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Date: Thu, 25 Nov 2010 01:03:28 -0800
From: Simon Kirby <sim@...tway.ca>
To: Shaohua Li <shaohua.li@...el.com>,
KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@...fujitsu.com>
Cc: "linux-mm@...ck.org" <linux-mm@...ck.org>,
linux-kernel <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
Dave Hansen <dave@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>
Subject: Re: Free memory never fully used, swapping
On Thu, Nov 25, 2010 at 09:07:54AM +0800, Shaohua Li wrote:
> On Wed, 2010-11-24 at 16:46 +0800, Simon Kirby wrote:
> > On Tue, Nov 23, 2010 at 12:35:31AM -0800, Dave Hansen wrote:
> >
> > > I wish. :) The best thing to do is to watch stuff like /proc/vmstat
> > > along with its friends like /proc/{buddy,meminfo,slabinfo}. Could you
> > > post some samples of those with some indication of where the bad
> > > behavior was seen?
> > >
> > > I've definitely seen swapping in the face of lots of free memory, but
> > > only in cases where I was being a bit unfair about the numbers of
> > > hugetlbfs pages I was trying to reserve.
> >
> > So, Dave and I spent quite some time today figuring out was going on
> > here. Once load picked up during the day, kswapd actually never slept
> > until late in the afternoon. During the evening now, it's still waking
> > up in bursts, and still keeping way too much memory free:
> >
> > http://0x.ca/sim/ref/2.6.36/memory_tonight.png
> >
> > (NOTE: we did swapoff -a to keep /dev/sda from overloading)
> >
> > We have a much better idea on what is happening here, but more questions.
> >
> > This x86_64 box has 4 GB of RAM; zones are set up as follows:
> >
> > [ 0.000000] Zone PFN ranges:
> > [ 0.000000] DMA 0x00000001 -> 0x00001000
> > [ 0.000000] DMA32 0x00001000 -> 0x00100000
> > [ 0.000000] Normal 0x00100000 -> 0x00130000
> > ...
> > [ 0.000000] On node 0 totalpages: 1047279
> > [ 0.000000] DMA zone: 56 pages used for memmap
> > [ 0.000000] DMA zone: 0 pages reserved
> > [ 0.000000] DMA zone: 3943 pages, LIFO batch:0
> > [ 0.000000] DMA32 zone: 14280 pages used for memmap
> > [ 0.000000] DMA32 zone: 832392 pages, LIFO batch:31
> > [ 0.000000] Normal zone: 2688 pages used for memmap
> > [ 0.000000] Normal zone: 193920 pages, LIFO batch:31
> >
> > So, "Normal" is relatively small, and DMA32 contains most of the RAM.
> > Watermarks from /proc/zoneinfo are:
> >
> > Node 0, zone DMA
> > min 7
> > low 8
> > high 10
> > protection: (0, 3251, 4009, 4009)
> > Node 0, zone DMA32
> > min 1640
> > low 2050
> > high 2460
> > protection: (0, 0, 757, 757)
> > Node 0, zone Normal
> > min 382
> > low 477
> > high 573
> > protection: (0, 0, 0, 0)
> >
> > This box has a couple bnx2 NICs, which do about 60 Mbps each. Jumbo
> > frames were disabled for now (to try to stop big order allocations), but
> > this did not stop atomic allocations of order 3 coming in, as found with:
> >
> > perf record --event kmem:mm_page_alloc --filter 'order>=3' -a --call-graph -c 1 -a sleep 10
> > perf report
> >
> > __alloc_pages_nodemask
> > alloc_pages_current
> > new_slab
> > __slab_alloc
> > __kmalloc_node_track_caller
> > __alloc_skb
> > __netdev_alloc_skb
> > bnx2_poll_work
> >
> > From my reading of this, it seems like __alloc_skb uses kmalloc(), and
> > kmalloc uses the kmalloc slab unless (unlikely(size > SLUB_MAX_SIZE)),
> > where SLUB_MAX_SIZE is 2 * PAGE_SIZE, in which case kmalloc_large is
> > called which allocates pages directly. This means that reception of
> > jumbo frames probably actually results in (consistent) smaller order
> > allocations! Anyway, these GFP_ATOMIC allocations don't seem to be
> > failing, BUT...
> >
> > Right after kswapd goes to sleep, we're left with DMA32 with 421k or so
> > free pages, and Normal with 20k or so free pages (about 1.8 GB free).
> >
> > Immediately, zone Normal starts being used until it reaches about 468
> > pages free in order 0, nothing else free. kswapd is not woken here,
> > but allocations just start coming from zone DMA32 instead. While this
> > happens, the occasional order=3 allocations coming in via the slab from
> > __alloc_skb seem to be picking away at the available order=3 chunks.
