Date:	Fri, 23 Jul 2010 12:11:01 GMT
From:	tip-bot for Mike Frysinger <vapier@...too.org>
To:	linux-tip-commits@...r.kernel.org
Cc:	linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, hpa@...or.com, mingo@...hat.com,
	rostedt@...dmis.org, vapier@...too.org, tglx@...utronix.de
Subject: [tip:perf/core] tracing/documentation: Document dynamic ftracer internals

Commit-ID:  9849ed4d72251d273524efb8b70be0be9aecb1df
Gitweb:     http://git.kernel.org/tip/9849ed4d72251d273524efb8b70be0be9aecb1df
Author:     Mike Frysinger <vapier@...too.org>
AuthorDate: Tue, 20 Jul 2010 03:13:35 -0400
Committer:  Steven Rostedt <rostedt@...dmis.org>
CommitDate: Wed, 21 Jul 2010 11:00:25 -0400

tracing/documentation: Document dynamic ftracer internals

Add more details to the dynamic function tracing design implementation.

Signed-off-by: Mike Frysinger <vapier@...too.org>
LKML-Reference: <1279610015-10250-1-git-send-email-vapier@...too.org>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@...dmis.org>
---
 Documentation/trace/ftrace-design.txt |  153 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 include/linux/ftrace.h                |    5 +
 2 files changed, 153 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/trace/ftrace-design.txt b/Documentation/trace/ftrace-design.txt
index f1f81af..dc52bd4 100644
--- a/Documentation/trace/ftrace-design.txt
+++ b/Documentation/trace/ftrace-design.txt
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ Note that this focuses on architecture implementation details only.  If you
 want more explanation of a feature in terms of common code, review the common
 ftrace.txt file.
 
+Ideally, everyone who wishes to retain performance while supporting tracing in
+their kernel should make it all the way to dynamic ftrace support.
+
 
 Prerequisites
 -------------
@@ -215,7 +218,7 @@ An arch may pass in a unique value (frame pointer) to both the entering and
 exiting of a function.  On exit, the value is compared and if it does not
 match, then it will panic the kernel.  This is largely a sanity check for bad
 code generation with gcc.  If gcc for your port sanely updates the frame
-pointer under different opitmization levels, then ignore this option.
+pointer under different optimization levels, then ignore this option.
 
 However, adding support for it isn't terribly difficult.  In your assembly code
 that calls prepare_ftrace_return(), pass the frame pointer as the 3rd argument.
@@ -234,7 +237,7 @@ If you can't trace NMI functions, then skip this option.
 
 
 HAVE_SYSCALL_TRACEPOINTS
----------------------
+------------------------
 
 You need very few things to get the syscalls tracing in an arch.
 
@@ -250,12 +253,152 @@ You need very few things to get the syscalls tracing in an arch.
 HAVE_FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
 -------------------------
 
-See scripts/recordmcount.pl for more info.
+See scripts/recordmcount.pl for more info.  Just fill in the arch-specific
+details for how to locate the addresses of mcount call sites via objdump.
+This option doesn't make much sense without also implementing dynamic ftrace.
 
+
+HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE
+-------------------
+
+You will first need HAVE_FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD and HAVE_FUNCTION_TRACER, so
+scroll your reader back up if you got over eager.
+
+Once those are out of the way, you will need to implement:
+	- asm/ftrace.h:
+		- MCOUNT_ADDR
+		- ftrace_call_adjust()
+		- struct dyn_arch_ftrace{}
+	- asm code:
+		- mcount() (new stub)
+		- ftrace_caller()
+		- ftrace_call()
+		- ftrace_stub()
+	- C code:
+		- ftrace_dyn_arch_init()
+		- ftrace_make_nop()
+		- ftrace_make_call()
+		- ftrace_update_ftrace_func()
+
+First you will need to fill out some arch details in your asm/ftrace.h.
+
+Define MCOUNT_ADDR as the address of your mcount symbol similar to:
+	#define MCOUNT_ADDR ((unsigned long)mcount)
+Since no one else will have a decl for that function, you will need to:
+	extern void mcount(void);
+
+You will also need the helper function ftrace_call_adjust().  Most people
+will be able to stub it out like so:
+	static inline unsigned long ftrace_call_adjust(unsigned long addr)
+	{
+		return addr;
+	}
 <details to be filled>
 
