Message-ID: <20090620170835.GA3295@liondog.tnic>
Date:	Sat, 20 Jun 2009 19:08:35 +0200
From:	Borislav Petkov <petkovbb@...glemail.com>
To:	Peter Feuerer <peter@...e.net>, Andreas Mohr <andi@...as.de>
Cc:	linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org
Subject: [PATCH] Acer Aspire One fan control, simplified and scrubbed

Hi guys,

I went and gave the driver a bunch of scrubbing today. Lots of
cleanups, especially all those redundant kernelmode variables are gone,
conversion of error handling paths to kernel coding style, proper
reading of temperature and fanstate with error handling and lots of
other simplifications. I've tested it here on my machine, suspend/resume
works.

Please give it a good testing and let me know if I missed something.
Thanks.

--
From: Peter Feuerer <peter@...e.net>
Date: Wed, 3 Jun 2009 11:10:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] Acer Aspire One fan control

Acerhdf is a driver for Acer Aspire One netbooks. It allows
to access the temperature sensor and to control the fan.

Borislav:

 - acerhdf_check_hardware: move error checking
   at the top and bail out early if wrong hw
 - acerhdf_get_temp: simplify and fix error handling
 - acerhdf_set_cur_state: remove fanstate check
 - cleanup error paths, as a result get rid of now unused ACERHDF_ERROR
 - remove unused BIOS release date
 - shorten variable names
 - add my copyright

Signed-off-by: Peter Feuerer <peter@...e.net>
Signed-off-by: Andreas Mohr <andi@...as.de>
Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov <petkovbb@...il.com>
---
 MAINTAINERS                    |    7 +
 drivers/platform/x86/Kconfig   |   17 ++
 drivers/platform/x86/Makefile  |    1 +
 drivers/platform/x86/acerhdf.c |  599 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 624 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 drivers/platform/x86/acerhdf.c

diff --git a/MAINTAINERS b/MAINTAINERS
index cf4abdd..e9457fe 100644
--- a/MAINTAINERS
+++ b/MAINTAINERS
@@ -222,6 +222,13 @@ L:	linux-acenic@...site.dk
 S:	Maintained
 F:	drivers/net/acenic*
 
+ACER ASPIRE ONE TEMPERATURE AND FAN DRIVER
+P: Peter Feuerer
+M: peter@...e.net
+W: http://piie.net/?section=acerhdf
+S: Maintained
+F: drivers/platform/x86/acerhdf.c
+
 ACER WMI LAPTOP EXTRAS
 P:	Carlos Corbacho
 M:	carlos@...angeworlds.co.uk
diff --git a/drivers/platform/x86/Kconfig b/drivers/platform/x86/Kconfig
index 284ebac..7f79737 100644
--- a/drivers/platform/x86/Kconfig
+++ b/drivers/platform/x86/Kconfig
@@ -34,6 +34,23 @@ config ACER_WMI
 	  If you have an ACPI-WMI compatible Acer/ Wistron laptop, say Y or M
 	  here.
 