> > /proc/buddyinfo shows that there are 10k or so when it starts, so this
> > succeeds easily.
> >
> > After a minute or so, available order-3 start reaching a lower number,
> > like 20 or so. order-4 then starts dropping as it is split into order-3,
> > until it reaches 20 or so as well. Then, order-3 hits 0, and kswapd is
> > woken. When this occurs, there are still a few order-5, order-6, etc.,
> > available. I presume the GFP_ATOMIC allocation can still split buddies
> > here, still making order-3 available without sleeping, because there is
> > no allocation failure message that I can see.
> >
> > Here is a "while true; do sleep 1; grep -v 'DMA ' /proc/buddyinfo; done"
> > ("DMA" zone is totally untouched, always, so excluded; white space
> > crushed to avoid wrapping), while it happens:
> >
> > Node 0, zone DMA 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 3
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 25770 29441 14512 10426 1901 123 4 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > ...
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 23343 29405 6062 6478 1901 123 4 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 23187 29358 6047 5960 1901 123 4 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 23000 29372 6047 5411 1901 123 4 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 22714 29391 6076 4225 1901 123 4 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 22354 29459 6059 3178 1901 123 4 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 22202 29388 6035 2395 1901 123 4 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 21971 29411 6036 1032 1901 123 4 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 21514 29388 6019 433 1796 123 4 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 21334 29387 6019 240 1464 123 4 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 21237 29421 6052 216 1336 123 4 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 20968 29378 6020 244 751 123 4 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 453 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 20741 29383 6022 134 272 123 4 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 453 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 20476 29370 6024 117 48 116 4 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 453 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 20343 29369 6020 110 23 10 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 453 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 21592 30477 4856 22 10 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 453 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 24388 33261 1985 6 10 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 453 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 25358 34080 1068 0 4 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 453 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 75985 68954 5345 87 1 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 18249 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 81117 71630 19261 429 3 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 17908 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 81226 71299 21038 569 19 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 18559 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 81347 71278 21068 640 19 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 17928 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 81370 71237 21241 1073 29 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 18187 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 81401 71237 21314 1139 29 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 16978 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 81410 71239 21314 1145 29 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 18156 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 81419 71232 21317 1160 30 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 17536 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 81347 71144 21443 1160 31 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 18483 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 81300 71059 21556 1178 38 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 18528 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 81315 71042 21577 1180 39 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 18431 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 81301 71002 21702 1202 39 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 18487 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 81301 70998 21702 1202 39 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 18311 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 81296 71025 21711 1208 45 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 17092 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone DMA32 81299 71023 21716 1226 45 4 2 0 0 0 0
> > Node 0, zone Normal 18225 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
> >
> > Running a perf record on the kswapd wakeup right when it happens shows:
> > perf record --event vmscan:mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd -a --call-graph -c 1 -a sleep 10
> > perf trace
> > swapper-0 [002] 1323136.979119: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=2 order=3
> > swapper-0 [002] 1323136.979131: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=1 order=3
> > lmtp-20593 [003] 1323136.984066: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=2 order=3
> > lmtp-20593 [003] 1323136.984079: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=1 order=3
> > swapper-0 [001] 1323136.985511: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=2 order=3
> > swapper-0 [001] 1323136.985515: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=1 order=3
> > lmtp-20593 [003] 1323136.985673: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=2 order=3
> > lmtp-20593 [003] 1323136.985675: mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd: nid=0 zid=1 order=3
> >
> > This causes kswapd to throw out a bunch of stuff from Normal and from
> > DMA32, to try to get zone_watermark_ok() to be happy for order=3.
> > However, we have a heavy read load from all of the email stored on SSDs
> > on this box, and kswapd ends up fighting to try to keep reclaiming the
> > allocations (mostly order-0). During the whole day, it never wins -- the
> > allocations are faster. At night, it wins after a minute or two. The
> > fighting is happening in all of the lines after it awakes above.