+Lastly you will need the custom dyn_arch_ftrace structure.  If you need
+some extra state when runtime patching arbitrary call sites, this is the
+place.  For now though, create an empty struct:
+	struct dyn_arch_ftrace {
+		/* No extra data needed */
+	};
+
+With the header out of the way, we can fill out the assembly code.  While we
+did already create a mcount() function earlier, dynamic ftrace only wants a
+stub function.  This is because the mcount() will only be used during boot
+and then all references to it will be patched out never to return.  Instead,
+the guts of the old mcount() will be used to create a new ftrace_caller()
+function.  Because the two are hard to merge, it will most likely be a lot
+easier to have two separate definitions split up by #ifdefs.  Same goes for
+the ftrace_stub() as that will now be inlined in ftrace_caller().
+
+Before we get confused anymore, let's check out some pseudo code so you can
+implement your own stuff in assembly:
 
-HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE
----------------------
+void mcount(void)
+{
+	return;
+}
+
+void ftrace_caller(void)
+{
+	/* implement HAVE_FUNCTION_TRACE_MCOUNT_TEST if you desire */
+
+	/* save all state needed by the ABI (see paragraph above) */
+
+	unsigned long frompc = ...;
+	unsigned long selfpc = <return address> - MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE;
+
+ftrace_call:
+	ftrace_stub(frompc, selfpc);
+
+	/* restore all state needed by the ABI */
+
+ftrace_stub:
+	return;
+}
+
+This might look a little odd at first, but keep in mind that we will be runtime
+patching multiple things.  First, only functions that we actually want to trace
+will be patched to call ftrace_caller().  Second, since we only have one tracer
+active at a time, we will patch the ftrace_caller() function itself to call the
+specific tracer in question.  That is the point of the ftrace_call label.
+
+With that in mind, let's move on to the C code that will actually be doing the
+runtime patching.  You'll need a little knowledge of your arch's opcodes in
+order to make it through the next section.
+
+Every arch has an init callback function.  If you need to do something early on
+to initialize some state, this is the time to do that.  Otherwise, this simple
+function below should be sufficient for most people:
+
+int __init ftrace_dyn_arch_init(void *data)
+{
+	/* return value is done indirectly via data */
+	*(unsigned long *)data = 0;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+There are two functions that are used to do runtime patching of arbitrary
+functions.  The first is used to turn the mcount call site into a nop (which
+is what helps us retain runtime performance when not tracing).  The second is
+used to turn the mcount call site into a call to an arbitrary location (but
+typically that is ftracer_caller()).  See the general function definition in
+linux/ftrace.h for the functions:
+	ftrace_make_nop()
+	ftrace_make_call()
+The rec->ip value is the address of the mcount call site that was collected
+by the scripts/recordmcount.pl during build time.
+
+The last function is used to do runtime patching of the active tracer.  This
+will be modifying the assembly code at the location of the ftrace_call symbol
+inside of the ftrace_caller() function.  So you should have sufficient padding
+at that location to support the new function calls you'll be inserting.  Some
+people will be using a "call" type instruction while others will be using a
+"branch" type instruction.  Specifically, the function is:
+	ftrace_update_ftrace_func()
+
+
+HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE + HAVE_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
+------------------------------------------------
+
+The function grapher needs a few tweaks in order to work with dynamic ftrace.
+Basically, you will need to:
+	- update:
+		- ftrace_caller()
+		- ftrace_graph_call()
+		- ftrace_graph_caller()
+	- implement:
+		- ftrace_enable_ftrace_graph_caller()
+		- ftrace_disable_ftrace_graph_caller()
 
 <details to be filled>
+Quick notes:
+	- add a nop stub after the ftrace_call location named ftrace_graph_call;
+	  stub needs to be large enough to support a call to ftrace_graph_caller()
+	- update ftrace_graph_caller() to work with being called by the new
+	  ftrace_caller() since some semantics may have changed
+	- ftrace_enable_ftrace_graph_caller() will runtime patch the
+	  ftrace_graph_call location with a call to ftrace_graph_caller()
+	- ftrace_disable_ftrace_graph_caller() will runtime patch the
+	  ftrace_graph_call location with nops
diff --git a/include/linux/ftrace.h b/include/linux/ftrace.h
index 41e4633..dcd6a7c 100644
--- a/include/linux/ftrace.h
+++ b/include/linux/ftrace.h
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+/*
+ * Ftrace header.  For implementation details beyond the random comments
+ * scattered below, see: Documentation/trace/ftrace-design.txt
+ */
+
 #ifndef _LINUX_FTRACE_H
 #define _LINUX_FTRACE_H
 
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