Message-ID: <20110913174046.GA11315@ca-server1.us.oracle.com>
Date:	Tue, 13 Sep 2011 10:40:46 -0700
From:	Dan Magenheimer <dan.magenheimer@...cle.com>
To:	linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, linux-mm@...ck.org, jeremy@...p.org,
	hughd@...gle.com, ngupta@...are.org, konrad.wilk@...cle.com,
	JBeulich@...ell.com, kurt.hackel@...cle.com, npiggin@...nel.dk,
	akpm@...ux-foundation.org, riel@...hat.com, hannes@...xchg.org,
	matthew@....cx, chris.mason@...cle.com, dan.magenheimer@...cle.com,
	sjenning@...ux.vnet.ibm.com, kamezawa.hiroyu@...fujitsu.com,
	jackdachef@...il.com, cyclonusj@...il.com, levinsasha928@...il.com
Subject: [PATCH V9 4/6] mm: frontswap: config and doc files

From: Dan Magenheimer <dan.magenheimer@...cle.com>
Subject: [PATCH V9 4/6] mm: frontswap: config and doc files

This fourth patch of six in the frontswap series adds configuration
and documentation files.

[v9: akpm@...ux-foundation.org: sysfs->debugfs; no longer need Doc/ABI file]
[v8: rebase to 3.0-rc4]
[v7: rebase to 3.0-rc3]
[v6: rebase to 3.0-rc1]
[v5: change config default to n]
[v4: rebase to 2.6.39]
Signed-off-by: Dan Magenheimer <dan.magenheimer@...cle.com>
Reviewed-by: Konrad Wilk <konrad.wilk@...cle.com>
Acked-by: Jan Beulich <JBeulich@...ell.com>
Acked-by: Seth Jennings <sjenning@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@...p.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@...gle.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@...xchg.org>
Cc: Nitin Gupta <ngupta@...are.org>
Cc: Matthew Wilcox <matthew@....cx>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@...cle.com>
Cc: Rik Riel <riel@...hat.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>

--- linux/mm/Makefile	2011-07-20 14:50:42.365999021 -0600
+++ frontswap-v9/mm/Makefile	2011-09-12 10:29:08.069701169 -0600
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK) += memblock.
 
 obj-$(CONFIG_BOUNCE)	+= bounce.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SWAP)	+= page_io.o swap_state.o swapfile.o thrash.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_FRONTSWAP)	+= frontswap.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_HAS_DMA)	+= dmapool.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_HUGETLBFS)	+= hugetlb.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_NUMA) 	+= mempolicy.o
--- linux/mm/Kconfig	2011-08-08 08:19:26.303686905 -0600
+++ frontswap-v9/mm/Kconfig	2011-09-12 10:29:08.066686424 -0600
@@ -370,3 +370,20 @@ config CLEANCACHE
 	  in a negligible performance hit.
 