> >
> > slabs_scanned, kswapd_steal, kswapd_inodesteal (slowly),
> > kswapd_skip_congestion_wait, and pageoutrun go up in vmstat while kswapd
> > is running. With the box up for 15 days, you can see it struggling on
> > pgscan_kswapd_normal (from /proc/vmstat):
> >
> > pgfree 3329793080
> > pgactivate 643476431
> > pgdeactivate 155182710
> > pgfault 2649106647
> > pgmajfault 58157157
> > pgrefill_dma 0
> > pgrefill_dma32 19688032
> > pgrefill_normal 7600864
> > pgrefill_movable 0
> > pgsteal_dma 0
> > pgsteal_dma32 465191578
> > pgsteal_normal 651178518
> > pgsteal_movable 0
> > pgscan_kswapd_dma 0
> > pgscan_kswapd_dma32 768300403
> > pgscan_kswapd_normal 34614572907
> > pgscan_kswapd_movable 0
> > pgscan_direct_dma 0
> > pgscan_direct_dma32 2853983
> > pgscan_direct_normal 885799
> > pgscan_direct_movable 0
> > pginodesteal 191895
> > pgrotated 27290463
> >
> > So, here are my questions.
> >
> > Why do we care about order > 0 watermarks at all in the Normal zone?
> > Wouldn't it make a lot more sense to just make the DMA32 zone the only
> > one we care about for larger-order allocations? Or is this required for
> > the hugepage stuff?
> >
> > The fact that so much stuff is evicted just because order-3 hits 0 is
> > crazy, especially when larger order pages are still free. It seems like
> > we're trying to keep large orders free here. Why? Maybe things would be
> > better if kswapd does not reclaim at all unless the requested order is
> > empty _and_ all orders above are empty. This would require hugepage
> > users to use CONFIG_COMPACT, and have _compaction_ occur the way the
> > watermark checks work now, but people without CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE could
> > just actually use the memory. Would this work?
> >
> > There is logic at the end of balance_pgdat() to give up balancing order>0
> > and just try another loop with order = 0 if sc.nr_reclaimed is <
> > SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX. However, when this order=0 pass returns, the caller of
> > balance_pgdat(), kswapd(), gets true from sleeping_prematurely() and just
> > calls right back to balance_pgdat() again. I think this is why this
> > logic doesn't seem to work here.
> >
> > Is my assumption about GFP_ATOMIC order=3 working even when order 3 is
> > empty, but order>3 is not? Regardless, shouldn't kswapd be woken before
> > order 3 is 0 since it may have nothing above order 3 to split from, thus
> > actually causing an allocation failure? Does something else do this?
>
> even kswapd is woken after order>3 is empty, the issue will occur since
> the order > 3 pages will be used soon and kswapd still needs to reclaim
> some pages. So the issue is there is high order page allocation and
> lumpy reclaim wrongly reclaims some pages. maybe you should use slab
> instead of slub to avoid high order allocation.
There are actually a few problems here. I think they are worth looking
at them separately, unless "don't use order 3 allocations" is a valid
statement, in which case we should fix slub.
The funny thing here is that slub.c's allocate_slab() calls alloc_pages()
with flags | __GFP_NOWARN | __GFP_NORETRY, and intentionally tries a
lower order allocation automatically if it fails. This is why there is
no allocation failure warning when this happens. However, it is too late
-- kswapd is woken and it ties to bring order 3 up to the watermark.
If we hacked __alloc_pages_slowpath() to not wake kswapd when
__GFP_NOWARN is set, we would never see this problem and the slub
optimization might still mostly work. Either way, we should "fix" slub
or "fix" order-3 allocations, so that other people who are using slub
don't hit the same problem.
kswapd is throwing out many times what is needed for the order 3
watermark to be met. It seems to be not as bad now, but look at these
pages being reclaimed (200ms intervals, whitespace-packed buddyinfo
followed by nr_pages_free calculation and final order-3 watermark test,
kswapd woken after the second sample):
Zone order:0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A nr_free or3-low-chk
DMA32 20374 35116 975 1 2 5 1 0 0 0 0 94770 257 <= 256
DMA32 20480 35211 870 1 1 5 1 0 0 0 0 94630 241 <= 256
(kswapd wakes, gobble gobble)
DMA32 24387 37009 2910 297 100 5 1 0 0 0 0 114245 4193 <= 256
DMA32 36169 37787 4676 637 110 5 1 0 0 0 0 137527 7073 <= 256
DMA32 63443 40620 5716 982 144 5 1 0 0 0 0 177931 10377 <= 256
DMA32 65866 57006 6462 1180 158 5 1 0 0 0 0 217918 12185 <= 256
DMA32 67188 66779 9328 1893 208 5 1 0 0 0 0 256754 18689 <= 256
DMA32 67909 67356 18307 2268 235 5 1 0 0 0 0 297977 22121 <= 256
DMA32 68333 67419 20786 4192 298 7 1 0 0 0 0 324907 38585 <= 256
DMA32 69872 68096 21580 5141 326 7 1 0 0 0 0 339016 46625 <= 256
DMA32 69959 67970 22339 5657 371 10 1 0 0 0 0 346831 51569 <= 256
DMA32 70017 67946 22363 6078 417 11 1 0 0 0 0 351073 55705 <= 256