+config ACERHDF
+	tristate "Acer Aspire One temperature and fan driver"
+	depends on THERMAL && THERMAL_HWMON && ACPI
+	---help---
+	  This is a driver for Acer Aspire One netbooks. It allows to access
+	  the temperature sensor and to control the fan.
+
+	  After loading this driver the BIOS is still in control of the fan.
+	  To let the kernel handle the fan, do:
+	  echo -n enabled > /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone0/mode
+
+	  For more information about this driver see
+	  <http://piie.net/files/acerhdf_README.txt>
+
+	  If you have an Acer Aspire One netbook, say Y or M
+	  here.
+
 config ASUS_LAPTOP
 	tristate "Asus Laptop Extras (EXPERIMENTAL)"
 	depends on ACPI
diff --git a/drivers/platform/x86/Makefile b/drivers/platform/x86/Makefile
index e40c7bd..641b8bf 100644
--- a/drivers/platform/x86/Makefile
+++ b/drivers/platform/x86/Makefile
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_COMPAL_LAPTOP)	+= compal-laptop.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_DELL_LAPTOP)	+= dell-laptop.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_DELL_WMI)		+= dell-wmi.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_ACER_WMI)		+= acer-wmi.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_ACERHDF)		+= acerhdf.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_HP_WMI)		+= hp-wmi.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_TC1100_WMI)	+= tc1100-wmi.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SONY_LAPTOP)	+= sony-laptop.o
diff --git a/drivers/platform/x86/acerhdf.c b/drivers/platform/x86/acerhdf.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5984fe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/drivers/platform/x86/acerhdf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,599 @@
+/*
+ * acerhdf - A driver which monitors the temperature
+ *           of the aspire one netbook, turns on/off the fan
+ *           as soon as the upper/lower threshold is reached.
+ *
+ * (C) 2009 - Peter Feuerer     peter (a) piie.net
+ *                              http://piie.net
+ *     2009 Borislav Petkov <petkovbb@...il.com>
+ *
+ * Inspired by and many thanks to:
+ *  o acerfand   - Rachel Greenham
+ *  o acer_ec.pl - Michael Kurz     michi.kurz (at) googlemail.com
+ *               - Petr Tomasek     tomasek (#) etf,cuni,cz
+ *               - Carlos Corbacho  cathectic (at) gmail.com
+ *  o lkml       - Matthew Garrett
+ *               - Borislav Petkov
+ *               - Andreas Mohr
+ *
+ *  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ *  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ *  (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ *  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *  GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *  along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ *  Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
+ */
+
+#define pr_fmt(fmt) "acerhdf: " fmt
+
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/dmi.h>
+#include <acpi/acpi_drivers.h>
+#include <linux/sched.h>
+#include <linux/thermal.h>
+#include <linux/platform_device.h>
+
+/*
+ * The driver is started with "kernel mode off" by default. That means, the BIOS
+ * is still in control of the fan. In this mode the driver allows to read the
+ * temperature of the cpu and a userspace tool may take over control of the fan.
+ * If the driver is switched to "kernel mode" (e.g. via module parameter) the
+ * driver is in full control of the fan. If you want the module to be started in
+ * kernel mode by default, define the following:
+ */
+#undef START_IN_KERNEL_MODE
+
+#define DRV_VER "0.5.8"
+
+/*
+ * According to the Atom N270 datasheet,
+ * (http://download.intel.com/design/processor/datashts/320032.pdf) the
+ * CPU's optimal operating limits denoted in junction temperature as
+ * measured by the on-die thermal monitor are within 0 <= Tj <= 90. So,
+ * assume 89°C is critical temperature.
+ */
+#define ACERHDF_TEMP_CRIT 89
+#define ACERHDF_FAN_OFF 0
+#define ACERHDF_FAN_AUTO 1
+
+/*
+ * No matter what value the user puts into the fanon variable, turn on the fan
+ * at 80 degree Celsius to prevent hardware damage
+ */
+#define ACERHDF_MAX_FANON 80
+
+/*
+ * Maximum interval between two temperature checks is 15 seconds, as the die
+ * can get hot really fast under heavy load (plus we shouldn't forget about
+ * possible impact of _external_ aggressive sources such as heaters, sun etc.)
+ */
+#define ACERHDF_MAX_INTERVAL 15
+
