Date:	Sun, 29 May 2011 23:48:47 -0400
From:	Andy Lutomirski <luto@....EDU>
To:	Ingo Molnar <mingo@...e.hu>, x86@...nel.org
Cc:	Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
	Jesper Juhl <jj@...osbits.net>, Borislav Petkov <bp@...en8.de>,
	Linus Torvalds <torvalds@...ux-foundation.org>,
	Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
	Arjan van de Ven <arjan@...radead.org>,
	Jan Beulich <JBeulich@...ell.com>,
	richard -rw- weinberger <richard.weinberger@...il.com>,
	Mikael Pettersson <mikpe@...uu.se>,
	Andy Lutomirski <luto@....edu>
Subject: [PATCH v2 10/10] x86-64: Document some of entry_64.S

Signed-off-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@....edu>
---
 Documentation/x86/entry_64.txt |   95 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 arch/x86/kernel/entry_64.S     |    2 +
 2 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/x86/entry_64.txt

diff --git a/Documentation/x86/entry_64.txt b/Documentation/x86/entry_64.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..081c405
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/x86/entry_64.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+This file documents some of the kernel entries in
+arch/x86/kernel/entry_64.S.  A lot of this explanation is adapted from
+an email from Ingo Molnar:
+
+http://lkml.kernel.org/r/<20110529191055.GC9835%40elte.hu>
+
+The x86 architecture has quite a few different ways to jump into
+kernel code.  Most of these entry points are registered in
+arch/x86/kernel/traps.c and implemented in arch/x86/kernel/entry_64.S.
+
+The IDT vector assignments are listed in arch/x86/include/irq_vectors.h.
+
+Some of these entries are:
+
+ - system_call: syscall instruction from 64-bit code.
+
+ - ia32_syscall: int 0x80 from 32-bit or 64-bit code; compat syscall
+   either way.
+
+ - ia32_syscall, ia32_sysenter: syscall and sysenter from 32-bit code
+
+ - interrupt: An array of entries.  Every IDT vector that doesn't
+   explicitly point somewhere else gets set to the corresponding value
+   in interrupts.  These point to a whole array of magically-generated
+   functions that make their way to do_IRQ with the interrupt number
+   as a parameter.
+
+ - emulate_vsyscall: int 0xcc, a special non-ABI entry used by
+   vsyscall emulation.
+
+ - APIC interrupts: Various special-purpose interrupts for things like
+   TLB shootdown.
+
+ - Architecturally-defined exceptions like divide_error.
+
+There are a few complexities here.  The different x86-64 entries have
+different calling conventions.  The syscall and sysenter instructions
+have their own peculiar calling conventions.  Some of the IDT entries
+push an error code onto the stack; others don't.  IDT entries using
+the IST alternative stack mechanism need their own magic to get the
+stack frames right.  (You can find some documentation in the Intel
+SDM, Volume 3, Chapter 6.)
+
+Dealing with the swapgs instruction is especially tricky.  Swapgs
+toggles whether gs is the kernel gs or the user gs.  The swapgs
+instruction is rather fragile: it must nest perfectly and only in
+single depth, it should only be used if entering from user mode to
+kernel mode and then when returning to user-space, and precisely
+so. If we mess that up even slightly, we crash.
+
+So when we have a secondary entry, already in kernel mode, we *must
+not* use SWAPGS blindly - nor must we forget doing a SWAPGS when it's
+not switched/swapped yet.
+
+Now, there's a secondary complication: there's a cheap way to test
+which mode the CPU is in and an expensive way.
+
+The cheap way is to pick this info off the entry frame on the kernel
+stack, from the CS of the ptregs area of the kernel stack:
+
+	xorl %ebx,%ebx
+	testl $3,CS+8(%rsp)
+	je error_kernelspace
+	SWAPGS
+
+The expensive (paranoid) way is to read back the MSR_GS_BASE value
+(which is what SWAPGS modifies):
+
+	movl $1,%ebx
+	movl $MSR_GS_BASE,%ecx
+	rdmsr
+	testl %edx,%edx
+	js 1f   /* negative -> in kernel */
+	SWAPGS
+	xorl %ebx,%ebx
+1:	ret
+
+and the whole paranoid non-paranoid macro complexity is about whether
+to suffer that RDMSR cost.
+
+If we are at an interrupt or user-trap/gate-alike boundary then we can
+use the faster check: the stack will be a reliable indicator of
+whether SWAPGS was already done: if we see that we are a secondary
+entry interrupting kernel mode execution, then we know that the GS
+base has already been switched. If it says that we interrupted
+user-space execution then we must do the SWAPGS.
+
+But if we are in an NMI/MCE/DEBUG/whatever super-atomic entry context,
+which might have triggered right after a normal entry wrote CS to the
+stack but before we executed SWAPGS, then the only safe way to check
+for GS is the slower method: the RDMSR.
+
+So we try only to mark those entry methods 'paranoid' that absolutely
+need the more expensive check for the GS base - and we generate all
+'normal' entry points with the regular (faster) entry macros.
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/entry_64.S b/arch/x86/kernel/entry_64.S
index bee7e81..e949793 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/entry_64.S
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/entry_64.S
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 /*
  * entry.S contains the system-call and fault low-level handling routines.
  *
+ * Some of this is documented in Documentation/x86/entry_64.txt
+ *
  * NOTE: This code handles signal-recognition, which happens every time
  * after an interrupt and after each system call.
  *
-- 
1.7.5.1

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