Message-ID: <20110312143653.GA22072@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Date:	Sat, 12 Mar 2011 06:36:53 -0800
From:	"Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>
To:	Joe Korty <joe.korty@...r.com>
Cc:	Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@...il.com>,
	Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>,
	Lai Jiangshan <laijs@...fujitsu.com>,
	"mathieu.desnoyers@...icios.com" <mathieu.desnoyers@...icios.com>,
	"dhowells@...hat.com" <dhowells@...hat.com>,
	"loic.minier@...aro.org" <loic.minier@...aro.org>,
	"dhaval.giani@...il.com" <dhaval.giani@...il.com>,
	"tglx@...utronix.de" <tglx@...utronix.de>,
	"linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org" <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
	"josh@...htriplett.org" <josh@...htriplett.org>,
	"houston.jim@...cast.net" <houston.jim@...cast.net>
Subject: Re: [PATCH] An RCU for SMP with a single CPU garbage collector

On Mon, Mar 07, 2011 at 03:31:06PM -0500, Joe Korty wrote:
> Hi Paul & Fredrick & other interested parties.
> 
> We would like for Linux to eventually support user
> dedicated cpus.  That is, cpus that are completely free of
> periodic system duties, leaving 100% of their capacity
> available to service user applications.  This will
> eventually be important for those realtime applications
> requiring full use of dedicated cpus.
> 
> An important milestone to that goal would be to have
> an offical, supported RCU implementation which did not
> make each and every CPU periodically participate in RCU
> garbage collection.
> 
> The attached RCU implementation does precisely that.
> Like TinyRCU it is both tiny and very simple, but unlike
> TinyRCU it supports SMP, and unlike the other SMP RCUs,
> it does its garbage collection from a single CPU.
> 
> For performance, each cpu is given its own 'current' and
> 'previous' callback queue, and all interactions between
> these queues and the global garbage collector proceed in
> a lock-free manner.
> 
> This patch is a quick port to 2.6.38-rc7 from a 2.6.36.4
> implementation developed over the last two weeks. The
> earlier version was tested over the weekend under i386 and
> x86_64, this version has only been spot tested on x86_64.

Hello, Joe,

My biggest question is "what does JRCU do that Frederic's patchset
does not do?"  I am not seeing it at the moment.  Given that Frederic's
patchset integrates into RCU, thus providing the full RCU API, I really
need a good answer to consider JRCU.

In the meantime, some questions and comments below.

For one, what sort of validation have you done?

							Thanx, Paul

> Signed-off-by: Joe Korty <joe.korty@...r.com>
> 
> Index: b/kernel/jrcu.c
> ===================================================================
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/kernel/jrcu.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,604 @@
> +/*
> + * Joe's tiny single-cpu RCU, for small SMP systems.
> + *
> + * Running RCU end-of-batch operations from a single cpu relieves the
> + * other CPUs from this periodic responsibility.  This will eventually
> + * be important for those realtime applications requiring full use of
> + * dedicated cpus.  JRCU is also a lockless implementation, currently,
> + * although some anticipated features will eventually require a per
> + * cpu rcu_lock along some minimal-contention paths.
> + *
> + * Author: Joe Korty <joe.korty@...r.com>
> + *
> + * Acknowledgements: Paul E. McKenney's 'TinyRCU for uniprocessors' inspired
> + * the thought that there could could be something similiarly simple for SMP.
> + * The rcu_list chain operators are from Jim Houston's Alternative RCU.
> + *
> + * Copyright Concurrent Computer Corporation, 2011
> + *
> + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
> + * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
> + * Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
> + * option) any later version.
> + *
> + * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
> + * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
> + * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
> + * for more details.
> + *
> + * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
> + * with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
> + * 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
> + */
> +
> +/*
> + * This RCU maintains three callback lists: the current batch (per cpu),
> + * the previous batch (also per cpu), and the pending list (global).
> + */
> +
> +#include <linux/bug.h>
> +#include <linux/smp.h>
> +#include <linux/sched.h>
> +#include <linux/types.h>
> +#include <linux/kernel.h>
> +#include <linux/module.h>
> +#include <linux/percpu.h>
> +#include <linux/stddef.h>
> +#include <linux/preempt.h>
> +#include <linux/compiler.h>
> +#include <linux/irqflags.h>
> +#include <linux/rcupdate.h>
> +
> +#include <asm/system.h>
> +
> +/*
> + * Define an rcu list type and operators.  An rcu list has only ->next
> + * pointers for the chain nodes; the list head however is special and
> + * has pointers to both the first and last nodes of the chain.  Tweaked
> + * so that null head, tail pointers can be used to signify an empty list.
> + */
> +struct rcu_list {
> +	struct rcu_head *head;
> +	struct rcu_head **tail;
> +	int count;		/* stats-n-debug */
> +};
> +
> +static inline void rcu_list_init(struct rcu_list *l)
> +{
> +	l->head = NULL;
> +	l->tail = NULL;
> +	l->count = 0;
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Add an element to the tail of an rcu list
> + */
> +static inline void rcu_list_add(struct rcu_list *l, struct rcu_head *h)
> +{
> +	if (unlikely(l->tail == NULL))
> +		l->tail = &l->head;
> +	*l->tail = h;
> +	l->tail = &h->next;
> +	l->count++;
> +	h->next = NULL;
> +}