+#ifdef START_IN_KERNEL_MODE
+static int kernelmode = 1;
+#else
+static int kernelmode;
+#endif
+
+static unsigned int interval = 10;
+static unsigned int fanon = 63;
+static unsigned int fanoff = 58;
+static unsigned int verbose;
+static unsigned int fanstate = ACERHDF_FAN_AUTO;
+static char force_bios[16];
+static unsigned int prev_interval;
+struct thermal_zone_device *thz_dev;
+struct thermal_cooling_device *cl_dev;
+struct platform_device *acerhdf_dev;
+
+module_param(kernelmode, uint, 0);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(kernelmode, "Kernel mode on / off");
+module_param(interval, uint, 0600);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(interval, "Polling interval of temperature check");
+module_param(fanon, uint, 0600);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(fanon, "Turn the fan on above this temperature");
+module_param(fanoff, uint, 0600);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(fanoff, "Turn the fan off below this temperature");
+module_param(verbose, uint, 0600);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(verbose, "Enable verbose dmesg output");
+module_param_string(force_bios, force_bios, 16, 0);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(force_bios, "Force BIOS version and omit BIOS check");
+
+/* BIOS settings */
+struct bios_settings_t {
+	const char *vendor;
+	const char *version;
+	unsigned char fanreg;
+	unsigned char tempreg;
+	unsigned char fancmd[2]; /* fan off and auto commands */
+};
+
+/* Register addresses and values for different BIOS versions */
+static const struct bios_settings_t bios_tbl[] = {
+	{"Acer", "v0.3109", 0x55, 0x58, {0x1f, 0x00} },
+	{"Acer", "v0.3114", 0x55, 0x58, {0x1f, 0x00} },
+	{"Acer", "v0.3301", 0x55, 0x58, {0xaf, 0x00} },
+	{"Acer", "v0.3304", 0x55, 0x58, {0xaf, 0x00} },
+	{"Acer", "v0.3305", 0x55, 0x58, {0xaf, 0x00} },
+	{"Acer", "v0.3308", 0x55, 0x58, {0x21, 0x00} },
+	{"Acer", "v0.3309", 0x55, 0x58, {0x21, 0x00} },
+	{"Acer", "v0.3310", 0x55, 0x58, {0x21, 0x00} },
+	{"Gateway", "v0.3103", 0x55, 0x58, {0x21, 0x00} },
+	{"Packard Bell", "v0.3105", 0x55, 0x58, {0x21, 0x00} },
+	{"", 0, 0, 0, {0, 0} }
+};
+
+static const struct bios_settings_t *bios_cfg __read_mostly;
+
+
+static int acerhdf_get_temp(int *temp)
+{
+	u8 read_temp;
+
+	if (ec_read(bios_cfg->tempreg, &read_temp))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	if (verbose)
+		pr_notice("temp %d\n", read_temp);
+	*temp = read_temp;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int acerhdf_get_fanstate(int *state)
+{
+	u8 fan;
+	bool tmp;
+
+	if (ec_read(bios_cfg->fanreg, &fan))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	tmp = (fan == bios_cfg->fancmd[ACERHDF_FAN_OFF]);
+	*state = tmp ? ACERHDF_FAN_OFF : ACERHDF_FAN_AUTO;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void acerhdf_change_fanstate(int state)
+{
+	unsigned char cmd;
+
+	if (verbose)
+		pr_notice("fan %s\n", (state == ACERHDF_FAN_OFF) ?
+				"OFF" : "ON");
+
+	if ((state != ACERHDF_FAN_OFF) && (state != ACERHDF_FAN_AUTO)) {
+		pr_err("invalid fan state %d requested, setting to auto!\n",
+			state);
+		state = ACERHDF_FAN_AUTO;
+	}
+
+	cmd = bios_cfg->fancmd[state];
+	fanstate = state;
+
+	ec_write(bios_cfg->fanreg, cmd);
+}
+
+static void acerhdf_check_param(struct thermal_zone_device *thermal)
+{
+	if (fanon > ACERHDF_MAX_FANON) {
+		pr_err("fanon temperature too high, set to %d\n",
+				ACERHDF_MAX_FANON);
+		fanon = ACERHDF_MAX_FANON;
+	}
+
+	if (kernelmode && prev_interval != interval) {
+		if (interval > ACERHDF_MAX_INTERVAL) {
+			pr_err("interval too high, set to %d\n",
+				ACERHDF_MAX_INTERVAL);
+			interval = ACERHDF_MAX_INTERVAL;
+		}
+		if (verbose)
+			pr_notice("interval changed to: %d\n",
+					interval);
+		thermal->polling_delay = interval*1000;
+		prev_interval = interval;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * This is the thermal zone callback which does the delayed polling of the fan
+ * state. We do check /sysfs-originating settings here in acerhdf_check_param()
+ * as late as the polling interval is since we can't do that in the respective
+ * accessors of the module parameters.
+ */
+static int acerhdf_get_ec_temp(struct thermal_zone_device *thermal,
+			       unsigned long *t)
+{
+	int temp, err = 0;
+
+	acerhdf_check_param(thermal);
+
+	err = acerhdf_get_temp(&temp);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	*t = temp;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int acerhdf_bind(struct thermal_zone_device *thermal,
