Date:	Mon, 5 Jan 2009 18:23:52 -0800
From:	"Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>
To:	Nick Piggin <npiggin@...e.de>
Cc:	Linus Torvalds <torvalds@...ux-foundation.org>,
	Peter Klotz <peter.klotz@....at>, stable@...nel.org,
	Linux Memory Management List <linux-mm@...ck.org>,
	Christoph Hellwig <hch@...radead.org>,
	Roman Kononov <kernel@...onov.ftml.net>,
	linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, xfs@....sgi.com,
	Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>
Subject: Re: [patch] mm: fix lockless pagecache reordering bug (was Re:
	BUG: soft lockup - is this XFS problem?)

On Tue, Jan 06, 2009 at 03:05:50AM +0100, Nick Piggin wrote:
> On Mon, Jan 05, 2009 at 01:57:27PM -0800, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> > On Mon, Jan 05, 2009 at 12:39:14PM -0800, Linus Torvalds wrote:
> > > 
> > > 
> > > On Mon, 5 Jan 2009, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> > > > 
> > > > My guess is that Nick believes that the value in *pslot cannot change
> > > > in such as way as to cause radix_tree_is_indirect_ptr()'s return value
> > > > to change within a given RCU grace period, and that Linus disagrees.
> > > 
> > > Oh, it's entirely possible that there are some lifetime rules or others 
> > > that make it impossible for things to go from "not indirect" -> 
> > > "indirect". So if that was Nick's point, then I'm not "disagreeing" per 
> > > se.
> > > 
> > > What I'm disagreeing about is that Nick apparently thinks that this is all 
> > > subtle code, and as a result we should add barriers in some very 
> > > non-obvious places.
> > > 
> > > While _I_ think that the problem isn't properly solved by barriers, but by 
> > > just making the code less subtle. If the barrier only exists because of 
> > > the reload issue, then the obvious solution - to me - is to just use what 
> > > is already the proper accessor function that forces a nice reload. That 
> > > way the compiler is forced to create code that does what the source 
> > > clearly means it to do, regardless of any barriers at all.
> > > 
> > > Barriers in general should be the _last_ thing added. And if they are 
> > > added, they should be added as deeply in the call-chain as possible, so 
> > > that we don't need to add them in multiple call-sites. Again, using the 
> > > rcu_dereference() approach seems to solve that issue too - rather than add 
> > > three barriers in three different places, we just add the proper 
> > > dereference in _one_ place.
> > 
> > I don't have any argument with this line of reasoning, and am myself a bit
> > puzzled as to why rcu_dereference() isn't the right tool for Nick's job.
> > Then again, I don't claim to fully understand what he is trying to do.
> 
> OK, granted I do need the ACCESS_ONCE. It is loading a pointer who's target
> can be changed concurrently with the rcu algorithm. The rcu_derefernce
> thing kind of set me thinking down the wrong track, because the object of the
> pointer it loads is not RCU protected and doesn't need the memory barrier
> (on alpha).
> 
> But... RCU radix tree is not only used for the pagecache, so it's probably not
> worth complicating things to seperate out those two cases. rcu_dereference
> might be the best fit.

Works for me!

> > > > Whatever the answer, I would argue for -at- -least- a comment explaining
> > > > why it is safe.  I am not seeing the objection to rcu_dereference(), but
> > > > I must confess that it has been awhile since I have looked closely at
> > > > the radix_tree code.  :-/
> > > 
> > > And I'm actually suprised that gcc can generate the problematic code in 
> > > the first place. I'd expect that a "atomic_add_unless()" would always be 
> > > at LEAST a compiler barrier, even if it isn't necessarily a CPU memory 
> > > barrier.
> > > 
> > > But because we inline it, and because we allow gcc to see that it doesn't 
> > > do anything if it gets just the right value from memory, I guess gcc ends 
> > > up able to change the "for()" loop so that the first iteration can exit 
> > > specially, and then for that case (and no other case) it can cache 
> > > variables over the whole atomic_add_unless().
> > > 
> > > Again, that's very fragile. The fact that Documentation/atomic_ops.txt 
> > > says that the failure case doesn't contain any barriers is really _meant_ 
> > > to be about the architecture-specific CPU barriers, not so much about 
> > > something as simple as a compiler re-ordering. 
> > > 
> > > So while I think that we should use rcu_dereference() (regardless of any 
> > > other issues), I _also_ think that part of the problem really is the 
> > > excessive subtlety in the whole code, and the (obviously very surprising) 
> > > fact that gcc could end up caching an unrelated memory load across that 
> > > whole atomic op.
> > > 
> > > Maybe we should make atomics always imply a compiler barrier, even when 
> > > they do not imply a memory barrier. The one exception would be the 
> > > (special) case of "atomic_read()/atomic_set()", which don't really do any 
> > > kind of complex operation at all, and where we really do want the compiler 
> > > to be able to coalesce multiple atomic_reads() to a single one.
> > > 
> > > In contrast, there's no sense in allowing the compiler to coalesce a 
> > > "atomic_add_unless()" with anything else. Making it a compiler barrier 
> > > (possibly by uninlining it, or just adding a barrier to it) would also 
> > > have avoided the whole subtle case - which is always a good thing.
> > 
> > That makes a lot of sense to me!
> 
> It would have avoided one problem (the same one my patch did). But it
> doesn't solve the problem of the missing ACCESS_ONCE allowing the
> pointer to be reloaded from the slot pointer.