This has interrupts disabled?  Or is there some other form of
mutual exclusion?  (The only caller does have interrupts disabled,
and calls this only on per-CPU data, so should be OK.)

> +/*
> + * Append the contents of one rcu list to another.  The 'from' list is left
> + * corrupted on exit; the caller must re-initialize it before it can be used
> + * again.
> + */
> +static inline void rcu_list_join(struct rcu_list *to, struct rcu_list *from)
> +{
> +	if (from->head) {
> +		if (unlikely(to->tail == NULL)) {
> +			to->tail = &to->head;
> +			to->count = 0;
> +		}
> +		*to->tail = from->head;
> +		to->tail = from->tail;
> +		to->count += from->count;
> +	}
> +}
> +
> +
> +#define RCU_HZ 20		/* max rate at which batches are retired */
> +
> +struct rcu_data {
> +	u8 wait;		/* goes false when this cpu consents to
> +				 * the retirement of the current batch */
> +	u8 which;		/* selects the current callback list */
> +	struct rcu_list cblist[2]; /* current & previous callback lists */
> +} ____cacheline_aligned_in_smp;
> +
> +static struct rcu_data rcu_data[NR_CPUS];

Why not DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct rcu_data, rcu_data)?

> +
> +/* debug & statistics stuff */
> +static struct rcu_stats {
> +	unsigned nbatches;	/* #end-of-batches (eobs) seen */
> +	atomic_t nbarriers;	/* #rcu barriers processed */
> +	u64 ninvoked;		/* #invoked (ie, finished) callbacks */
> +	atomic_t nleft;		/* #callbacks left (ie, not yet invoked) */
> +	unsigned nforced;	/* #forced eobs (should be zero) */
> +} rcu_stats;
> +
> +int rcu_scheduler_active __read_mostly;
> +int rcu_nmi_seen __read_mostly;
> +static u64 rcu_timestamp;
> +
> +/*
> + * Return our CPU id or zero if we are too early in the boot process to
> + * know what that is.  For RCU to work correctly, a cpu named '0' must
> + * eventually be present (but need not ever be online).
> + */
> +static inline int rcu_cpu(void)
> +{
> +	return current_thread_info()->cpu;

OK, I'll bite...  Why not smp_processor_id()?

And what to do about the architectures that put the CPU number somewhere
else?

> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Invoke whenever the calling CPU consents to end-of-batch.  All CPUs
> + * must so consent before the batch is truly ended.
> + */
> +static inline void rcu_eob(int cpu)
> +{
> +	struct rcu_data *rd = &rcu_data[cpu];
> +	if (unlikely(rd->wait)) {
> +		rd->wait = 0;
> +#ifdef CONFIG_RCU_PARANOID
> +		/* not needed, we can tolerate some fuzziness on exactly
> +		 * when other CPUs see the above write insn. */
> +		smp_wmb();
> +#endif
> +	}
> +}
> +
> +void rcu_note_context_switch(int cpu)
> +{
> +	rcu_eob(cpu);
> +}
> +
> +void __rcu_preempt_sub(void)
> +{
> +	rcu_eob(rcu_cpu());
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL(__rcu_preempt_sub);
> +
> +void rcu_barrier(void)
> +{
> +	struct rcu_synchronize rcu;
> +
> +	if (!rcu_scheduler_active)
> +		return;
> +
> +	init_completion(&rcu.completion);
> +	call_rcu(&rcu.head, wakeme_after_rcu);
> +	wait_for_completion(&rcu.completion);
> +	atomic_inc(&rcu_stats.nbarriers);
> +
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rcu_barrier);

The rcu_barrier() function must wait on all RCU callbacks, regardless of
which CPU they are queued on.  This is important when unloading modules
that use call_rcu().  In contrast, the above looks to me like it waits
only on the current CPU's callbacks.

