Date:	Wed, 17 Dec 2008 09:08:04 +1030
From:	Rusty Russell <rusty@...tcorp.com.au>
To:	David Miller <davem@...emloft.net>
Cc:	rostedt@...dmis.org, akpm@...ux-foundation.org,
	linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, mathieu.desnoyers@...ymtl.ca,
	paulus@...ba.org, benh@...nel.crashing.org,
	linux-ia64@...r.kernel.org, linux-s390@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: local_add_return

On Tuesday 16 December 2008 17:43:14 David Miller wrote:
> Here ya go:

Very interesting.  There's a little noise there (that first local_inc of 243
is wrong), but the picture is clear: trivalue is the best implementation for
sparc64.

Note: trivalue uses 3 values, so instead of hitting random values across 8MB
it's across 24MB, and despite the resulting cache damage it's 15% faster.  The
cpu_local_inc test is a single value, so no cache effects: it shows trivalue
to be 3 to 3.5 times faster in the cache-hot case.

This sucks, because it really does mean that there's no one-size-fits-all
implementation of local_t.  There's also no platform yet where atomic_long_t
is the right choice; and that's the default!

Any chance of an IA64 or s390 run?  You can normalize if you like, since
it's only to compare the different approaches.

Cheers,
Rusty.

Benchmarks for local_t variants

(This patch also fixes the x86 cpu_local_* macros, which are obviously
unused).

I chose a large array (1M longs) for the inc/add/add_return tests so
the trivalue case would show some cache pressure.

The cpu_local_inc case is always cache-hot, so it's not comparable to
the others.

Time in ns per iteration (brackets is with CONFIG_PREEMPT=y):

		inc	add	add_return	cpu_local_inc	read
x86-32: 2.13 Ghz Core Duo 2
atomic_long	118	118	115		17		17
irqsave/rest	77	78	77		23		16
trivalue	45	45	127		3(6)		21
local_t		36	36	36		1(5)		17

x86-64: 2.6 GHz Dual-Core AMD Opteron 2218
atomic_long	55	60	-		6		19
irqsave/rest	54	54	-		11		19
trivalue	47	47	-		5		28
local_t		47	46	-		1		19

PPC64: 2.7 GHz PPC970MP [normalized]
atomic_long	18	18	20		3(4)		8
irqsave/rest	10(4)	5(4)	4		8(9)		10(9)
trivalue	9	9	2		1(3)		10
local_t		18	18	18		3(4)		8

Sparc64: UltraSPARC-IIIi
atomic_long	243	222	-		37		169
irqsave/rest	205	205	-		25		169
trivalue	193	193	-		11		221
local_t		221	221	-		37		169

Sparc64: Niagara-2
atomic_long	207	206	-		72		160
irqsave/rest	228	228	-		78		160
trivalue:	172	172	-		20		222
local_t		206	207	-		73		160

Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@...tcorp.com.au>
---
 arch/x86/include/asm/local.h |   20 +--
 init/main.c                  |  223 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 233 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/local.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/local.h
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/local.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/local.h
@@ -220,16 +220,16 @@ static inline long local_sub_return(long
 	preempt_enable();		\
 })					\
 
-#define cpu_local_read(l)    cpu_local_wrap_v(local_read(&__get_cpu_var((l))))
-#define cpu_local_set(l, i)  cpu_local_wrap(local_set(&__get_cpu_var((l)), (i)))
-#define cpu_local_inc(l)     cpu_local_wrap(local_inc(&__get_cpu_var((l))))
-#define cpu_local_dec(l)     cpu_local_wrap(local_dec(&__get_cpu_var((l))))
-#define cpu_local_add(i, l)  cpu_local_wrap(local_add((i), &__get_cpu_var((l))))
-#define cpu_local_sub(i, l)  cpu_local_wrap(local_sub((i), &__get_cpu_var((l))))
+#define cpu_local_read(l)    cpu_local_wrap_v(local_read(&__get_cpu_var(l)))
+#define cpu_local_set(l, i)  cpu_local_wrap(local_set(&__get_cpu_var(l), (i)))
+#define cpu_local_inc(l)     cpu_local_wrap(local_inc(&__get_cpu_var(l)))
+#define cpu_local_dec(l)     cpu_local_wrap(local_dec(&__get_cpu_var(l)))
+#define cpu_local_add(i, l)  cpu_local_wrap(local_add((i), &__get_cpu_var(l)))
+#define cpu_local_sub(i, l)  cpu_local_wrap(local_sub((i), &__get_cpu_var(l)))
 
