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Date: Fri, 30 Jul 2010 14:36:54 +0100
From: Mel Gorman <mel@....ul.ie>
To: Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>
Cc: linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, linux-fsdevel@...r.kernel.org,
linux-mm@...ck.org, Dave Chinner <david@...morbit.com>,
Chris Mason <chris.mason@...cle.com>,
Nick Piggin <npiggin@...e.de>, Rik van Riel <riel@...hat.com>,
Johannes Weiner <hannes@...xchg.org>,
Christoph Hellwig <hch@...radead.org>,
Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@...el.com>,
KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@...fujitsu.com>,
KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@...fujitsu.com>,
Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@...hat.com>,
Mel Gorman <mel@....ul.ie>
Subject: [PATCH 0/6] Reduce writeback from page reclaim context V6
This is a follow-on series from "Avoid overflowing of stack during page
reclaim". It eliminates writeback requiring a filesystem from direct reclaim
and follows on by reducing the amount of IO required from page reclaim to
mitigate any corner cases from the modification.
Most of this series updates what is already in mmotm.
Changelog since V5
o Remove the writeback-related patches. They are still undergoing
changes and while they complement this series, the two series do
not depend on each other.
Changelog since V4
o Add patch to prioritise inodes for writeback
o Drop modifications to XFS and btrfs
o Correct units in post-processing script
o Add new patches from Wu related to writeback
o Only kick flusher threads when dirty file pages are countered
o Increase size of writeback window when reclaim encounters dirty pages
o Remove looping logic from shrink_page_list and instead do it all from
shrink_inactive_list
o Rebase to 2.6.35-rc6
Changelog since V3
o Distinguish between file and anon related IO from page reclaim
o Allow anon writeback from reclaim context
o Sync old inodes first in background writeback
o Pre-emptively clean pages when dirty pages are encountered on the LRU
o Rebase to 2.6.35-rc5
Changelog since V2
o Add acks and reviewed-bys
o Do not lock multiple pages at the same time for writeback as it's unsafe
o Drop the clean_page_list function. It alters timing with very little
benefit. Without the contiguous writing, it doesn't do much to simplify
the subsequent patches either
o Throttle processes that encounter dirty pages in direct reclaim. Instead
wakeup flusher threads to clean the number of pages encountered that were
dirty
Changelog since V1
o Merge with series that reduces stack usage in page reclaim in general
o Allow memcg to writeback pages as they are not expected to overflow stack
o Drop the contiguous-write patch for the moment
There is a problem in the stack depth usage of page reclaim. Particularly
during direct reclaim, it is possible to overflow the stack if it calls into
the filesystems writepage function. This patch series begins by preventing
writeback from direct reclaim. As this is a potentially large change,
the last patch aims to reduce any filesystem writeback from page reclaim
and depend more on background flush.
The first patch in the series is a roll-up of what is currently in mmotm. It's
provided for convenience of testing.
Patch 2 and 3 note that it is important to distinguish between file and anon
page writeback from page reclaim as they use stack to different depths. It
updates the trace points and scripts appropriately noting which mmotm patch
they should be merged with.
Patch 4 notes that the units in the report are incorrect and fixes it.
Patch 5 prevents direct reclaim writing out filesystem pages while still
allowing writeback of anon pages which is in less danger of stack overflow
and doesn't have something like background flush to clean the pages.
For filesystem pages, flusher threads are asked to clean the number of
pages encountered, the caller waits on congestion and puts the pages back
on the LRU. For lumpy reclaim, the caller will wait for a time calling the
flusher multiple times waiting on dirty pages to be written out before trying
to reclaim the dirty pages a second time. This increases the responsibility
of kswapd somewhat because it's now cleaning pages on behalf of direct
reclaimers but unlike background flushers, kswapd knows what zone pages
need to be cleaned from. As it is async IO, it should not cause kswapd to
stall (at least until the queue is congested) but the order that pages are
reclaimed on the LRU is altered. Dirty pages that would have been reclaimed
by direct reclaimers are getting another lap on the LRU. The dirty pages
could have been put on a dedicated list but this increased counter overhead
and the number of lists and it is unclear if it is necessary.
Patch 6 notes that dirty pages can still be found at the end of the LRU.
If a number of them are encountered, it's reasonable to assume that a similar
number of dirty pages will be discovered in the very near future as that was
the dirtying pattern at the time. The patch pre-emptively kicks background
flusher to clean a number of pages creating feedback from page reclaim to
background flusher that is based on scanning rates.
