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Message-ID: <tip-98eedc3a9dbf90cecb91093d2a7fa083942b7d13@git.kernel.org>
Date: Fri, 15 Jul 2011 04:25:37 GMT
From: tip-bot for Andy Lutomirski <luto@....edu>
To: linux-tip-commits@...r.kernel.org
Cc: linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, hpa@...or.com, mingo@...hat.com,
luto@....edu, tglx@...utronix.de, hpa@...ux.intel.com
Subject: [tip:x86/vdso] Document the vDSO and add a reference parser
Commit-ID: 98eedc3a9dbf90cecb91093d2a7fa083942b7d13
Gitweb: http://git.kernel.org/tip/98eedc3a9dbf90cecb91093d2a7fa083942b7d13
Author: Andy Lutomirski <luto@....edu>
AuthorDate: Wed, 13 Jul 2011 09:24:16 -0400
Committer: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@...ux.intel.com>
CommitDate: Thu, 14 Jul 2011 17:57:09 -0700
Document the vDSO and add a reference parser
It turns out that parsing the vDSO is nontrivial if you don't already
have an ELF dynamic loader around. So document it in Documentation/ABI
and add a reference CC0-licenced parser.
This code is dedicated to Go issue 1933:
http://code.google.com/p/go/issues/detail?id=1933
Signed-off-by: Andy Lutomirski <luto@....edu>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/a315a9514cd71bcf29436cc31e35aada21a5ff21.1310563276.git.luto@mit.edu
Signed-off-by: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@...ux.intel.com>
---
Documentation/ABI/stable/vdso | 27 ++++
Documentation/vDSO/parse_vdso.c | 256 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Documentation/vDSO/vdso_test.c | 111 +++++++++++++++++
3 files changed, 394 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
diff --git a/Documentation/ABI/stable/vdso b/Documentation/ABI/stable/vdso
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a1cbb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/ABI/stable/vdso
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+On some architectures, when the kernel loads any userspace program it
+maps an ELF DSO into that program's address space. This DSO is called
+the vDSO and it often contains useful and highly-optimized alternatives
+to real syscalls.
+
+These functions are called just like ordinary C function according to
+your platform's ABI. Call them from a sensible context. (For example,
+if you set CS on x86 to something strange, the vDSO functions are
+within their rights to crash.) In addition, if you pass a bad
+pointer to a vDSO function, you might get SIGSEGV instead of -EFAULT.
+
+To find the DSO, parse the auxiliary vector passed to the program's
+entry point. The AT_SYSINFO_EHDR entry will point to the vDSO.
+
+The vDSO uses symbol versioning; whenever you request a symbol from the
+vDSO, specify the version you are expecting.
+
+Programs that dynamically link to glibc will use the vDSO automatically.
+Otherwise, you can use the reference parser in Documentation/vDSO/parse_vdso.c.
+
+Unless otherwise noted, the set of symbols with any given version and the
+ABI of those symbols is considered stable. It may vary across architectures,
+though.
+
+(As of this writing, this ABI documentation as been confirmed for x86_64.
+ The maintainers of the other vDSO-using architectures should confirm
+ that it is correct for their architecture.)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Documentation/vDSO/parse_vdso.c b/Documentation/vDSO/parse_vdso.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8587020
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vDSO/parse_vdso.c
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+/*
+ * parse_vdso.c: Linux reference vDSO parser
+ * Written by Andrew Lutomirski, 2011.
+ *
+ * This code is meant to be linked in to various programs that run on Linux.
+ * As such, it is available with as few restrictions as possible. This file
+ * is licensed under the Creative Commons Zero License, version 1.0,
+ * available at http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode
+ *
+ * The vDSO is a regular ELF DSO that the kernel maps into user space when
+ * it starts a program. It works equally well in statically and dynamically
+ * linked binaries.
+ *
+ * This code is tested on x86_64. In principle it should work on any 64-bit
+ * architecture that has a vDSO.