+			struct thermal_cooling_device *cdev)
+{
+	/* if the cooling device is the one from acerhdf bind it */
+	if (cdev != cl_dev)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (thermal_zone_bind_cooling_device(thermal, 0, cdev)) {
+		pr_err("error binding cooling dev\n");
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int acerhdf_unbind(struct thermal_zone_device *thermal,
+			  struct thermal_cooling_device *cdev)
+{
+	if (cdev != cl_dev)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (thermal_zone_unbind_cooling_device(thermal, 0, cdev)) {
+		pr_err("error unbinding cooling dev\n");
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static inline void acerhdf_revert_to_bios_mode(void)
+{
+	acerhdf_change_fanstate(ACERHDF_FAN_AUTO);
+	kernelmode = 0;
+}
+
+static int acerhdf_get_mode(struct thermal_zone_device *thermal,
+			    enum thermal_device_mode *mode)
+{
+	if (verbose)
+		pr_notice("kernel mode %d\n", kernelmode);
+
+	*mode = (kernelmode) ? THERMAL_DEVICE_ENABLED
+			     : THERMAL_DEVICE_DISABLED;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * set operation mode;
+ * enabled: the thermal layer of the kernel takes care about
+ *          the temperature and the fan.
+ * disabled: the BIOS takes control of the fan.
+ */
+static int acerhdf_set_mode(struct thermal_zone_device *thermal,
+			    enum thermal_device_mode mode)
+{
+	if (mode == THERMAL_DEVICE_DISABLED) {
+		pr_notice("kernel mode OFF\n");
+		thermal->polling_delay = 0;
+		thermal_zone_device_update(thermal);
+		acerhdf_revert_to_bios_mode();
+		kernelmode = 0;
+	} else {
+		pr_notice("kernel mode ON\n");
+		thermal->polling_delay = interval*1000;
+		thermal_zone_device_update(thermal);
+		kernelmode = 1;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int acerhdf_get_trip_type(struct thermal_zone_device *thermal, int trip,
+				 enum thermal_trip_type *type)
+{
+	if (trip == 0)
+		*type = THERMAL_TRIP_ACTIVE;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int acerhdf_get_trip_temp(struct thermal_zone_device *thermal, int trip,
+				 unsigned long *temp)
+{
+	if (trip == 0)
+		*temp = fanon;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int acerhdf_get_crit_temp(struct thermal_zone_device *thermal,
+				 unsigned long *temperature)
+{
+	*temperature = ACERHDF_TEMP_CRIT;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* bind callback functions to thermalzone */
+struct thermal_zone_device_ops acerhdf_dev_ops = {
+	.bind = acerhdf_bind,
+	.unbind = acerhdf_unbind,
+	.get_temp = acerhdf_get_ec_temp,
+	.get_mode = acerhdf_get_mode,
+	.set_mode = acerhdf_set_mode,
+	.get_trip_type = acerhdf_get_trip_type,
+	.get_trip_temp = acerhdf_get_trip_temp,
+	.get_crit_temp = acerhdf_get_crit_temp,
+};
+
+
+/*
+ * cooling device callback functions
+ * get maximal fan cooling state
+ */
+static int acerhdf_get_max_state(struct thermal_cooling_device *cdev,
+				 unsigned long *state)
+{
+	*state = 1;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int acerhdf_get_cur_state(struct thermal_cooling_device *cdev,
+				 unsigned long *state)
+{
+	int err = 0, tmp;
+
+	err = acerhdf_get_fanstate(&tmp);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	*state = (tmp == ACERHDF_FAN_AUTO) ? 1 : 0;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* change current fan state - is overwritten when running in kernel mode */
+static int acerhdf_set_cur_state(struct thermal_cooling_device *cdev,
+				 unsigned long state)
+{
+	int cur_temp, cur_state, err = 0;
+
+	if (!kernelmode)
+		return 0;
+
+	err = acerhdf_get_temp(&cur_temp);
+	if (err) {
+		pr_err("error reading temperature, hand off control to BIOS\n");
+		goto err_out;
+	}
+
+	err = acerhdf_get_fanstate(&cur_state);
+	if (err) {
+		pr_err("error reading fan state, hand off control to BIOS\n");
+		goto err_out;
+	}
+
+	if (state == 0) {
+		/* turn fan off only if below fanoff temperature */
+		if ((cur_state == ACERHDF_FAN_AUTO) &&
+		    (cur_temp < fanoff))
+			acerhdf_change_fanstate(ACERHDF_FAN_OFF);
+	} else {
+		if (cur_state == ACERHDF_FAN_OFF)
+			acerhdf_change_fanstate(ACERHDF_FAN_AUTO);
+	}
+	return 0;
+
+err_out:
+	acerhdf_revert_to_bios_mode();
+	return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+/* bind fan callbacks to fan device */
+struct thermal_cooling_device_ops acerhdf_cooling_ops = {
+	.get_max_state = acerhdf_get_max_state,
+	.get_cur_state = acerhdf_get_cur_state,
+	.set_cur_state = acerhdf_set_cur_state,
+};
+
+/* suspend / resume functionality */
