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Date: Tue, 31 Mar 2009 18:50:40 +0200
From: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@...cle.com>
To: Jan Kara <jack@...e.cz>
Cc: linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, linux-fsdevel@...r.kernel.org,
chris.mason@...cle.com, david@...morbit.com, npiggin@...e.de,
hch@...radead.org, akpm@...ux-foundation.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH 05/12] writeback: switch to per-bdi threads for
flushing data
On Tue, Mar 31 2009, Jan Kara wrote:
> > This gets rid of pdflush for bdi writeout and kupdated style cleaning.
> > This is an experiment to see if we get better writeout behaviour with
> > per-bdi flushing. Some initial tests look pretty encouraging. A sample
> > ffsb workload that does random writes to files is about 8% faster here
> > on a simple SATA drive during the benchmark phase. File layout also seems
> > a LOT more smooth in vmstat:
> >
> > r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
> > 0 1 0 608848 2652 375372 0 0 0 71024 604 24 1 10 48 42
> > 0 1 0 549644 2712 433736 0 0 0 60692 505 27 1 8 48 44
> > 1 0 0 476928 2784 505192 0 0 4 29540 553 24 0 9 53 37
> > 0 1 0 457972 2808 524008 0 0 0 54876 331 16 0 4 38 58
> > 0 1 0 366128 2928 614284 0 0 4 92168 710 58 0 13 53 34
> > 0 1 0 295092 3000 684140 0 0 0 62924 572 23 0 9 53 37
> > 0 1 0 236592 3064 741704 0 0 4 58256 523 17 0 8 48 44
> > 0 1 0 165608 3132 811464 0 0 0 57460 560 21 0 8 54 38
> > 0 1 0 102952 3200 873164 0 0 4 74748 540 29 1 10 48 41
> > 0 1 0 48604 3252 926472 0 0 0 53248 469 29 0 7 47 45
> >
> > where vanilla tends to fluctuate a lot in the creation phase:
> >
> > r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
> > 1 1 0 678716 5792 303380 0 0 0 74064 565 50 1 11 52 36
> > 1 0 0 662488 5864 319396 0 0 4 352 302 329 0 2 47 51
> > 0 1 0 599312 5924 381468 0 0 0 78164 516 55 0 9 51 40
> > 0 1 0 519952 6008 459516 0 0 4 78156 622 56 1 11 52 37
> > 1 1 0 436640 6092 541632 0 0 0 82244 622 54 0 11 48 41
> > 0 1 0 436640 6092 541660 0 0 0 8 152 39 0 0 51 49
> > 0 1 0 332224 6200 644252 0 0 4 102800 728 46 1 13 49 36
> > 1 0 0 274492 6260 701056 0 0 4 12328 459 49 0 7 50 43
> > 0 1 0 211220 6324 763356 0 0 0 106940 515 37 1 10 51 39
> > 1 0 0 160412 6376 813468 0 0 0 8224 415 43 0 6 49 45
> > 1 1 0 85980 6452 886556 0 0 4 113516 575 39 1 11 54 34
> > 0 2 0 85968 6452 886620 0 0 0 1640 158 211 0 0 46 54
> >
> > So apart from seemingly behaving better for buffered writeout, this also
> > allows us to potentially have more than one bdi thread flushing out data.
> > This may be useful for NUMA type setups.
> >
> > A 10 disk test with btrfs performs 26% faster with per-bdi flushing. Other
> > tests pending.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@...cle.com>
> Two comments below...
>
> <snip>
> > diff --git a/fs/fs-writeback.c b/fs/fs-writeback.c
> > index 45d2739..21de5ac 100644
> > --- a/fs/fs-writeback.c
> > +++ b/fs/fs-writeback.c
> > @@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
> > #include <linux/sched.h>
> > #include <linux/fs.h>
> > #include <linux/mm.h>
> > +#include <linux/kthread.h>
> > +#include <linux/freezer.h>
> > #include <linux/writeback.h>
> > #include <linux/blkdev.h>
> > #include <linux/backing-dev.h>
> > @@ -61,10 +63,180 @@ int writeback_in_progress(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
> > */
> > static void writeback_release(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
> > {
> > - BUG_ON(!writeback_in_progress(bdi));
> > + WARN_ON_ONCE(!writeback_in_progress(bdi));
> > + bdi->wb_arg.nr_pages = 0;
> > + bdi->wb_arg.sb = NULL;
> > clear_bit(BDI_pdflush, &bdi->state);
> > }
> >
> > +int bdi_start_writeback(struct backing_dev_info *bdi, struct super_block *sb,
> > + long nr_pages)
> > +{
> > + /*
> > + * This only happens the first time someone kicks this bdi, so put
> > + * it out-of-line.