+ */
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <elf.h>
+
+/*
+ * To use this vDSO parser, first call one of the vdso_init_* functions.
+ * If you've already parsed auxv, then pass the value of AT_SYSINFO_EHDR
+ * to vdso_init_from_sysinfo_ehdr. Otherwise pass auxv to vdso_init_from_auxv.
+ * Then call vdso_sym for each symbol you want. For example, to look up
+ * gettimeofday on x86_64, use:
+ *
+ * <some pointer> = vdso_sym("LINUX_2.6", "gettimeofday");
+ * or
+ * <some pointer> = vdso_sym("LINUX_2.6", "__vdso_gettimeofday");
+ *
+ * vdso_sym will return 0 if the symbol doesn't exist or if the init function
+ * failed or was not called. vdso_sym is a little slow, so its return value
+ * should be cached.
+ *
+ * vdso_sym is threadsafe; the init functions are not.
+ *
+ * These are the prototypes:
+ */
+extern void vdso_init_from_auxv(void *auxv);
+extern void vdso_init_from_sysinfo_ehdr(uintptr_t base);
+extern void *vdso_sym(const char *version, const char *name);
+
+
+/* And here's the code. */
+
+#ifndef __x86_64__
+# error Not yet ported to non-x86_64 architectures
+#endif
+
+static struct vdso_info
+{
+ bool valid;
+
+ /* Load information */
+ uintptr_t load_addr;
+ uintptr_t load_offset; /* load_addr - recorded vaddr */
+
+ /* Symbol table */
+ Elf64_Sym *symtab;
+ const char *symstrings;
+ Elf64_Word *bucket, *chain;
+ Elf64_Word nbucket, nchain;
+
+ /* Version table */
+ Elf64_Versym *versym;
+ Elf64_Verdef *verdef;
+} vdso_info;
+
+/* Straight from the ELF specification. */
+static unsigned long elf_hash(const unsigned char *name)
+{
+ unsigned long h = 0, g;
+ while (*name)
+ {
+ h = (h << 4) + *name++;
+ if (g = h & 0xf0000000)
+ h ^= g >> 24;
+ h &= ~g;
+ }
+ return h;
+}
+
+void vdso_init_from_sysinfo_ehdr(uintptr_t base)
+{
+ size_t i;
+ bool found_vaddr = false;
+
+ vdso_info.valid = false;
+
+ vdso_info.load_addr = base;
+
+ Elf64_Ehdr *hdr = (Elf64_Ehdr*)base;
+ Elf64_Phdr *pt = (Elf64_Phdr*)(vdso_info.load_addr + hdr->e_phoff);
+ Elf64_Dyn *dyn = 0;
+
+ /*
+ * We need two things from the segment table: the load offset
+ * and the dynamic table.
+ */
+ for (i = 0; i < hdr->e_phnum; i++)
+ {
+ if (pt[i].p_type == PT_LOAD && !found_vaddr) {
+ found_vaddr = true;
+ vdso_info.load_offset = base
+ + (uintptr_t)pt[i].p_offset
+ - (uintptr_t)pt[i].p_vaddr;
+ } else if (pt[i].p_type == PT_DYNAMIC) {
+ dyn = (Elf64_Dyn*)(base + pt[i].p_offset);
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (!found_vaddr || !dyn)
+ return; /* Failed */
+
+ /*
+ * Fish out the useful bits of the dynamic table.
