Date:	Mon, 19 Mar 2012 20:18:42 +0530
From:	"Srivatsa S. Bhat" <srivatsa.bhat@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>
To:	Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@...llo.nl>,
	"Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>
CC:	Arjan van de Ven <arjan@...radead.org>,
	Steven Rostedt <rostedt@...dmis.org>,
	"rusty@...tcorp.com.au" <rusty@...tcorp.com.au>,
	"Rafael J. Wysocki" <rjw@...k.pl>,
	Srivatsa Vaddagiri <vatsa@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>,
	"akpm@...ux-foundation.org" <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
	Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@...driver.com>,
	Milton Miller <miltonm@....com>,
	"mingo@...e.hu" <mingo@...e.hu>, Tejun Heo <tj@...nel.org>,
	KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@...il.com>,
	linux-kernel <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
	Linux PM mailing list <linux-pm@...r.kernel.org>
Subject: Re: CPU Hotplug rework

On 03/19/2012 08:14 PM, Srivatsa S. Bhat wrote:

> Hi,
> 
> There had been some discussion on CPU Hotplug redesign/rework
> some time ago, but it was buried under a thread with a different
> subject.
> (http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1246208/focus=1246404)
> 
> So I am opening a new thread with an appropriate subject to discuss
> what needs to be done and how to go about it, as part of the rework.
> 
> Peter Zijlstra and Paul McKenney had come up with TODO lists for the
> rework, and here are their extracts from the previous discussion:
> 
> On Tue, Jan 31, 2012 at 02:01:56PM +0100, Peter Zijlstra wrote:
>> I paged out most details again, but it goes something like:
>>
>>  - read and understand the current generic code
>>
>>  - and all architecture code, at which point you'll probably boggle
>>    at all the similarities that are all subtly different (there's
>>    about 3 actually different ways in the arch code).
>>
>>  - pick one, preferably one that keeps additional state and doesn't
>>    fully rely on the online bits and pull it into generic code and
>>    provide a small vector of arch specific functions.
>>
>>  - convert all archs over.
>>
>>
>> Also related:
>>
>>  - figure out why cpu_down needs kstopmachine, I'm not sure it does..
>>    we should be able to tear down a cpu using synchronize_sched() and a
>>    single stop_one_cpu(). (someday when there's time I might actually
>>    try to implement this).
> 
> 
> 
> On 02/02/2012 06:03 AM, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
>> Currently, a number of the CPU_DYING notifiers assume that they are
>> running in stop-machine context, including those of RCU.
>>
>> However, this is not an inherent property of RCU -- DYNIX/ptx's
>> CPU-offline process did not stop the whole machine, after all, and RCU
>> (we called it rclock, but whatever) was happy with this arrangement.
>> In fact, if the outgoing CPU could be made to stop in that context
>> instead of returning to the scheduler and the idle loop, it would make
>> my life a bit easier.
>>
>> My question is why aren't the notifiers executed in the opposite
>> order going down and coming up, with the coming-up order matching the
>> boot order?  Also, why can't the CPU's exit from this world be driven
>> out of the idle loop?  That way, the CPU wouldn't mark itself offline
>> (thus in theory to be ignored by CPU), and then immediately dive into
>> the scheduler and who knows what all else, using RCU all the time. ;-)
>>
>> (RCU handles this by keeping a separate set of books for online CPUs.
>> It considers a CPU online at CPU_UP_PREPARE time, and doesn't consider
>> it offline until CPU_DEAD time.  To handle the grace periods between,
>> force_quiescent_state() allows the grace period to run a few jiffies
>> before checking cpu_online_map, which allows a given CPU to safely use
>> RCU for at least one jiffy before marking itself online and for at least
>> one jiffy after marking itself offline.)
> 
> 
> 
> On Fri, Feb 03, 2012 at 09:32:35AM -0800, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> 
>> Starting from the top, what does CPU hotplug need to do?
>>
>> 1.	preempt_disable() or something similarly lightweight and
>> 	unconditional must block removal of any CPU that was
>> 	in cpu_online_map at the start of the "critical section".
>> 	(I will identify these as hotplug read-side critical sections.)
>>
>> 	I don't believe that there is any prohibition against a CPU
>> 	appearing suddenly, but some auditing would be required to
>> 	confirm this.  But see below.
>>
>> 2.	A subsystem not involved in the CPU-hotplug process must be able
>> 	to test if a CPU is online and be guaranteed that this test
>> 	remains valid (the CPU remains fully functional) for the duration
>> 	of the hotplug read-side critical section.
>>
>> 3.	If a subsystem needs to operate on all currently online CPUs,
>> 	then it must participate in the CPU-hotplug process.  My
>> 	belief is that if some code needs to test whether a CPU is
>> 	present, and needs an "offline" indication to persist, then
>> 	that code's subsystem must participate in CPU-hotplug operations.
>>
>> 4.	There must be a way to register/unregister for CPU-hotplug events.
>> 	This is currently cpu_notifier(), register_cpu_notifier(),
>> 	and unregister_cpu_notifier().
>>
>> n-1.	CPU-hotplug operations should be reasonably fast.  Tens of
>> 	milliseconds is OK, multiple seconds not so much.
>>
>> n.	(Your additional constraints here.)
>>
>> How to do this?  Here is one possible approach, probably full of holes:
>>