-#define __cpu_local_inc(l)	cpu_local_inc((l))
-#define __cpu_local_dec(l)	cpu_local_dec((l))
-#define __cpu_local_add(i, l)	cpu_local_add((i), (l))
-#define __cpu_local_sub(i, l)	cpu_local_sub((i), (l))
+#define __cpu_local_inc(l)	cpu_local_inc(l)
+#define __cpu_local_dec(l)	cpu_local_dec(l)
+#define __cpu_local_add(i, l)	cpu_local_add((i), l)
+#define __cpu_local_sub(i, l)	cpu_local_sub((i), l)
 
 #endif /* _ASM_X86_LOCAL_H */
diff --git a/init/main.c b/init/main.c
--- a/init/main.c
+++ b/init/main.c
@@ -534,6 +534,225 @@ void __init __weak thread_info_cache_ini
 {
 }
 
+/* There are three obvious ways to implement local_t on an arch which
+ * can't do single-instruction inc/dec etc.
+ * 1) atomic_long
+ * 2) irq_save/irq_restore
+ * 3) multiple counters.
+ *
+ * This does a very rough benchmark on each one.
+ */
+struct local1 {
+	atomic_long_t v;
+};
+struct local2 {
+	unsigned long v;
+};
+struct local3 {
+	unsigned long v[3];
+};
+
+/* Enough to put some pressure on the caches. */
+#define NUM_LOCAL_TEST (1024*1024)
+#define NUM_LOCAL_RUNS (NUM_LOCAL_TEST*32)
+/* This will make it jump around looking random */
+#define STRIDE 514001
+
+static void *test_local_variants_mem;
+
+static void init_test_local_variants(void)
+{
+	unsigned long size;
+	size = max(sizeof(struct local1),
+		   max(sizeof(struct local2),
+		       max(sizeof(struct local3), sizeof(local_t))))
+		* NUM_LOCAL_TEST;
+	/* Assume this works in early boot. */
+	test_local_variants_mem = alloc_bootmem_nopanic(size);
+
+	if (!test_local_variants_mem) {
+		printk("test_local_variants: failed to allocate %lu bytes\n",
+		       size);
+		return;
+	}
+}
+
+static void print_result(const char *str,
+			 struct timespec start, struct timespec end)
+{
+	s64 diff;
+
+	diff = ktime_to_ns(ktime_sub(timespec_to_ktime(end), timespec_to_ktime(start)));
+	printk("%s=%lli/%lli ",
+	       str, diff, diff/NUM_LOCAL_RUNS);
+}
+
+static unsigned int warm_local_test_cache(const void *mem, size_t len)
+{
+	unsigned int i, total = 0;
+	for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
+		total += ((char *)mem)[i];
+	return total;
+}
+
+#define TEST_LOOP(expr)				\
+	n = 0;					\
+	getnstimeofday(&start);			\
+	for (i = 0; i < NUM_LOCAL_RUNS; i++) {	\
+		expr;				\
+		n += STRIDE;			\
+		n %= NUM_LOCAL_TEST;		\
+	}					\
+	getnstimeofday(&end);
+
+/* This doesn't test cache effects at all */
+#define NUM_PERCPU_VARS		16
+DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct local1[NUM_PERCPU_VARS], local1_test);
+DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct local2[NUM_PERCPU_VARS], local2_test);
+DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct local3[NUM_PERCPU_VARS], local3_test);
+DEFINE_PER_CPU(local_t[NUM_PERCPU_VARS], local4_test);
+
+static void test_local_variants(void)
+{
+	struct timespec start, end;
+	unsigned int i, n;
+	unsigned long total, warm_total = 0;
+	struct local1 *l1;
+	struct local2 *l2;
+	struct local3 *l3;
+	local_t *l4;
+
+	if (!test_local_variants_mem)
+		return;
+
+	printk("Running local_t variant benchmarks\n");
+	l1 = test_local_variants_mem;
+	l2 = test_local_variants_mem;
+	l3 = test_local_variants_mem;
+	l4 = test_local_variants_mem;
+
+	printk("atomic_long: ");
+	memset(l1, 0, sizeof(*l1)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(atomic_long_inc(&l1[n].v));
+	print_result("local_inc", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l1, sizeof(*l1)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(atomic_long_add(1234, &l1[n].v));
+	print_result("local_add", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l1, sizeof(*l1)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(atomic_long_inc(&__get_cpu_var(local1_test)[n%NUM_PERCPU_VARS].v));
+	print_result("cpu_local_inc", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l1, sizeof(*l1)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	total = 0;
+	TEST_LOOP(total += atomic_long_read(&l1[n].v));
+	print_result("local_read", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l1, sizeof(*l1)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(total += atomic_long_add_return(7, &l1[n].v));
+	print_result("local_add_return", start, end);
+
+	printk("(total was %lu)\n", total);
+
+	printk("irqsave/restore: ");
+	memset(l2, 0, sizeof(*l2)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(unsigned long flags;