I ran a number of tests with monitoring on X86, X86-64 and PPC64. Each
machine had 3G of RAM and the CPUs were
X86: Intel P4 2-core
X86-64: AMD Phenom 4-core
PPC64: PPC970MP
Each used a single disk and the onboard IO controller. Dirty ratio was left
at 20. Tests on an earlier series indicated that moving to 40 did not make
much difference. The filesystem used for all tests was XFS.
Five kernels are compared.
traceonly-v6 is the first 4 patches of this series
nodirect-v6 is the first 5 patches
flushforward-v6 pre-emptively cleans pages when encountered on the LRU (patch 1-8)
flushprio-v5 flags inodes with dirty pages at end of LRU (patch 1-9)
The results on each test is broken up into two parts. The first part is
a report based on the ftrace postprocessing script and reports on direct
reclaim and kswapd activity. The second part reports what percentage of
time was spent in direct reclaim, kswapd being awake and the percentage of
pages scanned that were dirty.
To work out the percentage of time spent in direct reclaim, I used
/usr/bin/time to get the User + Sys CPU time. The stalled time was taken
from the post-processing script. The total time is (User + Sys + Stall)
and obviously the percentage is of stalled over total time.
I am omitting the actual performance results simply because they are not
interesting with very few significant changes.
kernbench
=========
No writeback from reclaim initiated and no performance change of significance.
IOzone
======
No writeback from reclaim initiated and no performance change of significance.
SysBench
========
The results were based on a read/write and as the machine is under-provisioned
for the type of tests, figures are very unstable so not reported. with
variances up to 15%. Part of the problem is that larger thread counts push
the test into swap as the memory is insufficient and destabilises results
further. I could tune for this, but it was reclaim that was important.
X86
traceonly-v6 nodirect-v6 flushforward-v6
Direct reclaims 17 42 5
Direct reclaim pages scanned 3766 4809 361
Direct reclaim write file async I/O 1658 0 0
Direct reclaim write anon async I/O 0 315 3
Direct reclaim write file sync I/O 0 0 0
Direct reclaim write anon sync I/O 0 0 0
Wake kswapd requests 229080 262515 240991
Kswapd wakeups 578 646 567
Kswapd pages scanned 12822445 13646919 11443966
Kswapd reclaim write file async I/O 488806 417628 1676
Kswapd reclaim write anon async I/O 132832 143463 110880
Kswapd reclaim write file sync I/O 0 0 0
Kswapd reclaim write anon sync I/O 0 0 0
Time stalled direct reclaim (seconds) 0.10 1.48 0.00
Time kswapd awake (seconds) 1035.89 1051.81 846.99
Total pages scanned 12826211 13651728 11444327
Percentage pages scanned/written 4.86% 4.11% 0.98%
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds) 1268.94 1313.47 1251.05
Percentage Time Spent Direct Reclaim 0.01% 0.11% 0.00%
Total Elapsed Time (seconds) 7669.42 8198.84 7583.72
Percentage Time kswapd Awake 13.51% 12.83% 11.17%
Dirty file pages in direct reclaim on the X86 test machine were not much
of a problem to begin with and the patches eliminate them as expected and
time to complete the test was not negatively impacted as a result.
Pre-emptively writing back a window of dirty pages when countered on the
LRU makes a big difference - the number of dirty file pages encountered by
kswapd was reduced by 99% and the percentage of dirty pages encountered is
reduced to less than 1%, most of which were anon.
X86-64
traceonly-v6 nodirect-v6 flushforward-v6
Direct reclaims 906 700 897
Direct reclaim pages scanned 161635 221601 62442
Direct reclaim write file async I/O 16881 0 0
Direct reclaim write anon async I/O 2558 562 706
Direct reclaim write file sync I/O 24 0 0
Direct reclaim write anon sync I/O 0 0 0
Wake kswapd requests 844622 688841 803158
Kswapd wakeups 1480 1466 1529
Kswapd pages scanned 16194333 16558633 15386430
Kswapd reclaim write file async I/O 460459 843545 193560
Kswapd reclaim write anon async I/O 243146 269235 210824
Kswapd reclaim write file sync I/O 0 0 0
Kswapd reclaim write anon sync I/O 0 0 0
Time stalled direct reclaim (seconds) 19.75 29.33 5.71
Time kswapd awake (seconds) 2067.45 2058.20 2108.51
Total pages scanned 16355968 16780234 15448872
Percentage pages scanned/written 4.42% 6.63% 2.62%
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds) 634.69 637.54 659.72
Percentage Time Spent Direct Reclaim 3.02% 4.40% 0.86%
Total Elapsed Time (seconds) 6197.20 6234.80 6591.33
Percentage Time kswapd Awake 33.36% 33.01% 31.99%
Direct reclaim of filesystem pages is eliminated as expected without an
impact on time although kswapd had to write back more pages as a result.