+static int acerhdf_suspend(struct platform_device *dev,	pm_message_t state)
+{
+	if (kernelmode)
+		acerhdf_change_fanstate(ACERHDF_FAN_AUTO);
+
+	if (verbose)
+		pr_notice("going suspend\n");
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int acerhdf_resume(struct platform_device *device)
+{
+	if (verbose)
+		pr_notice("resuming\n");
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int __devinit acerhdf_probe(struct platform_device *device)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int acerhdf_remove(struct platform_device *device)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+struct platform_driver acerhdf_drv = {
+	.driver = {
+		.name = "acerhdf",
+		.owner = THIS_MODULE,
+	},
+	.probe = acerhdf_probe,
+	.remove = acerhdf_remove,
+	.suspend = acerhdf_suspend,
+	.resume = acerhdf_resume,
+};
+
+
+/* check hardware */
+static int acerhdf_check_hardware(void)
+{
+	char const *vendor, *version, *product;
+	int i;
+
+	/* get BIOS data */
+	vendor  = dmi_get_system_info(DMI_SYS_VENDOR);
+	version	= dmi_get_system_info(DMI_BIOS_VERSION);
+	product = dmi_get_system_info(DMI_PRODUCT_NAME);
+
+	pr_info("Acer Aspire One Fan driver, v.%s\n", DRV_VER);
+
+	if (!force_bios[0]) {
+		if (strncmp(product, "AO", 2)) {
+			pr_err("no Aspire One hardware found\n");
+			return -EINVAL;
+		}
+	} else {
+		pr_info("forcing BIOS version: %s\n", version);
+		version = force_bios;
+		kernelmode = 0;
+	}
+
+	if (verbose)
+		pr_info("BIOS info: %s %s, product: %s\n",
+			vendor, version, product);
+
+	/* search BIOS version and vendor in BIOS settings table */
+	for (i = 0; bios_tbl[i].version[0]; i++) {
+		if (!strcmp(bios_tbl[i].vendor, vendor) &&
+		    !strcmp(bios_tbl[i].version, version)) {
+			bios_cfg = &bios_tbl[i];
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!bios_cfg) {
+		pr_err("unknown (unsupported) BIOS version %s/%s, "
+			"please report, aborting!\n", vendor, version);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * if started with kernel mode off, prevent the kernel from switching
+	 * off the fan
+	 */
+	if (!kernelmode) {
+		pr_notice("Fan control off, to enable do:\n");
+		pr_notice("echo -n \"enabled\" > "
+			"/sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone0/mode\n");
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int acerhdf_register_platform(void)
+{
+	int err = 0;
+
+	err = platform_driver_register(&acerhdf_drv);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	acerhdf_dev = platform_device_alloc("acerhdf", -1);
+	platform_device_add(acerhdf_dev);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void acerhdf_unregister_platform(void)
+{
+	if (!acerhdf_dev)
+		return;
+
+	platform_device_del(acerhdf_dev);
+	platform_driver_unregister(&acerhdf_drv);
+}
+
+static int acerhdf_register_thermal(void)
+{
+	cl_dev = thermal_cooling_device_register("acerhdf-fan", NULL,
+						 &acerhdf_cooling_ops);
+
+	if (IS_ERR(cl_dev))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	thz_dev = thermal_zone_device_register("acerhdf", 1, NULL,
+					      &acerhdf_dev_ops, 0, 0, 0,
+					      (kernelmode) ? interval*1000 : 0);
+	if (IS_ERR(thz_dev))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void acerhdf_unregister_thermal(void)
+{
+	if (cl_dev) {
+		thermal_cooling_device_unregister(cl_dev);
+		cl_dev = NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (thz_dev) {
+		thermal_zone_device_unregister(thz_dev);
+		thz_dev = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
+/* kernel module init / exit functions */
+static int __init acerhdf_init(void)
+{
+	int err = 0;
+
+	err = acerhdf_check_hardware();
+	if (err)
+		goto out_err;
+
+	err = acerhdf_register_platform();
+	if (err)
+		goto err_unreg;
+
+	err = acerhdf_register_thermal();
+	if (err)
+		goto err_unreg;
+
+	return 0;
+
+err_unreg:
+	acerhdf_unregister_thermal();
+	acerhdf_unregister_platform();
+
+out_err:
+	return -ENODEV;
+}
+
+static void __exit acerhdf_exit(void)
+{
+	acerhdf_change_fanstate(ACERHDF_FAN_AUTO);
+	acerhdf_unregister_thermal();
+	acerhdf_unregister_platform();
+}
+
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
+MODULE_AUTHOR("Peter Feuerer");
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Aspire One temperature and fan driver");
+MODULE_ALIAS("dmi:*:*Acer*:*:");
+MODULE_ALIAS("dmi:*:*Gateway*:*:");
+MODULE_ALIAS("dmi:*:*Packard Bell*:*:");
+
+module_init(acerhdf_init);
+module_exit(acerhdf_exit);
-- 
1.6.3.1


-- 
Regards/Gruss,
    Boris.
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