 	  If unsure, say Y to enable cleancache
+
+config FRONTSWAP
+	bool "Enable frontswap to cache swap pages if tmem is present"
+	depends on SWAP
+	default n
+	help
+	  Frontswap is so named because it can be thought of as the opposite
+	  of a "backing" store for a swap device.  The data is stored into
+	  "transcendent memory", memory that is not directly accessible or
+	  addressable by the kernel and is of unknown and possibly
+	  time-varying size.  When space in transcendent memory is available,
+	  a significant swap I/O reduction may be achieved.  When none is
+	  available, all frontswap calls are reduced to a single pointer-
+	  compare-against-NULL resulting in a negligible performance hit
+	  and swap data is stored as normal on the matching swap device.
+
+	  If unsure, say Y to enable frontswap.
--- linux/Documentation/vm/frontswap.txt	1969-12-31 17:00:00.000000000 -0700
+++ frontswap-v9/Documentation/vm/frontswap.txt	2011-09-12 15:15:57.114669631 -0600
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+Frontswap provides a "transcendent memory" interface for swap pages.
+In some environments, dramatic performance savings may be obtained because
+swapped pages are saved in RAM (or a RAM-like device) instead of a swap disk.
+
+Frontswap is so named because it can be thought of as the opposite of
+a "backing" store for a swap device.  The storage is assumed to be
+a synchronous concurrency-safe page-oriented "pseudo-RAM device" conforming
+to the requirements of transcendent memory (such as Xen's "tmem", or
+in-kernel compressed memory, aka "zcache", or future RAM-like devices);
+this pseudo-RAM device is not directly accessible or addressable by the
+kernel and is of unknown and possibly time-varying size.  The driver
+links itself to frontswap by calling frontswap_register_ops to set the
+frontswap_ops funcs appropriately and the functions it provides must
+conform to certain policies as follows:
+
+An "init" prepares the device to receive frontswap pages associated
+with the specified swap device number (aka "type").  A "put_page" will
+copy the page to transcendent memory and associate it with the type and
+offset associated with the page. A "get_page" will copy the page, if found,
+from transcendent memory into kernel memory, but will NOT remove the page
+from from transcendent memory.  An "invalidate_page" will remove the page
+from transcendent memory and an "invalidate_area" will remove ALL pages
+associated with the swap type (e.g., like swapoff) and notify the "device"
+to refuse further puts with that swap type.
+
+Once a page is successfully put, a matching get on the page will normally
+succeed.  So when the kernel finds itself in a situation where it needs
+to swap out a page, it first attempts to use frontswap.  If the put returns
+success, the data has been successfully saved to transcendent memory and
+a disk write and, if the data is later read back, a disk read are avoided.
+If a put returns failure, transcendent memory has rejected the data, and the
+page can be written to swap as usual.
+
+Note that if a page is put and the page already exists in transcendent memory
+(a "duplicate" put), either the put succeeds and the data is overwritten,
+or the put fails AND the page is invalidated.  This ensures stale data may
+never be obtained from frontswap.
+
+If properly configured, monitoring of frontswap is done via debugfs in
+the /sys/kernel/debug/frontswap directory.  The effectiveness of
+frontswap can be measured (across all swap devices) with:
+
+failed_puts	- how many put attempts have failed
+gets		- how many gets were attempted (all should succeed)
+succ_puts	- how many put attempts have succeeded
+invalidates	- how many invalidates were attempted
+
+A backend implementation may provide additional metrics.
+
+FAQ
+
+1) Where's the value?
+
+When a workload starts swapping, performance falls through the floor.
+Frontswap significantly increases performance in many such workloads by
+providing a clean, dynamic interface to read and write swap pages to
+"transcendent memory" that is otherwise not directly addressable to the kernel.
+This interface is ideal when data is transformed to a different form
+and size (such as with compression) or secretly moved (as might be
+useful for write-balancing for some RAM-like devices).  Swap pages (and
+evicted page-cache pages) are a great use for this kind of slower-than-RAM-
+but-much-faster-than-disk "pseudo-RAM device" and the frontswap (and
+cleancache) interface to transcendent memory provides a nice way to read
+and write -- and indirectly "name" -- the pages.
+
+In the virtual case, the whole point of virtualization is to statistically
+multiplex physical resources acrosst the varying demands of multiple
+virtual machines.  This is really hard to do with RAM and efforts to do
+it well with no kernel changes have essentially failed (except in some
+well-publicized special-case workloads).  Frontswap -- and cleancache --
+with a fairly small impact on the kernel, provides a huge amount
+of flexibility for more dynamic, flexible RAM multiplexing.
+Specifically, the Xen Transcendent Memory backend allows otherwise
+"fallow" hypervisor-owned RAM to not only be "time-shared" between multiple
+virtual machines, but the pages can be compressed and deduplicated to
+optimize RAM utilization.  And when guest OS's are induced to surrender
+underutilized RAM (e.g. with "self-ballooning"), sudden unexpected
+memory pressure may result in swapping; frontswap allows those pages
+to be swapped to and from hypervisor RAM if overall host system memory
+conditions allow.
+
+2) Sure there may be performance advantages in some situations, but
+   what's the space/time overhead of frontswap?
+
+If CONFIG_FRONTSWAP is disabled, every frontswap hook compiles into
+nothingness and the only overhead is a few extra bytes per swapon'ed
+swap device.  If CONFIG_FRONTSWAP is enabled but no frontswap "backend"
+registers, there is one extra global variable compared to zero for
+every swap page read or written.  If CONFIG_FRONTSWAP is enabled
+AND a frontswap backend registers AND the backend fails every "put"
+request (i.e. provides no memory despite claiming it might),
+CPU overhead is still negligible -- and since every frontswap fail
+precedes a swap page write-to-disk, the system is highly likely
+to be I/O bound and using a small fraction of a percent of a CPU