+ */
+ Elf64_Word *hash = 0;
+ vdso_info.symstrings = 0;
+ vdso_info.symtab = 0;
+ vdso_info.versym = 0;
+ vdso_info.verdef = 0;
+ for (i = 0; dyn[i].d_tag != DT_NULL; i++) {
+ switch (dyn[i].d_tag) {
+ case DT_STRTAB:
+ vdso_info.symstrings = (const char *)
+ ((uintptr_t)dyn[i].d_un.d_ptr
+ + vdso_info.load_offset);
+ break;
+ case DT_SYMTAB:
+ vdso_info.symtab = (Elf64_Sym *)
+ ((uintptr_t)dyn[i].d_un.d_ptr
+ + vdso_info.load_offset);
+ break;
+ case DT_HASH:
+ hash = (Elf64_Word *)
+ ((uintptr_t)dyn[i].d_un.d_ptr
+ + vdso_info.load_offset);
+ break;
+ case DT_VERSYM:
+ vdso_info.versym = (Elf64_Versym *)
+ ((uintptr_t)dyn[i].d_un.d_ptr
+ + vdso_info.load_offset);
+ break;
+ case DT_VERDEF:
+ vdso_info.verdef = (Elf64_Verdef *)
+ ((uintptr_t)dyn[i].d_un.d_ptr
+ + vdso_info.load_offset);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ if (!vdso_info.symstrings || !vdso_info.symtab || !hash)
+ return; /* Failed */
+
+ if (!vdso_info.verdef)
+ vdso_info.versym = 0;
+
+ /* Parse the hash table header. */
+ vdso_info.nbucket = hash[0];
+ vdso_info.nchain = hash[1];
+ vdso_info.bucket = &hash[2];
+ vdso_info.chain = &hash[vdso_info.nbucket + 2];
+
+ /* That's all we need. */
+ vdso_info.valid = true;
+}
+
+static bool vdso_match_version(Elf64_Versym ver,
+ const char *name, Elf64_Word hash)
+{
+ /*
+ * This is a helper function to check if the version indexed by
+ * ver matches name (which hashes to hash).
+ *
+ * The version definition table is a mess, and I don't know how
+ * to do this in better than linear time without allocating memory
+ * to build an index. I also don't know why the table has
+ * variable size entries in the first place.
+ *
+ * For added fun, I can't find a comprehensible specification of how
+ * to parse all the weird flags in the table.
+ *
+ * So I just parse the whole table every time.
+ */
+
+ /* First step: find the version definition */
+ ver &= 0x7fff; /* Apparently bit 15 means "hidden" */
+ Elf64_Verdef *def = vdso_info.verdef;
+ while(true) {
+ if ((def->vd_flags & VER_FLG_BASE) == 0
+ && (def->vd_ndx & 0x7fff) == ver)
+ break;
+
+ if (def->vd_next == 0)
+ return false; /* No definition. */
+
+ def = (Elf64_Verdef *)((char *)def + def->vd_next);
+ }
+
+ /* Now figure out whether it matches. */
+ Elf64_Verdaux *aux = (Elf64_Verdaux*)((char *)def + def->vd_aux);
+ return def->vd_hash == hash
+ && !strcmp(name, vdso_info.symstrings + aux->vda_name);
+}
+
+void *vdso_sym(const char *version, const char *name)
+{
+ unsigned long ver_hash;
+ if (!vdso_info.valid)
+ return 0;
+
+ ver_hash = elf_hash(version);
+ Elf64_Word chain = vdso_info.bucket[elf_hash(name) % vdso_info.nbucket];
+
+ for (; chain != STN_UNDEF; chain = vdso_info.chain[chain]) {
+ Elf64_Sym *sym = &vdso_info.symtab[chain];
+
+ /* Check for a defined global or weak function w/ right name. */
+ if (ELF64_ST_TYPE(sym->st_info) != STT_FUNC)
+ continue;
+ if (ELF64_ST_BIND(sym->st_info) != STB_GLOBAL &&
+ ELF64_ST_BIND(sym->st_info) != STB_WEAK)
+ continue;
+ if (sym->st_shndx == SHN_UNDEF)
+ continue;
+ if (strcmp(name, vdso_info.symstrings + sym->st_name))
+ continue;
+
+ /* Check symbol version. */
+ if (vdso_info.versym
+ && !vdso_match_version(vdso_info.versym[chain],
+ version, ver_hash))
+ continue;
+