So, what am I missing?

> +
> +void rcu_force_quiescent_state(void)
> +{
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(rcu_force_quiescent_state);
> +
> +
> +/*
> + * Insert an RCU callback onto the calling CPUs list of 'current batch'
> + * callbacks.  Lockless version, can be invoked anywhere except under NMI.
> + */
> +void call_rcu(struct rcu_head *cb, void (*func)(struct rcu_head *rcu))
> +{
> +	unsigned long flags;
> +	struct rcu_data *rd;
> +	struct rcu_list *cblist;
> +	int which;
> +
> +	cb->func = func;
> +	cb->next = NULL;
> +
> +	raw_local_irq_save(flags);
> +	smp_rmb();
> +
> +	rd = &rcu_data[rcu_cpu()];

Why not a per-CPU variable rather than an array?

> +	which = ACCESS_ONCE(rd->which) & 1;
> +	cblist = &rd->cblist[which];
> +
> +	/* The following is not NMI-safe, therefore call_rcu()
> +	 * cannot be invoked under NMI. */
> +	rcu_list_add(cblist, cb);
> +	smp_wmb();
> +	raw_local_irq_restore(flags);
> +	atomic_inc(&rcu_stats.nleft);
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(call_rcu);
> +
> +/*
> + * For a given cpu, push the previous batch of callbacks onto a (global)
> + * pending list, then make the current batch the previous.  A new, empty
> + * current batch exists after this operation.
> + *
> + * Locklessly tolerates changes being made by call_rcu() to the current
> + * batch, locklessly tolerates the current batch becoming the previous
> + * batch, and locklessly tolerates a new, empty current batch becoming
> + * available.  Requires that the previous batch be quiescent by the time
> + * rcu_end_batch is invoked.
> + */
> +static void rcu_end_batch(struct rcu_data *rd, struct rcu_list *pending)
> +{
> +	int prev;
> +	struct rcu_list *plist;	/* some cpus' previous list */
> +
> +	prev = (ACCESS_ONCE(rd->which) & 1) ^ 1;
> +	plist = &rd->cblist[prev];
> +
> +	/* Chain previous batch of callbacks, if any, to the pending list */
> +	if (plist->head) {
> +		rcu_list_join(pending, plist);
> +		rcu_list_init(plist);
> +		smp_wmb();
> +	}
> +	/*
> +	 * Swap current and previous lists.  Other cpus must not see this
> +	 * out-of-order w.r.t. the just-completed plist init, hence the above
> +	 * smp_wmb().
> +	 */
> +	rd->which++;

You do seem to have interrupts disabled when sampling ->which, but
this is not safe for cross-CPU accesses to ->which, right?  The other
CPU might queue onto the wrong element.  This would mean that you
would not be guaranteed a full 50ms delay from quiescent state to
corresponding RCU callback invocation.

Or am I missing something subtle here?

> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Invoke all callbacks on the passed-in list.
> + */
> +static void rcu_invoke_callbacks(struct rcu_list *pending)
> +{
> +	struct rcu_head *curr, *next;
> +
> +	for (curr = pending->head; curr;) {
> +		next = curr->next;
> +		curr->func(curr);
> +		curr = next;
> +		rcu_stats.ninvoked++;
> +		atomic_dec(&rcu_stats.nleft);
> +	}
> +}
> +
> +/*
> + * Check if the conditions for ending the current batch are true. If
> + * so then end it.
> + *
> + * Must be invoked periodically, and the periodic invocations must be
> + * far enough apart in time for the previous batch to become quiescent.
> + * This is a few tens of microseconds unless NMIs are involved; an NMI
> + * stretches out the requirement by the duration of the NMI.
> + *
> + * "Quiescent" means the owning cpu is no longer appending callbacks
> + * and has completed execution of a trailing write-memory-barrier insn.
> + */
> +static void __rcu_delimit_batches(struct rcu_list *pending)
> +{
> +	struct rcu_data *rd;
> +	int cpu, eob;
> +	u64 rcu_now;
> +
> +	/* If an NMI occured then the previous batch may not yet be
> +	 * quiescent.  Let's wait till it is.
> +	 */
> +	if (rcu_nmi_seen) {
> +		rcu_nmi_seen = 0;
> +		return;
> +	}
> +
> +	if (!rcu_scheduler_active)
> +		return;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Find out if the current batch has ended
> +	 * (end-of-batch).
> +	 */
> +	eob = 1;
> +	for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
> +		rd = &rcu_data[cpu];
> +		if (rd->wait) {
> +			eob = 0;
> +			break;
> +		}
> +	}
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Force end-of-batch if too much time (n seconds) has
> +	 * gone by.  The forcing method is slightly questionable,
> +	 * hence the WARN_ON.
> +	 */
> +	rcu_now = sched_clock();
> +	if (!eob && !rcu_timestamp
> +	&& ((rcu_now - rcu_timestamp) > 3LL * NSEC_PER_SEC)) {
> +		rcu_stats.nforced++;
> +		WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
> +		eob = 1;
> +	}
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Just return if the current batch has not yet
> +	 * ended.  Also, keep track of just how long it
> +	 * has been since we've actually seen end-of-batch.
> +	 */
> +
> +	if (!eob)
> +		return;
> +
> +	rcu_timestamp = rcu_now;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * End the current RCU batch and start a new one.
> +	 */
> +	for_each_present_cpu(cpu) {
> +		rd = &rcu_data[cpu];