+will be irrelevant anyway.
+
+As for space, if CONFIG_FRONTSWAP is enabled AND a frontswap backend
+registers, one bit is allocated for every swap page for every swap
+device that is swapon'd.  This is added to the EIGHT bits (which
+was sixteen until about 2.6.34) that the kernel already allocates
+for every swap page for every swap device that is swapon'd.  (Hugh
+Dickins has observed that frontswap could probably steal one of
+the existing eight bits, but let's worry about that minor optimization
+later.)  For very large swap disks (which are rare) on a standard
+4K pagesize, this is 1MB per 32GB swap.
+
+3) OK, how about a quick overview of what this frontswap patch does
+   in terms that a kernel hacker can grok?
+
+Let's assume that a frontswap "backend" has registered during
+kernel initialization; this registration indicates that this
+frontswap backend has access to some "memory" that is not directly
+accessible by the kernel.  Exactly how much memory it provides is
+entirely dynamic and random.
+
+Whenever a swap-device is swapon'd frontswap_init() is called,
+passing the swap device number (aka "type") as a parameter.
+This notifies frontswap to expect attempts to "put" swap pages
+associated with that number.
+
+Whenever the swap subsystem is readying a page to write to a swap
+device (c.f swap_writepage()), frontswap_put_page is called.  Frontswap
+consults with the frontswap backend and if the backend says it does NOT
+have room, frontswap_put_page returns -1 and the kernel swaps the page
+to the swap device as normal.  Note that the response from the frontswap
+backend is unpredictable to the kernel; it may choose to never accept a
+page, it could accept every ninth page, or it might accept every
+page.  But if the backend does accept a page, the data from the page
+has already been copied and associated with the type and offset,
+and the backend guarantees the persistence of the data.  In this case,
+frontswap sets a bit in the "frontswap_map" for the swap device
+corresponding to the page offset on the swap device to which it would
+otherwise have written the data.
+
+When the swap subsystem needs to swap-in a page (swap_readpage()),
+it first calls frontswap_get_page() which checks the frontswap_map to
+see if the page was earlier accepted by the frontswap backend.  If
+it was, the page of data is filled from the frontswap backend and
+the swap-in is complete.  If not, the normal swap-in code is
+executed to obtain the page of data from the real swap device.
+
+So every time the frontswap backend accepts a page, a swap device read
+and (potentially) a swap device write are replaced by a "frontswap backend
+put" and (possibly) a "frontswap backend get", which are presumably much
+faster.
+
+4) Can't frontswap be configured as a "special" swap device that is
+   just higher priority than any real swap device (e.g. like zswap)?
+
+No.  Recall that acceptance of any swap page by the frontswap
+backend is entirely unpredictable. This is critical to the definition
+of frontswap because it grants completely dynamic discretion to the
+backend.  But since any "put" might fail, there must always be a real
+slot on a real swap device to swap the page.  Thus frontswap must be
+implemented as a "shadow" to every swapon'd device with the potential
+capability of holding every page that the swap device might have held
+and the possibility that it might hold no pages at all.
+On the downside, this also means that frontswap cannot contain more
+pages than the total of swapon'd swap devices.  For example, if NO
+swap device is configured on some installation, frontswap is useless.
+
+Further, frontswap is entirely synchronous whereas a real swap
+device is, by definition, asynchronous and uses block I/O.  The
+block I/O layer is not only unnecessary, but may perform "optimizations"
+that are inappropriate for a RAM-oriented device including delaying
+the write of some pages for a significant amount of time.  Synchrony is
+required to ensure the dynamicity of the backend and to avoid thorny race
+conditions that would unnecessarily and greatly complicate frontswap
+and/or the block I/O subsystem.
+
+In a virtualized environment, the dynamicity allows the hypervisor
+(or host OS) to do "intelligent overcommit".  For example, it can
+choose to accept pages only until host-swapping might be imminent,
+then force guests to do their own swapping.  In zcache, "poorly"
+compressible pages can be rejected, where "poorly" can itself be defined
+dynamically depending on current memory constraints.
+
+5) Why this weird definition about "duplicate puts"?  If a page
+   has been previously successfully put, can't it always be
+   successfully overwritten?
+
+Nearly always it can, but no, sometimes it cannot.  Consider an example
+where data is compressed and the original 4K page has been compressed
+to 1K.  Now an attempt is made to overwrite the page with data that
+is non-compressible and so would take the entire 4K.  But the backend
+has no more space.  In this case, the put must be rejected.  Whenever
+frontswap rejects a put that would overwrite, it also must invalidate
+the old data and ensure that it is no longer accessible.  Since the
+swap subsystem then writes the new data to the read swap device,
+this is the correct course of action to ensure coherency.
+
+6) What is frontswap_shrink for?
+
+When the (non-frontswap) swap subsystem swaps out a page to a real
+swap device, that page is only taking up low-value pre-allocated disk
+space.  But if frontswap has placed a page in transcendent memory, that
+page may be taking up valuable real estate.  The frontswap_shrink
+routine allows code outside of the swap subsystem (such as Xen tmem
+or zcache or some future tmem backend) to force pages out of the memory
+managed by frontswap and back into kernel-addressable memory.
+
+7) Why does the frontswap patch create the new include file swapfile.h?
+
+The frontswap code depends on some swap-subsystem-internal data
+structures that have, over the years, moved back and forth between
+static and global.  This seemed a reasonable compromise:  Define
+them as global but declare them in a new include file that isn't
+included by the large number of source files that include swap.h.
+
+Dan Magenheimer, last updated September 12, 2011
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