+ return (void *)(vdso_info.load_offset + sym->st_value);
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+void vdso_init_from_auxv(void *auxv)
+{
+ Elf64_auxv_t *elf_auxv = auxv;
+ for (int i = 0; elf_auxv[i].a_type != AT_NULL; i++)
+ {
+ if (elf_auxv[i].a_type == AT_SYSINFO_EHDR) {
+ vdso_init_from_sysinfo_ehdr(elf_auxv[i].a_un.a_val);
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+
+ vdso_info.valid = false;
+}
diff --git a/Documentation/vDSO/vdso_test.c b/Documentation/vDSO/vdso_test.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fff6334
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vDSO/vdso_test.c
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+/*
+ * vdso_test.c: Sample code to test parse_vdso.c on x86_64
+ * Copyright (c) 2011 Andy Lutomirski
+ * Subject to the GNU General Public License, version 2
+ *
+ * You can amuse yourself by compiling with:
+ * gcc -std=gnu99 -nostdlib
+ * -Os -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables -flto
+ * vdso_test.c parse_vdso.c -o vdso_test
+ * to generate a small binary with no dependencies at all.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+extern void *vdso_sym(const char *version, const char *name);
+extern void vdso_init_from_sysinfo_ehdr(uintptr_t base);
+extern void vdso_init_from_auxv(void *auxv);
+
+/* We need a libc functions... */
+int strcmp(const char *a, const char *b)
+{
+ /* This implementation is buggy: it never returns -1. */
+ while (*a || *b) {
+ if (*a != *b)
+ return 1;
+ if (*a == 0 || *b == 0)
+ return 1;
+ a++;
+ b++;
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+/* ...and two syscalls. This is x86_64-specific. */
+static inline long linux_write(int fd, const void *data, size_t len)
+{
+
+ long ret;
+ asm volatile ("syscall" : "=a" (ret) : "a" (__NR_write),
+ "D" (fd), "S" (data), "d" (len) :
+ "cc", "memory", "rcx",
+ "r8", "r9", "r10", "r11" );
+ return ret;
+}
+
+static inline void linux_exit(int code)
+{
+ asm volatile ("syscall" : : "a" (__NR_exit), "D" (code));
+}
+
+void to_base10(char *lastdig, uint64_t n)
+{
+ while (n) {
+ *lastdig = (n % 10) + '0';
+ n /= 10;
+ lastdig--;
+ }
+}
+
+__attribute__((externally_visible)) void c_main(void **stack)
+{
+ /* Parse the stack */
+ long argc = (long)*stack;
+ stack += argc + 2;
+
+ /* Now we're pointing at the environment. Skip it. */
+ while(*stack)
+ stack++;
+ stack++;
+
+ /* Now we're pointing at auxv. Initialize the vDSO parser. */
+ vdso_init_from_auxv((void *)stack);
+
+ /* Find gettimeofday. */
+ typedef long (*gtod_t)(struct timeval *tv, struct timezone *tz);
+ gtod_t gtod = (gtod_t)vdso_sym("LINUX_2.6", "__vdso_gettimeofday");
+
+ if (!gtod)
+ linux_exit(1);
+
+ struct timeval tv;
+ long ret = gtod(&tv, 0);
+
+ if (ret == 0) {
+ char buf[] = "The time is .000000\n";
+ to_base10(buf + 31, tv.tv_sec);
+ to_base10(buf + 38, tv.tv_usec);
+ linux_write(1, buf, sizeof(buf) - 1);
+ } else {
+ linux_exit(ret);
+ }
+
+ linux_exit(0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * This is the real entry point. It passes the initial stack into
+ * the C entry point.
+ */
+asm (
+ ".text\n"
+ ".global _start\n"
+ ".type _start,@function\n"
+ "_start:\n\t"
+ "mov %rsp,%rdi\n\t"
+ "jmp c_main"
+ );
--
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