And here we get the cross-CPU accesses that I was worried about above.

> +		rcu_end_batch(rd, pending);
> +		if (cpu_online(cpu)) /* wins race with offlining every time */
> +			rd->wait = preempt_count_cpu(cpu) > idle_cpu(cpu);
> +		else
> +			rd->wait = 0;
> +	}
> +	rcu_stats.nbatches++;
> +}
> +
> +static void rcu_delimit_batches(void)
> +{
> +	unsigned long flags;
> +	struct rcu_list pending;
> +
> +	rcu_list_init(&pending);
> +
> +	raw_local_irq_save(flags);
> +	smp_rmb();
> +	__rcu_delimit_batches(&pending);
> +	smp_wmb();
> +	raw_local_irq_restore(flags);
> +
> +	if (pending.head)
> +		rcu_invoke_callbacks(&pending);
> +}
> +
> +/* ------------------ interrupt driver section ------------------ */
> +
> +/*
> + * We drive RCU from a periodic interrupt during most of boot. Once boot
> + * is complete we (optionally) transition to a daemon.
> + */
> +
> +#include <linux/time.h>
> +#include <linux/delay.h>
> +#include <linux/hrtimer.h>
> +#include <linux/interrupt.h>
> +
> +#define RCU_PERIOD_NS		(NSEC_PER_SEC / RCU_HZ)
> +#define RCU_PERIOD_DELTA_NS	(((NSEC_PER_SEC / HZ) * 3) / 2)
> +
> +#define RCU_PERIOD_MIN_NS	RCU_PERIOD_NS
> +#define RCU_PERIOD_MAX_NS	(RCU_PERIOD_NS + RCU_PERIOD_DELTA_NS)
> +
> +static struct hrtimer rcu_timer;
> +
> +static void rcu_softirq_func(struct softirq_action *h)
> +{
> +	rcu_delimit_batches();
> +}
> +
> +static enum hrtimer_restart rcu_timer_func(struct hrtimer *t)
> +{
> +	ktime_t next;
> +
> +	raise_softirq(RCU_SOFTIRQ);
> +
> +	next = ktime_add_ns(ktime_get(), RCU_PERIOD_NS);
> +	hrtimer_set_expires_range_ns(&rcu_timer, next, RCU_PERIOD_DELTA_NS);
> +	return HRTIMER_RESTART;
> +}
> +
> +static void rcu_timer_restart(void)
> +{
> +	pr_info("JRCU: starting timer. rate is %d Hz\n", RCU_HZ);
> +	hrtimer_forward_now(&rcu_timer, ns_to_ktime(RCU_PERIOD_NS));
> +	hrtimer_start_expires(&rcu_timer, HRTIMER_MODE_ABS);
> +}
> +
> +static __init int rcu_timer_start(void)
> +{
> +	open_softirq(RCU_SOFTIRQ, rcu_softirq_func);
> +
> +	hrtimer_init(&rcu_timer, CLOCK_MONOTONIC, HRTIMER_MODE_ABS);
> +	rcu_timer.function = rcu_timer_func;
> +	rcu_timer_restart();
> +
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_JRCU_DAEMON
> +static void rcu_timer_stop(void)
> +{
> +	int stat;
> +
> +	stat = hrtimer_cancel(&rcu_timer);
> +	if (stat)
> +		pr_info("JRCU: timer canceled.\n");
> +}
> +#endif
> +
> +/*
> + * Transition from a simple to a full featured, interrupt driven RCU.
> + *
> + * This is to protect us against RCU being used very very early in the boot
> + * process, where ideas like 'tasks' and 'cpus' and 'timers' and such are
> + * not yet fully formed.  During this very early time, we use a simple,
> + * not-fully-functional braindead version of RCU.
> + *
> + * Invoked from main() at the earliest point where scheduling and timers
> + * are functional.
> + */
> +void __init rcu_scheduler_starting(void)
> +{
> +	int stat;
> +
> +	stat = rcu_timer_start();
> +	if (stat) {
> +		pr_err("JRCU: failed to start.  This is fatal.\n");
> +		return;
> +	}
> +
> +	rcu_scheduler_active = 1;
> +	smp_wmb();
> +
> +	pr_info("JRCU: started\n");
> +}
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_JRCU_DAEMON
> +
> +/* ------------------ daemon driver section --------------------- */
> +
> +#define RCU_PERIOD_MIN_US	(RCU_PERIOD_MIN_NS / NSEC_PER_USEC)
> +#define RCU_PERIOD_MAX_US	(RCU_PERIOD_MAX_NS / NSEC_PER_USEC)
> +
> +/*
> + * Once the system is fully up, we will drive the periodic-polling part