Again the full series reduces the percentage of dirtyp ages encountered
while scanning and overall, there is less reclaim activity.
PPC64
traceonly-v6 nodirect-v6 flushforward-v6
Direct reclaims 3378 4151 5658
Direct reclaim pages scanned 380441 267139 495713
Direct reclaim write file async I/O 35532 0 0
Direct reclaim write anon async I/O 18863 17160 30672
Direct reclaim write file sync I/O 9 0 0
Direct reclaim write anon sync I/O 0 0 2
Wake kswapd requests 1666305 1355794 1949445
Kswapd wakeups 533 509 551
Kswapd pages scanned 16206261 15447359 15524846
Kswapd reclaim write file async I/O 1690129 1749868 1152304
Kswapd reclaim write anon async I/O 121416 151389 147141
Kswapd reclaim write file sync I/O 0 0 0
Kswapd reclaim write anon sync I/O 0 0 0
Time stalled direct reclaim (seconds) 90.84 69.37 74.36
Time kswapd awake (seconds) 1932.31 1802.39 1999.15
Total pages scanned 16586702 15714498 16020559
Percentage pages scanned/written 11.25% 12.21% 8.30%
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds) 1315.49 1249.23 1314.83
Percentage Time Spent Direct Reclaim 6.46% 5.26% 5.35%
Total Elapsed Time (seconds) 8581.41 7988.79 8719.56
Percentage Time kswapd Awake 22.52% 22.56% 22.93%
Direct reclaim filesystem writes are eliminated of course and the percentage
of dirty pages encountered is reduced.
Stress HighAlloc
================
This test builds a large number of kernels simultaneously so that the total
workload is 1.5 times the size of RAM. It then attempts to allocate all of
RAM as huge pages. The metric is the percentage of memory allocated using
load (Pass 1), a second attempt under load (Pass 2) and when the kernel
compiles are finishes and the system is quiet (At Rest). The patches have
little impact on the success rates.
X86
traceonly-v6 nodirect-v6 flushforward-v6
Direct reclaims 555 496 677
Direct reclaim pages scanned 187498 83022 91321
Direct reclaim write file async I/O 684 0 0
Direct reclaim write anon async I/O 33869 5834 7723
Direct reclaim write file sync I/O 385 0 0
Direct reclaim write anon sync I/O 23225 428 191
Wake kswapd requests 1613 1484 1805
Kswapd wakeups 517 342 664
Kswapd pages scanned 27791653 2570033 3023077
Kswapd reclaim write file async I/O 308778 19758 345
Kswapd reclaim write anon async I/O 5232938 109227 167984
Kswapd reclaim write file sync I/O 0 0 0
Kswapd reclaim write anon sync I/O 0 0 0
Time stalled direct reclaim (seconds) 18223.83 282.49 392.66
Time kswapd awake (seconds) 15911.61 307.05 452.35
Total pages scanned 27979151 2653055 3114398
Percentage pages scanned/written 20.01% 5.10% 5.66%
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds) 2806.35 1765.22 1873.86
Percentage Time Spent Direct Reclaim 86.66% 13.80% 17.32%
Total Elapsed Time (seconds) 20382.81 2383.34 2491.23
Percentage Time kswapd Awake 78.06% 12.88% 18.16%
Total time running the test was massively reduced by the series and writebacks
from page reclaim are reduced to almost negligible levels. The percentage
of dirty pages written is much reduced but obviously remains high as there
isn't an equivalent of background flushers for anon pages.