>> a.	Maintain the cpu_online_map, as currently, but the meaning
>> 	of a set bit is that the CPU is fully functional.  If there
>> 	is any service that the CPU no longer offers, its bit is
>> 	cleared.
>>
>> b.	Continue to use preempt_enable()/preempt_disable() to mark
>> 	hotplug read-side critical sections.
>>
>> c.	Instead of using __stop_machine(), use a per-CPU variable that
>> 	is checked in the idle loop.  Possibly another TIF_ bit.
>>
>> d.	The CPU notifiers are like today, except that CPU_DYING() is
>> 	invoked by the CPU after it sees that its per-CPU variable
>> 	telling it to go offline.  As today, the CPU_DYING notifiers
>> 	are invoked with interrupts disabled, but other CPUs are still
>> 	running.  Of course, the CPU_DYING notifiers need to be audited
>> 	and repaired.  There are fewer than 20 of them, so not so bad.
>> 	RCU's is an easy fix:  Just re-introduce locking and the global
>> 	RCU callback orphanage.  My guesses for the others at the end.
>>
>> e.	Getting rid of __stop_machine() means that the final step of the
>> 	CPU going offline will no longer be seen as atomic by other CPUs.
>> 	This will require more careful tracking of dependencies among
>> 	different subsystems.  The required tracking can be reduced
>> 	by invoking notifiers in registration order for CPU-online
>> 	operations and invoking them in the reverse of registration
>> 	order for CPU-offline operations.
>>
>> 	For example, the scheduler uses RCU.  If notifiers are invoked in
>> 	the same order for all CPU-hotplug operations, then on CPU-offline
>> 	operations, during the time between when RCU's notifier is invoked
>> 	and when the scheduler's notifier is invoked, the scheduler must
>> 	deal with a CPU on which RCU isn't working.  (RCU currently
>> 	works around this by allowing a one-jiffy time period after
>> 	notification when it still pays attention to the CPU.)
>>
>> 	In contrast, if notifiers are invoked in reverse-registration
>> 	order for CPU-offline operations, then any time the scheduler
>> 	sees a CPU as online, RCU also is treating it as online.
>>
>> f.	There will be some circular dependencies.  For example, the
>> 	scheduler uses RCU, but in some configurations, RCU also uses
>> 	kthreads.  These dependencies must be handled on a case-by-case
>> 	basis.	For example, the scheduler could invoke an RCU API
>> 	to tell RCU when to shut down its per-CPU kthreads and when
>> 	to start them up.  Or RCU could deal with its kthreads in the
>> 	CPU_DOWN_PREPARE and CPU_ONLINE notifiers.  Either way, RCU
>> 	needs to correctly handle the interval when it cannot use
>> 	kthreads on a given CPU that it is still handling, for example,
>> 	by switching to running the RCU core code in softirq context.
>>
>> g.	Most subsystems participating in CPU-hotplug operations will need
>> 	to keep their own copy of CPU online/offline state.  For example,
>> 	RCU uses the ->qsmaskinit fields in the rcu_node structure for
>> 	this purpose.
>>
>> h.	So CPU-offline handling looks something like the following:
>>
>> 	i.	Acquire the hotplug mutex.
>> 	
>> 	ii.	Invoke the CPU_DOWN_PREPARE notifiers.  If there
>> 		are objections, invoke the CPU_DOWN_FAILED notifiers
>> 		and return an error.
>>
>> 	iii.	Clear the CPU's bit in cpu_online_map.
>> 	
>> 	iv.	Invoke synchronize_sched() to ensure that all future hotplug
>> 		read-side critical sections ignore the outgoing CPU.
>>
>> 	v.	Set a per-CPU variable telling the CPU to take itself
>> 		offline.  There would need to be something here to
>> 		help the CPU get to idle quickly, possibly requiring
>> 		another round of notifiers.  CPU_DOWN?
>>
>> 	vi.	When the dying CPU gets to the idle loop, it invokes the
>> 		CPU_DYING notifiers and updates its per-CPU variable to
>> 		indicate that it is ready to die.  It then spins in a
>> 		tight loop (or does some other architecture-specified
>> 		operation to wait to be turned off).
>>
>> 		Note that there is no need for RCU to guess how long the
>> 		CPU might be executing RCU read-side critical sections.
>>
>> 	vii.	When the task doing the offline operation sees the
>> 		updated per-CPU variable, it calls __cpu_die().
>>
>> 	viii.	The CPU_DEAD notifiers are invoked.
>>
>> 	ix.	Theeck_for_tasks() function is invoked.
>>
>> 	x.	Release the hotplug mutex.
>>
>> 	xi.	Invoke the CPU_POST_DEAD notifiers.
>>
>> i.	I do not believe that the CPU-offline handling needs to change
>> 	much.
>>
>>
>> CPU_DYING notifiers as of 3.2:
>>
>> o	vfp_hotplug():  I believe that this works as-is.
>> o	s390_nohz_notify():  I believe that this works as-is.
>> o	x86_pmu_notifier():  I believe that this works as-is.
>> o	perf_ibs_cpu_notifier():  I don't know enough about
>> 	APIC to say.
>> o	tboot_cpu_callback():  I believe that this works as-is,
>> 	but this one returns NOTIFY_BAD to a CPU_DYING notifier,
>> 	which is badness.  But it looks like that case is a
>> 	"cannot happen" case.  Still needs to be fixed.
>> o	clockevents_notify():  This one acquires a global lock,
>> 	so it should be safe as-is.
>> o	console_cpu_notify():  This one takes the same action
>> 	for CPU_ONLINE, CPU_DEAD, CPU_DOWN_FAILED, and
>> 	CPU_UP_CANCELLED that it does for CPU_DYING, so it
>> 	should be OK.
>> o	rcu_cpu_notify():  This one needs adjustment as noted
>> 	above, but nothing major.
>> o	migration_call():  I defer to Peter on this one.
>> 	It looks to me like it is written to handle other
>> 	CPUs, but...
>> o	workqueue_cpu_callback(): Might need help, does a
>> 	non-atomic OR.
>> o	kvm_cpu_hotplug(): Uses a global spinlock, so should
>> 	be OK as-is.
> 
> 


