 * It may seem strange to do all this work just to
> +		 * accumulate statistics, but this is such a
> +		 * low-probability code path that we shouldn't care.
> +		 * If it becomes a problem, it can be fixed.
> +		 */
> +
> +		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rbdp->rbs_mutex, oldirq);
> +		return;
> +	}
> +	current->rcub_state = RCU_BOOST_BLOCKED;
> +
> +	/* Now add ourselves to the list so that the booster can find us. */
> +
> +	list_add_tail(&current->rcub_entry, &rbdp->rbs_toboost);
> +	current->rcub_rbdp = rbdp;
> +	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rbdp->rbs_mutex, oldirq);
> +}
> +

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