+		  local_irq_save(flags);
+		  l2[n].v++;
+		  local_irq_restore(flags));
+	print_result("local_inc", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l2, sizeof(*l2)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(unsigned long flags;
+		  local_irq_save(flags);
+		  l2[n].v += 1234;
+		  local_irq_restore(flags));
+	print_result("local_add", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l2, sizeof(*l2)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(unsigned long flags;
+		  local_irq_save(flags);
+		  __get_cpu_var(local2_test)[n%NUM_PERCPU_VARS].v++;
+		  local_irq_restore(flags));
+	print_result("cpu_local_inc", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l2, sizeof(*l2)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	total = 0;
+	TEST_LOOP(total += l2[n].v);
+	print_result("local_read", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l1, sizeof(*l1)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(unsigned long flags;
+		  local_irq_save(flags);
+		  l2[n].v += 7;
+		  total += l2[n].v;
+		  local_irq_restore(flags));
+	print_result("local_add_return", start, end);
+	printk("(total was %lu)\n", total);
+
+	printk("trivalue: ");
+	memset(l3, 0, sizeof(*l3)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(unsigned int idx
+			= !(preempt_count() & (HARDIRQ_MASK | SOFTIRQ_MASK)) +
+			!(preempt_count() & HARDIRQ_MASK);
+		  l3[n].v[idx]++);
+	print_result("local_inc", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l3, sizeof(*l3)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(unsigned int idx
+			= !(preempt_count() & (HARDIRQ_MASK | SOFTIRQ_MASK)) +
+			!(preempt_count() & HARDIRQ_MASK);
+		  l3[n].v[idx] += 1234);
+	print_result("local_add", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l3, sizeof(*l3)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(unsigned int idx
+			= !(preempt_count() & (HARDIRQ_MASK | SOFTIRQ_MASK)) +
+			!(preempt_count() & HARDIRQ_MASK);
+		  get_cpu_var(local3_test)[n%NUM_PERCPU_VARS].v[idx]++;
+		  put_cpu_var());
+	print_result("cpu_local_inc", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l3, sizeof(*l3)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	total = 0;
+	TEST_LOOP(total += l3[n].v[0] + l3[n].v[1] + l3[n].v[2]);
+	print_result("local_read", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l1, sizeof(*l1)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(unsigned long flags;
+		  local_irq_save(flags);
+		  l3[n].v[0] += 7;
+		  total += l3[n].v[0] + l3[n].v[1] + l3[n].v[2];
+		  local_irq_restore(flags));
+	print_result("local_add_return", start, end);
+
+	printk("(total was %lu)\n", total);
+
+	printk("local_t: ");
+	memset(l4, 0, sizeof(*l4)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(local_inc(&l4[n]));
+	print_result("local_inc", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l4, sizeof(*l4)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(local_add(1234, &l4[n]));
+	print_result("local_add", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l4, sizeof(*l4)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(cpu_local_inc(local4_test[n%NUM_PERCPU_VARS]));
+	print_result("cpu_local_inc", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l4, sizeof(*l4)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	total = 0;
+	TEST_LOOP(total += local_read(&l4[n]));
+	print_result("local_read", start, end);
+
+	warm_total += warm_local_test_cache(l1, sizeof(*l1)*NUM_LOCAL_TEST);
+	TEST_LOOP(total += local_add_return(7, &l1[n].v));
+	print_result("local_add_return", start, end);
+	printk("(total was %lu, warm_total %lu)\n", total, warm_total);
+}
+
 asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void)
 {
 	char * command_line;
@@ -630,6 +849,8 @@ asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void
 	 */
 	locking_selftest();
 
+	init_test_local_variants();
+
 #ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
 	if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
 	    page_to_pfn(virt_to_page((void *)initrd_start)) < min_low_pfn) {
@@ -687,6 +908,8 @@ asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void
 	acpi_early_init(); /* before LAPIC and SMP init */
 
 	ftrace_init();
+
+	test_local_variants();
 
 	/* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
 	rest_init();
--
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