> + * of JRCU from a kernel daemon, jrcud.  Until then it is driven by
> + * an interrupt.
> + */
> +#include <linux/err.h>
> +#include <linux/param.h>
> +#include <linux/kthread.h>
> +
> +static int jrcud_func(void *arg)
> +{
> +	set_user_nice(current, -19);
> +	current->flags |= PF_NOFREEZE;
> +
> +	pr_info("JRCU: daemon started. Will operate at ~%d Hz.\n", RCU_HZ);
> +	rcu_timer_stop();
> +
> +	while (!kthread_should_stop()) {
> +		usleep_range(RCU_PERIOD_MIN_US, RCU_PERIOD_MAX_US);
> +		rcu_delimit_batches();
> +	}
> +
> +	pr_info("JRCU: daemon exiting\n");
> +	rcu_timer_restart();
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +static __init int jrcud_start(void)
> +{
> +	struct task_struct *p;
> +
> +	p = kthread_run(jrcud_func, NULL, "jrcud");
> +	if (IS_ERR(p)) {
> +		pr_warn("JRCU: daemon not started\n");
> +		return -ENODEV;
> +	}
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +late_initcall(jrcud_start);
> +
> +#endif /* CONFIG_JRCU_DAEMON */
> +
> +/* ------------------ debug and statistics section -------------- */
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_RCU_TRACE
> +
> +#include <linux/debugfs.h>
> +#include <linux/seq_file.h>
> +
> +static int rcu_debugfs_show(struct seq_file *m, void *unused)
> +{
> +	int cpu, q, s[2], msecs;
> +
> +	raw_local_irq_disable();
> +	msecs = div_s64(sched_clock() - rcu_timestamp, NSEC_PER_MSEC);
> +	raw_local_irq_enable();
> +
> +	seq_printf(m, "%14u: #batches seen\n",
> +		rcu_stats.nbatches);
> +	seq_printf(m, "%14u: #barriers seen\n",
> +		atomic_read(&rcu_stats.nbarriers));
> +	seq_printf(m, "%14llu: #callbacks invoked\n",
> +		rcu_stats.ninvoked);
> +	seq_printf(m, "%14u: #callbacks left to invoke\n",
> +		atomic_read(&rcu_stats.nleft));
> +	seq_printf(m, "%14u: #msecs since last end-of-batch\n",
> +		msecs);
> +	seq_printf(m, "%14u: #passes forced (0 is best)\n",
> +		rcu_stats.nforced);
> +	seq_printf(m, "\n");
> +
> +	for_each_online_cpu(cpu)
> +		seq_printf(m, "%4d ", cpu);
> +	seq_printf(m, "  CPU\n");
> +
> +	s[1] = s[0] = 0;
> +	for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
> +		struct rcu_data *rd = &rcu_data[cpu];
> +		int w = ACCESS_ONCE(rd->which) & 1;
> +		seq_printf(m, "%c%c%c%d ",
> +			'-',
> +			idle_cpu(cpu) ? 'I' : '-',
> +			rd->wait ? 'W' : '-',
> +			w);
> +		s[w]++;
> +	}
> +	seq_printf(m, "  FLAGS\n");
> +
> +	for (q = 0; q < 2; q++) {
> +		for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
> +			struct rcu_data *rd = &rcu_data[cpu];
> +			struct rcu_list *l = &rd->cblist[q];
> +			seq_printf(m, "%4d ", l->count);
> +		}
> +		seq_printf(m, "  Q%d%c\n", q, " *"[s[q] > s[q^1]]);
> +	}
> +	seq_printf(m, "\nFLAGS:\n");
> +	seq_printf(m, "  I - cpu idle, 0|1 - Q0 or Q1 is current Q, other is previous Q,\n");
> +	seq_printf(m, "  W - cpu does not permit current batch to end (waiting),\n");
> +	seq_printf(m, "  * - marks the Q that is current for most CPUs.\n");
> +
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +
> +static int rcu_debugfs_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
> +{
> +	return single_open(file, rcu_debugfs_show, NULL);
> +}
> +
> +static const struct file_operations rcu_debugfs_fops = {
> +	.owner = THIS_MODULE,
> +	.open = rcu_debugfs_open,
> +	.read = seq_read,
> +	.llseek = seq_lseek,
> +	.release = single_release,
> +};
> +
> +static struct dentry *rcudir;
> +
> +static int __init rcu_debugfs_init(void)
> +{
> +	struct dentry *retval;
> +