> > + */
> > + if (unlikely(!bdi->task)) {
> > + bdi_add_flusher_task(bdi);
> > + return 1;
> > + }
> > +
> > + if (writeback_acquire(bdi)) {
> > + bdi->wb_arg.nr_pages = nr_pages;
> > + bdi->wb_arg.sb = sb;
> > + /*
> > + * make above store seen before the task is woken
> > + */
> > + smp_mb();
> > + wake_up(&bdi->wait);
> > + }
> > +
> > + return 0;
> > +}
> > +
> > +/*
> > + * The maximum number of pages to writeout in a single bdi flush/kupdate
> > + * operation. We do this so we don't hold I_SYNC against an inode for
> > + * enormous amounts of time, which would block a userspace task which has
> > + * been forced to throttle against that inode. Also, the code reevaluates
> > + * the dirty each time it has written this many pages.
> > + */
> > +#define MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES 1024
> > +
> > +/*
> > + * Periodic writeback of "old" data.
> > + *
> > + * Define "old": the first time one of an inode's pages is dirtied, we mark the
> > + * dirtying-time in the inode's address_space. So this periodic writeback code
> > + * just walks the superblock inode list, writing back any inodes which are
> > + * older than a specific point in time.
> > + *
> > + * Try to run once per dirty_writeback_interval. But if a writeback event
> > + * takes longer than a dirty_writeback_interval interval, then leave a
> > + * one-second gap.
> > + *
> > + * older_than_this takes precedence over nr_to_write. So we'll only write back
> > + * all dirty pages if they are all attached to "old" mappings.
> > + */
> > +static void bdi_kupdated(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
> > +{
> > + long nr_to_write;
> > + struct writeback_control wbc = {
> > + .bdi = bdi,
> > + .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE,
> > + .nr_to_write = 0,
> > + .for_kupdate = 1,
> > + .range_cyclic = 1,
> > + };
> > +
> > + sync_supers();
> > +
> > + nr_to_write = global_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY) +
> > + global_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS) +
> > + (inodes_stat.nr_inodes - inodes_stat.nr_unused);
> > +
> > + while (nr_to_write > 0) {
> > + wbc.more_io = 0;
> > + wbc.encountered_congestion = 0;
> > + wbc.nr_to_write = MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES;
> > + generic_sync_bdi_inodes(NULL, &wbc);
> > + if (wbc.nr_to_write > 0)
> > + break; /* All the old data is written */
> > + nr_to_write -= MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES;
> > + }
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void bdi_pdflush(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
> > +{
> > + struct writeback_control wbc = {
> > + .bdi = bdi,
> > + .sync_mode = WB_SYNC_NONE,
> > + .older_than_this = NULL,
> > + .range_cyclic = 1,
> > + };
> > + long nr_pages = bdi->wb_arg.nr_pages;
> > +
> > + for (;;) {
> > + unsigned long background_thresh, dirty_thresh;
> > + get_dirty_limits(&background_thresh, &dirty_thresh, NULL, NULL);
> > + if ((global_page_state(NR_FILE_DIRTY) +
> > + global_page_state(NR_UNSTABLE_NFS) < background_thresh) &&
> > + nr_pages <= 0)
> > + break;
> > +
> > + wbc.more_io = 0;
> > + wbc.encountered_congestion = 0;
> > + wbc.nr_to_write = MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES;
> > + wbc.pages_skipped = 0;
> > + generic_sync_bdi_inodes(bdi->wb_arg.sb, &wbc);
> > + nr_pages -= MAX_WRITEBACK_PAGES - wbc.nr_to_write;
> > + /*
> > + * If we ran out of stuff to write, bail unless more_io got set
> > + */
> > + if (wbc.nr_to_write > 0 || wbc.pages_skipped > 0) {
> > + if (wbc.more_io)
> > + continue;
> > + break;
> > + }
> > + }
> > +}
> > +
> > +/*
> > + * Handle writeback of dirty data for the device backed by this bdi. Also
> > + * wakes up periodically and does kupdated style flushing.