DMA32 70023 67949 22376 6204 439 12 1 0 0 0 0 352529 57097 <= 256
DMA32 70045 67937 22380 6262 451 12 1 0 0 0 0 353199 57753 <= 256
DMA32 70062 67939 22378 6298 456 12 1 0 0 0 0 353580 58121 <= 256
DMA32 70079 67959 22388 6370 458 12 1 0 0 0 0 354285 58729 <= 256
DMA32 70079 67959 22388 6387 460 12 1 0 0 0 0 354453 58897 <= 256
DMA32 70076 67954 22387 6393 460 12 1 0 0 0 0 354484 58945 <= 256
DMA32 70105 67975 22385 6466 468 12 1 0 0 0 0 355259 59657 <= 256
DMA32 70110 67972 22387 6466 470 12 1 0 0 0 0 355298 59689 <= 256
DMA32 70152 67989 22393 6476 470 12 1 0 0 0 0 355478 59769 <= 256
DMA32 70175 67991 22401 6493 471 12 1 0 0 0 0 355689 59921 <= 256
DMA32 70175 67991 22401 6493 471 12 1 0 0 0 0 355689 59921 <= 256
DMA32 70175 67991 22401 6493 471 12 1 0 0 0 0 355689 59921 <= 256
DMA32 70192 67990 22401 6495 471 12 1 0 0 0 0 355720 59937 <= 256
DMA32 70192 67988 22401 6496 471 12 1 0 0 0 0 355724 59945 <= 256
DMA32 70099 68061 22467 6602 477 12 1 0 0 0 0 356985 60889 <= 256
DMA32 70099 68062 22467 6602 477 12 1 0 0 0 0 356987 60889 <= 256
DMA32 70099 68062 22467 6602 477 12 1 0 0 0 0 356987 60889 <= 256
DMA32 70099 68062 22467 6603 477 12 1 0 0 0 0 356995 60897 <= 256
(kswapd sleeps)
Normal zone at the same time (shown separately for clarity):
Normal 452 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 454 -5 <= 238
Normal 452 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 454 -5 <= 238
(kswapd wakes)
Normal 7618 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7770 145 <= 238
Normal 8860 73 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9010 143 <= 238
Normal 8929 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8979 43 <= 238
Normal 8917 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8917 -7 <= 238
Normal 8978 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9010 25 <= 238
Normal 9064 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9072 1 <= 238
Normal 9068 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9072 -3 <= 238
Normal 8992 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9010 11 <= 238
Normal 9060 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9072 5 <= 238
Normal 9010 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9010 -7 <= 238
Normal 8907 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8917 3 <= 238
Normal 8576 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8576 -7 <= 238
Normal 8018 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8018 -7 <= 238
Normal 6778 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6778 -7 <= 238
Normal 6189 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6189 -7 <= 238
Normal 6220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6220 -7 <= 238
Normal 6096 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6096 -7 <= 238
Normal 6251 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6251 -7 <= 238
Normal 6127 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6127 -7 <= 238
Normal 6218 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6220 -5 <= 238
Normal 6034 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6034 -7 <= 238
Normal 6065 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6065 -7 <= 238
Normal 6189 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6189 -7 <= 238
Normal 6189 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6189 -7 <= 238
Normal 6096 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6096 -7 <= 238
Normal 6127 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6127 -7 <= 238
Normal 6158 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6158 -7 <= 238
Normal 6127 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6127 -7 <= 238
(kswapd sleeps -- maybe too much turkey)
DMA32 get so much reclaimed that the watermark test succeeded long ago.
Meanwhile, Normal is being reclaimed as well, but because it's fighting
with allocations, it tries for a while and eventually succeeds (I think),
but the 200ms samples didn't catch it.
KOSAKI Motohiro, I'm interested in your commit 73ce02e9. This seems
to be similar to this problem, but your change is not working here.
We're seeing kswapd run without sleeping, KSWAPD_SKIP_CONGESTION_WAIT
is increasing (so has_under_min_watermark_zone is true), and pageoutrun
increasing all the time. This means that balance_pgdat() keeps being
called, but sleeping_prematurely() is returning true, so kswapd() just
keeps re-calling balance_pgdat(). If your approach is correct to stop
kswapd here, the problem seems to be that balance_pgdat's copy of order
and sc.order is being set to 0, but not pgdat->kswapd_max_order, so
kswapd never really sleeps. How is this supposed to work?
Our allocation load here is mostly file pages, some anon pages, and
relatively little slab and anything else.
Simon-
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