> +	rcudir = debugfs_create_dir("rcu", NULL);
> +	if (!rcudir)
> +		goto error;
> +
> +	retval = debugfs_create_file("rcudata", 0444, rcudir,
> +			NULL, &rcu_debugfs_fops);
> +	if (!retval)
> +		goto error;
> +
> +	pr_info("JRCU: Created debugfs files\n");
> +	return 0;
> +
> +error:
> +	debugfs_remove_recursive(rcudir);
> +	pr_warn("JRCU: Could not create debugfs files\n");
> +	return -ENOSYS;
> +}
> +late_initcall(rcu_debugfs_init);
> +#endif /* CONFIG_RCU_TRACE */
> Index: b/include/linux/jrcu.h
> ===================================================================
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/include/linux/jrcu.h
> @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
> +/*
> + * JRCU - A tiny single-cpu RCU for small SMP systems.
> + *
> + * Author: Joe Korty <joe.korty@...r.com>
> + * Copyright Concurrent Computer Corporation, 2011
> + *
> + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
> + * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
> + * Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
> + * option) any later version.
> + *
> + * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
> + * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
> + * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
> + * for more details.
> + *
> + * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
> + * with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
> + * 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
> + */
> +#ifndef __LINUX_JRCU_H
> +#define __LINUX_JRCU_H
> +
> +#define __rcu_read_lock()			preempt_disable()
> +#define __rcu_read_unlock()			preempt_enable()
> +
> +#define __rcu_read_lock_bh()			__rcu_read_lock()
> +#define __rcu_read_unlock_bh()			__rcu_read_unlock()
> +
> +extern void call_rcu(struct rcu_head *head, void (*func)(struct rcu_head *rcu));
> +
> +#define call_rcu_sched				call_rcu
> +#define call_rcu_bh				call_rcu
> +
> +extern void rcu_barrier(void);
> +
> +#define rcu_barrier_sched			rcu_barrier
> +#define rcu_barrier_bh				rcu_barrier
> +
> +#define synchronize_rcu				rcu_barrier
> +#define synchronize_sched			rcu_barrier
> +#define synchronize_sched_expedited		rcu_barrier
> +#define synchronize_rcu_bh			rcu_barrier
> +#define synchronize_rcu_expedited		rcu_barrier
> +#define synchronize_rcu_bh_expedited		rcu_barrier
> +
> +#define rcu_init(cpu)				do { } while (0)
> +#define rcu_init_sched()			do { } while (0)
> +#define exit_rcu()				do { } while (0)
> +
> +static inline void __rcu_check_callbacks(int cpu, int user) { }
> +#define rcu_check_callbacks			__rcu_check_callbacks
> +
> +#define rcu_needs_cpu(cpu)			(0)
> +#define rcu_batches_completed()			(0)
> +#define rcu_batches_completed_bh()		(0)
> +#define rcu_preempt_depth()			(0)
> +
> +extern void rcu_force_quiescent_state(void);
> +
> +#define rcu_sched_force_quiescent_state		rcu_force_quiescent_state
> +#define rcu_bh_force_quiescent_state		rcu_force_quiescent_state
> +
> +#define rcu_enter_nohz()			do { } while (0)
> +#define rcu_exit_nohz()				do { } while (0)
> +
> +extern void rcu_note_context_switch(int cpu);
> +
> +#define rcu_sched_qs				rcu_note_context_switch
> +#define rcu_bh_qs				rcu_note_context_switch
> +
> +extern void rcu_scheduler_starting(void);
> +extern int rcu_scheduler_active __read_mostly;
> +
> +#endif /* __LINUX_JRCU_H */
> Index: b/include/linux/rcupdate.h
> ===================================================================
> --- a/include/linux/rcupdate.h