X86-64
traceonly-v6 nodirect-v6 flushforward-v6
Direct reclaims 1159 1112 1066
Direct reclaim pages scanned 172491 147763 142100
Direct reclaim write file async I/O 2496 0 0
Direct reclaim write anon async I/O 32486 19527 15355
Direct reclaim write file sync I/O 1913 0 0
Direct reclaim write anon sync I/O 14434 2806 3704
Wake kswapd requests 1159 1101 1061
Kswapd wakeups 1110 827 785
Kswapd pages scanned 23467327 8064964 4873397
Kswapd reclaim write file async I/O 652531 86003 9135
Kswapd reclaim write anon async I/O 2476541 500556 205612
Kswapd reclaim write file sync I/O 0 0 0
Kswapd reclaim write anon sync I/O 0 0 0
Time stalled direct reclaim (seconds) 7906.48 1355.70 428.86
Time kswapd awake (seconds) 4263.89 1029.43 468.59
Total pages scanned 23639818 8212727 5015497
Percentage pages scanned/written 13.45% 7.41% 4.66%
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds) 2806.01 2744.46 2789.54
Percentage Time Spent Direct Reclaim 73.81% 33.06% 13.33%
Total Elapsed Time (seconds) 10274.33 3705.47 2812.54
Percentage Time kswapd Awake 41.50% 27.78% 16.66%
Again, the test completes far faster with the full series and fewer dirty
pages are encountered. File writebacks from kswapd are reduced to negligible
levels.
PPC64
traceonly-v6 nodirect-v6 flushforward-v6
Direct reclaims 580 529 648
Direct reclaim pages scanned 111382 92480 106061
Direct reclaim write file async I/O 673 0 0
Direct reclaim write anon async I/O 23361 14769 15701
Direct reclaim write file sync I/O 300 0 0
Direct reclaim write anon sync I/O 12224 10106 1803
Wake kswapd requests 302 276 305
Kswapd wakeups 220 206 140
Kswapd pages scanned 10071156 7110936 3622584
Kswapd reclaim write file async I/O 261563 59626 6818
Kswapd reclaim write anon async I/O 2230514 689606 422745
Kswapd reclaim write file sync I/O 0 0 0
Kswapd reclaim write anon sync I/O 0 0 0
Time stalled direct reclaim (seconds) 5366.14 1668.51 974.11
Time kswapd awake (seconds) 5094.97 1621.02 1030.18
Total pages scanned 10182538 7203416 3728645
Percentage pages scanned/written 24.83% 10.75% 11.99%
User/Sys Time Running Test (seconds) 3398.37 2615.25 2234.56
Percentage Time Spent Direct Reclaim 61.23% 38.95% 30.36%
Total Elapsed Time (seconds) 6990.13 3174.43 2459.29
Percentage Time kswapd Awake 72.89% 51.06% 41.89%
Again, far faster completion times with a significant reduction in the
amount of dirty pages encountered.
Overall the full series eliminates calling into the filesystem from page
reclaim while massively reducing the number of dirty file pages encountered
by page reclaim. There was a concern that no file writeback from page reclaim
would cause problems and it still might but preliminary data show that the
number of dirty pages encountered is so small that it's not likely to be
a problem.
There is ongoing work in writeback that should help further reduce the
number of dirty pages encountered but the series complement rather than
collide with each other so there is no merge dependency.
Any objections to merging?
Mel Gorman (6):
vmscan: tracing: Roll up of patches currently in mmotm
vmscan: tracing: Update trace event to track if page reclaim IO is
for anon or file pages
vmscan: tracing: Update post-processing script to distinguish between
anon and file IO from page reclaim
vmscan: tracing: Correct units in post-processing script
vmscan: Do not writeback filesystem pages in direct reclaim
vmscan: Kick flusher threads to clean pages when reclaim is
encountering dirty pages
.../trace/postprocess/trace-vmscan-postprocess.pl | 686 ++++++++++++++++++++
include/linux/memcontrol.h | 5 -
include/linux/mmzone.h | 15 -
include/trace/events/gfpflags.h | 37 +
include/trace/events/kmem.h | 38 +-
include/trace/events/vmscan.h | 202 ++++++
mm/memcontrol.c | 31 -
mm/page_alloc.c | 2 -
mm/vmscan.c | 481 ++++++++------
mm/vmstat.c | 2 -
10 files changed, 1205 insertions(+), 294 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 Documentation/trace/postprocess/trace-vmscan-postprocess.pl
create mode 100644 include/trace/events/gfpflags.h
create mode 100644 include/trace/events/vmscan.h
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