Additional things that I would like to add to the list:

1. Fix issues with CPU Hotplug callback registration. Currently there
   is no totally-race-free way to register callbacks and do setup
   for already online cpus.

   I had posted an incomplete patchset some time ago regarding this,
   which gives an idea of the direction I had in mind.
   http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1258880/focus=15826

2. There is a mismatch between the code and the documentation around
   the difference between [un/register]_hotcpu_notifier and
   [un/register]_cpu_notifier. And I remember seeing several places in
   the code that uses them inconsistently. Not terribly important, but
   good to fix it up while we are at it.

3. There was another thread where stuff related to CPU hotplug had been
   discussed. It had exposed some new challenges to CPU hotplug, if we
   were to support asynchronous smp booting.

   http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1246209/focus=48535
   http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1246209/focus=48542
   http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1246209/focus=1253241
   http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1246209/focus=1253267

4. Because the current CPU offline code depends on stop_machine(), every
   online CPU must cooperate with the offline event. This means, whenever
   we do a preempt_disable(), it ensures not only that that particular
   CPU won't go offline, but also that *any* CPU cannot go offline. This
   is more like a side-effect of using stop_machine().

   So when trying to move over to stop_one_cpu(), we have to carefully audit
   places where preempt_disable() has been used in that manner (ie.,
   preempt_disable used as a light-weight and non-blocking form of
   get_online_cpus()). Because when we move to stop_one_cpu() to do CPU offline,
   a preempt disabled section will prevent only that particular CPU from
   going offline.

   I haven't audited preempt_disable() calls yet, but one such use was there
   in brlocks (include/linux/lglock.h) until quite recently.

5. Given the point above (#4), we might need a new way to disable CPU hotplug
   (atleast CPU offline) of any CPU in a non-blocking manner, as a replacement
   for preempt disabled sections. Of course, if all the existing code just depends
   on the current CPU being online, then we are good, as it is. Else, we'll have
   to come up with something here..
   (I was thinking on the lines of an rwlock being taken inside stop_one_cpu()
   before calling the CPU_DYING notifiers... Then the non-blocking code that needs
   to disable CPU offlining of any CPU, can grab this lock and prevent the offline
   event from proceeding).

If there is anything I missed out, please feel free to add them here.
And suggestions are of course, always welcome :-)

Regards,
Srivatsa S. Bhat

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