> +++ b/include/linux/rcupdate.h
> @@ -145,6 +145,8 @@ static inline void rcu_exit_nohz(void)
>  #include <linux/rcutree.h>
>  #elif defined(CONFIG_TINY_RCU) || defined(CONFIG_TINY_PREEMPT_RCU)
>  #include <linux/rcutiny.h>
> +#elif defined(CONFIG_JRCU)
> +#include <linux/jrcu.h>
>  #else
>  #error "Unknown RCU implementation specified to kernel configuration"
>  #endif
> Index: b/init/Kconfig
> ===================================================================
> --- a/init/Kconfig
> +++ b/init/Kconfig
> @@ -384,6 +384,22 @@ config TREE_PREEMPT_RCU
>  	  is also required.  It also scales down nicely to
>  	  smaller systems.
> 
> +config JRCU
> +	bool "A tiny single-CPU RCU for small SMP systems"
> +	depends on PREEMPT
> +	depends on SMP
> +	help
> +	  This option selects a minimal-footprint RCU suitable for small SMP
> +	  systems -- that is, those with fewer than 16 or perhaps 32, and
> +	  certainly less than 64 processors.
> +
> +	  This RCU variant may be a good choice for systems with low latency
> +	  requirements.  It does RCU garbage collection from a single CPU
> +	  rather than have each CPU do its own.  This frees up all but one
> +	  CPU from interference by this periodic requirement.
> +
> +	  Most users should say N here.
> +
>  config TINY_RCU
>  	bool "UP-only small-memory-footprint RCU"
>  	depends on !SMP
> @@ -409,6 +425,17 @@ config PREEMPT_RCU
>  	  This option enables preemptible-RCU code that is common between
>  	  the TREE_PREEMPT_RCU and TINY_PREEMPT_RCU implementations.
> 
> +config JRCU_DAEMON
> +	bool "Drive JRCU from a daemon"
> +	depends on JRCU
> +	default Y
> +	help
> +	  Normally JRCU end-of-batch processing is driven from a SoftIRQ
> +	  'interrupt' driver.  If you consider this to be too invasive,
> +	  this option can be used to drive JRCU from a kernel daemon.
> +
> +	  If unsure, say Y here.
> +
>  config RCU_TRACE
>  	bool "Enable tracing for RCU"
>  	help
> Index: b/kernel/Makefile
> ===================================================================
> --- a/kernel/Makefile
> +++ b/kernel/Makefile
> @@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU) += rcutre
>  obj-$(CONFIG_TREE_RCU_TRACE) += rcutree_trace.o
>  obj-$(CONFIG_TINY_RCU) += rcutiny.o
>  obj-$(CONFIG_TINY_PREEMPT_RCU) += rcutiny.o
> +obj-$(CONFIG_JRCU) += jrcu.o
>  obj-$(CONFIG_RELAY) += relay.o
>  obj-$(CONFIG_SYSCTL) += utsname_sysctl.o
>  obj-$(CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT) += delayacct.o
> Index: b/include/linux/hardirq.h
> ===================================================================
> --- a/include/linux/hardirq.h
> +++ b/include/linux/hardirq.h
> @@ -146,7 +146,13 @@ static inline void account_system_vtime(
>  extern void account_system_vtime(struct task_struct *tsk);
>  #endif
> 
> -#if defined(CONFIG_NO_HZ)
> +#if defined(CONFIG_JRCU)
> +extern int rcu_nmi_seen;
> +#define rcu_irq_enter() do { } while (0)
> +#define rcu_irq_exit() do { } while (0)
> +#define rcu_nmi_enter() do { rcu_nmi_seen = 1; } while (0)
> +#define rcu_nmi_exit() do { } while (0)
> +#elif defined(CONFIG_NO_HZ)
>  #if defined(CONFIG_TINY_RCU) || defined(CONFIG_TINY_PREEMPT_RCU)
>  extern void rcu_enter_nohz(void);
>  extern void rcu_exit_nohz(void);
> @@ -168,7 +174,6 @@ static inline void rcu_nmi_enter(void)
>  static inline void rcu_nmi_exit(void)
>  {
>  }
> -
>  #else
>  extern void rcu_irq_enter(void);
>  extern void rcu_irq_exit(void);
> Index: b/kernel/sched.c