> > + */
> > +int bdi_writeback_task(struct backing_dev_info *bdi)
> > +{
> > + while (!kthread_should_stop()) {
> > + DEFINE_WAIT(wait);
> > +
> > + prepare_to_wait(&bdi->wait, &wait, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
> > + schedule_timeout(dirty_writeback_interval);
> > + try_to_freeze();
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * We get here in two cases:
> > + *
> > + * schedule_timeout() returned because the dirty writeback
> > + * interval has elapsed. If that happens, we will be able
> > + * to acquire the writeback lock and will proceed to do
> > + * kupdated style writeout.
> > + *
> > + * Someone called bdi_start_writeback(), which will acquire
> > + * the writeback lock. This means our writeback_acquire()
> > + * below will fail and we call into bdi_pdflush() for
> > + * pdflush style writeout.
> > + *
> > + */
> > + if (writeback_acquire(bdi))
> > + bdi_kupdated(bdi);
> > + else
> > + bdi_pdflush(bdi);
> > +
> > + writeback_release(bdi);
> > + finish_wait(&bdi->wait, &wait);
> > + }
> > +
> > + return 0;
> > +}
> > +
> > +void bdi_writeback_all(struct super_block *sb, long nr_pages)
> > +{
> > + struct backing_dev_info *bdi;
> > +
> > + rcu_read_lock();
> > +
> > +restart:
> > + list_for_each_entry_rcu(bdi, &bdi_list, bdi_list) {
> > + if (!bdi_has_dirty_io(bdi))
> > + continue;
> > + if (bdi_start_writeback(bdi, sb, nr_pages))
> > + goto restart;
> > + }
> > +
> > + rcu_read_unlock();
> > +}
> > +
> > /**
> > * __mark_inode_dirty - internal function
> > * @inode: inode to mark
> > @@ -248,46 +420,6 @@ static void queue_io(struct backing_dev_info *bdi,
> > move_expired_inodes(&bdi->b_dirty, &bdi->b_io, older_than_this);
> > }
> >
> > -static int sb_on_inode_list(struct super_block *sb, struct list_head *list)
> > -{
> > - struct inode *inode;
> > - int ret = 0;
> > -
> > - spin_lock(&inode_lock);
> > - list_for_each_entry(inode, list, i_list) {
> > - if (inode->i_sb == sb) {
> > - ret = 1;
> > - break;
> > - }
> > - }
> > - spin_unlock(&inode_lock);
> > - return ret;
> > -}
> > -
> > -int sb_has_dirty_inodes(struct super_block *sb)
> > -{
> > - struct backing_dev_info *bdi;
> > - int ret = 0;
> > -
> > - /*
> > - * This is REALLY expensive right now, but it'll go away
> > - * when the bdi writeback is introduced
> > - */
> > - rcu_read_lock();
> > - list_for_each_entry_rcu(bdi, &bdi_list, bdi_list) {
> > - if (sb_on_inode_list(sb, &bdi->b_dirty) ||
> > - sb_on_inode_list(sb, &bdi->b_io) ||
> > - sb_on_inode_list(sb, &bdi->b_more_io)) {
> > - ret = 1;
> > - break;
> > - }
> > - }
> > - rcu_read_unlock();
> > -
> > - return ret;
> > -}
> > -EXPORT_SYMBOL(sb_has_dirty_inodes);
> > -
> > /*
> > * Write a single inode's dirty pages and inode data out to disk.
> > * If `wait' is set, wait on the writeout.