Agreed.

> Sticking an rcu_dereference in radix_tree_deref_slot seems to fix the
> assembly for me too, I grafted the changelog onto that. Linus probably
> you are using -Os?
> 
> --
> Subject: mm lockless pagecache barrier fix
> 
> An XFS workload showed up a bug in the lockless pagecache patch. Basically it
> would go into an "infinite" loop, although it would sometimes be able to break
> out of the loop! The reason is a missing compiler barrier in the "increment
> reference count unless it was zero" case of the lockless pagecache protocol in
> the gang lookup functions.
> 
> This would cause the compiler to use a cached value of struct page pointer to
> retry the operation with, rather than reload it. So the page might have been
> removed from pagecache and freed (refcount==0) but the lookup would not correctly
> notice the page is no longer in pagecache, and keep attempting to increment the
> refcount and failing, until the page gets reallocated for something else. This
> isn't a data corruption because the condition will be detected if the page has
> been reallocated. However it can result in a lockup. 
> 
> Linus points out that ACCESS_ONCE is also required in that pointer load, even
> if it's absence is not causing a bug on our particular build. The most general
> way to solve this is just to put an rcu_dereference in radix_tree_deref_slot.
> 
> Assembly of find_get_pages,
> before:
> .L220:
>         movq    (%rbx), %rax    #* ivtmp.1162, tmp82
>         movq    (%rax), %rdi    #, prephitmp.1149
> .L218:
>         testb   $1, %dil        #, prephitmp.1149
>         jne     .L217   #,
>         testq   %rdi, %rdi      # prephitmp.1149
>         je      .L203   #,
>         cmpq    $-1, %rdi       #, prephitmp.1149
>         je      .L217   #,
>         movl    8(%rdi), %esi   # <variable>._count.counter, c
>         testl   %esi, %esi      # c
>         je      .L218   #,
> 
> after:
> .L212:
>         movq    (%rbx), %rax    #* ivtmp.1109, tmp81
>         movq    (%rax), %rdi    #, ret
>         testb   $1, %dil        #, ret
>         jne     .L211   #,
>         testq   %rdi, %rdi      # ret
>         je      .L197   #,
>         cmpq    $-1, %rdi       #, ret
>         je      .L211   #,
>         movl    8(%rdi), %esi   # <variable>._count.counter, c
>         testl   %esi, %esi      # c
>         je      .L212   #,
> 
> (notice the obvious infinite loop in the first example, if page->count remains 0)

Reviewed-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>

> Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@...e.de>
> ---
>  include/linux/radix-tree.h |    2 +-
>  mm/filemap.c               |   23 ++++++++++++++++++++---
>  2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
> 
> Index: linux-2.6/include/linux/radix-tree.h
> ===================================================================
> --- linux-2.6.orig/include/linux/radix-tree.h
> +++ linux-2.6/include/linux/radix-tree.h
> @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ do {									\
>   */
>  static inline void *radix_tree_deref_slot(void **pslot)
>  {
> -	void *ret = *pslot;
> +	void *ret = rcu_dereference(*pslot);
>  	if (unlikely(radix_tree_is_indirect_ptr(ret)))
>  		ret = RADIX_TREE_RETRY;
>  	return ret;
> 
--
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