> ===================================================================
> --- a/kernel/sched.c
> +++ b/kernel/sched.c
> @@ -2658,6 +2658,21 @@ void sched_fork(struct task_struct *p, i
>  }
> 
>  /*
> + * Fetch the preempt count of some cpu's current task.  Must be called
> + * with interrupts blocked.  Stale return value.
> + *
> + * No locking needed as this always wins the race with context-switch-out
> + * + task destruction, since that is so heavyweight.  The smp_rmb() is
> + * to protect the pointers in that race, not the data being pointed to
> + * (which, being guaranteed stale, can stand a bit of fuzziness).
> + */
> +int preempt_count_cpu(int cpu)
> +{
> +	smp_rmb(); /* stop data prefetch until program ctr gets here */
> +	return task_thread_info(cpu_curr(cpu))->preempt_count;
> +}
> +
> +/*
>   * wake_up_new_task - wake up a newly created task for the first time.
>   *
>   * This function will do some initial scheduler statistics housekeeping
> @@ -3811,7 +3826,7 @@ void __kprobes add_preempt_count(int val
>  	if (DEBUG_LOCKS_WARN_ON((preempt_count() < 0)))
>  		return;
>  #endif
> -	preempt_count() += val;
> +	__add_preempt_count(val);
>  #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_PREEMPT
>  	/*
>  	 * Spinlock count overflowing soon?
> @@ -3842,7 +3857,7 @@ void __kprobes sub_preempt_count(int val
> 
>  	if (preempt_count() == val)
>  		trace_preempt_on(CALLER_ADDR0, get_parent_ip(CALLER_ADDR1));
> -	preempt_count() -= val;
> +	__sub_preempt_count(val);
>  }
>  EXPORT_SYMBOL(sub_preempt_count);
> 
> @@ -3994,6 +4009,7 @@ need_resched_nonpreemptible:
> 
>  		rq->nr_switches++;
>  		rq->curr = next;
> +		smp_wmb(); /* for preempt_count_cpu() */
>  		++*switch_count;
> 
>  		context_switch(rq, prev, next); /* unlocks the rq */
> @@ -8209,6 +8225,7 @@ struct task_struct *curr_task(int cpu)
>  void set_curr_task(int cpu, struct task_struct *p)
>  {
>  	cpu_curr(cpu) = p;
> +	smp_wmb(); /* for preempt_count_cpu() */
>  }
> 
>  #endif
> Index: b/include/linux/preempt.h
> ===================================================================
> --- a/include/linux/preempt.h
> +++ b/include/linux/preempt.h
> @@ -10,18 +10,33 @@
>  #include <linux/linkage.h>
>  #include <linux/list.h>
> 
> +# define __add_preempt_count(val) do { preempt_count() += (val); } while (0)
> +
> +#ifndef CONFIG_JRCU
> +# define __sub_preempt_count(val) do { preempt_count() -= (val); } while (0)
> +#else
> +  extern void __rcu_preempt_sub(void);
> +# define __sub_preempt_count(val) do { \
> +	if (!(preempt_count() -= (val))) { \
> +		/* preempt is enabled, RCU OK with consequent stale result */ \
> +		__rcu_preempt_sub(); \
> +	} \
> +} while (0)
> +#endif
> +
>  #if defined(CONFIG_DEBUG_PREEMPT) || defined(CONFIG_PREEMPT_TRACER)
>    extern void add_preempt_count(int val);
>    extern void sub_preempt_count(int val);
>  #else
> -# define add_preempt_count(val)	do { preempt_count() += (val); } while (0)
> -# define sub_preempt_count(val)	do { preempt_count() -= (val); } while (0)
> +# define add_preempt_count(val)	__add_preempt_count(val)
> +# define sub_preempt_count(val)	__sub_preempt_count(val)
>  #endif
> 
>  #define inc_preempt_count() add_preempt_count(1)
>  #define dec_preempt_count() sub_preempt_count(1)
> 
>  #define preempt_count()	(current_thread_info()->preempt_count)
> +extern int preempt_count_cpu(int cpu);
> 
>  #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT
> 
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