> > @@ -446,10 +578,11 @@ __writeback_single_inode(struct inode *inode, struct writeback_control *wbc)
> > return __sync_single_inode(inode, wbc);
> > }
> >
> > -static void generic_sync_bdi_inodes(struct backing_dev_info *bdi,
> > - struct writeback_control *wbc,
> > - int is_blkdev)
> > +void generic_sync_bdi_inodes(struct super_block *sb,
> > + struct writeback_control *wbc)
> > {
> > + const int is_blkdev_sb = sb_is_blkdev_sb(sb);
> > + struct backing_dev_info *bdi = wbc->bdi;
> > const unsigned long start = jiffies; /* livelock avoidance */
> >
> > spin_lock(&inode_lock);
> > @@ -461,9 +594,17 @@ static void generic_sync_bdi_inodes(struct backing_dev_info *bdi,
> > struct inode, i_list);
> > long pages_skipped;
> >
> > + /*
> > + * super block given and doesn't match, skip this inode
> > + */
> > + if (sb && sb != inode->i_sb) {
> > + redirty_tail(inode);
> > + continue;
> > + }
> > +
> > if (!bdi_cap_writeback_dirty(bdi)) {
> > redirty_tail(inode);
> > - if (is_blkdev) {
> > + if (is_blkdev_sb) {
> > /*
> > * Dirty memory-backed blockdev: the ramdisk
> > * driver does this. Skip just this inode
> > @@ -485,33 +626,20 @@ static void generic_sync_bdi_inodes(struct backing_dev_info *bdi,
> >
> > if (wbc->nonblocking && bdi_write_congested(bdi)) {
> > wbc->encountered_congestion = 1;
> > - if (!is_blkdev)
> > + if (!is_blkdev_sb)
> > break; /* Skip a congested fs */
> > requeue_io(inode);
> > continue; /* Skip a congested blockdev */
> > }
> >
> > - if (wbc->bdi && bdi != wbc->bdi) {
> > - if (!is_blkdev)
> > - break; /* fs has the wrong queue */
> > - requeue_io(inode);
> > - continue; /* blockdev has wrong queue */
> > - }
> > -
> > /* Was this inode dirtied after sync_sb_inodes was called? */
> > if (time_after(inode->dirtied_when, start))
> > break;
> >
> > - /* Is another pdflush already flushing this queue? */
> > - if (current_is_pdflush() && !writeback_acquire(bdi))
> > - break;
> > -
> > BUG_ON(inode->i_state & I_FREEING);
> > __iget(inode);
> > pages_skipped = wbc->pages_skipped;
> > __writeback_single_inode(inode, wbc);
> > - if (current_is_pdflush())
> > - writeback_release(bdi);
> > if (wbc->pages_skipped != pages_skipped) {
> > /*
> > * writeback is not making progress due to locked
> > @@ -550,11 +678,6 @@ static void generic_sync_bdi_inodes(struct backing_dev_info *bdi,
> > * a variety of queues, so all inodes are searched. For other superblocks,
> > * assume that all inodes are backed by the same queue.
> > *
> > - * FIXME: this linear search could get expensive with many fileystems. But
> > - * how to fix? We need to go from an address_space to all inodes which share
> > - * a queue with that address_space. (Easy: have a global "dirty superblocks"
> > - * list).
> > - *
> > * The inodes to be written are parked on bdi->b_io. They are moved back onto
> > * bdi->b_dirty as they are selected for writing. This way, none can be missed
> > * on the writer throttling path, and we get decent balancing between many
> > @@ -563,13 +686,10 @@ static void generic_sync_bdi_inodes(struct backing_dev_info *bdi,
> > void generic_sync_sb_inodes(struct super_block *sb,
> > struct writeback_control *wbc)
> > {
> > - const int is_blkdev = sb_is_blkdev_sb(sb);
> > - struct backing_dev_info *bdi;
> > -
> > - rcu_read_lock();
> > - list_for_each_entry_rcu(bdi, &bdi_list, bdi_list)
> > - generic_sync_bdi_inodes(bdi, wbc, is_blkdev);
> > - rcu_read_unlock();
> > + if (wbc->bdi)
> > + bdi_start_writeback(wbc->bdi, sb, 0);
> > + else
> > + bdi_writeback_all(sb, 0);
> Hmm, generic_sync_sb_inodes() is also used for calls like sys_sync()
> (i.e. data integrity sync). But bdi_start_writeback() (called also from
> bdi_writeback_all()) just skips the bdi if somebody is already writing
> it. But to ensure data integrity we have to wait for previous writer to
> finish (or interupt him somehow) and write it ourselves. Nasty for
> performance but needed for integrity...
Good point, thanks for your reviews Jan! It may indeed be a problem, if
the new caller is less retrictive than the one currently running. I
guess it's pretty easily fixable by doing a blocking wait on the
writeback bit for those cases, usable from
bdi_start_writeback_blocking() or something to that effect. I'll add
that for v3, it is going to be posted fairly soon.
> > /*
> > - * If any dirty inodes are left, throw away all mft data page cache
> > - * pages to allow a clean umount. This should never happen any more
> > - * due to mft.c::ntfs_mft_writepage() cleaning all the dirty pages as
> > - * the underlying mft records are written out and cleaned. If it does,
> > + * We should have no dirty inodes left, due to
> > + * mft.c::ntfs_mft_writepage() cleaning all the dirty pages as
> > + * the underlying mft records are written out and cleaned.
> > * happen anyway, we want to know...
> Obviously you've left one line here ;).
Oops indeed, thanks!
--
Jens Axboe
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