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Message-ID: <5086D27F.1000007@adobe.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Oct 2012 10:23:11 -0700
From: "Paton J. Lewis" <palewis@...be.com>
To: "mtk.manpages@...il.com" <mtk.manpages@...il.com>
CC: Alexander Viro <viro@...iv.linux.org.uk>,
Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
Jason Baron <jbaron@...hat.com>,
"linux-fsdevel@...r.kernel.org" <linux-fsdevel@...r.kernel.org>,
"linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org" <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
Paul Holland <pholland@...be.com>,
Davide Libenzi <davidel@...ilserver.org>,
"libc-alpha@...rceware.org" <libc-alpha@...rceware.org>,
Linux API <linux-api@...r.kernel.org>
Subject: Re: [PATCH v2] epoll: Support for disabling items, and a self-test
app.
[Re-sending without HTML formatting; all vger.kernel.org destination
addresses bounced my original response.]
On 10/16/12 8:12 AM, Michael Kerrisk (man-pages) wrote:
> [CC += linux-api@]
Thank you; is this sufficient to coordinate the required changes to the
glibc version of epoll.h?
> Hello Paton,
>
> On Thu, Aug 23, 2012 at 11:15 PM, Paton J. Lewis <palewis@...be.com> wrote:
>> From: "Paton J. Lewis" <palewis@...be.com>
>>
>> Enhanced epoll_ctl to support EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE, which disables an epoll item.
>> If epoll_ctl doesn't return -EBUSY in this case, it is then safe to delete the
>> epoll item in a multi-threaded environment. Also added a new test_epoll self-
>> test app to both demonstrate the need for this feature and test it.
>
> (There's a lot of background missing from this version of the patch
> that was included in the previous version
> [http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1311457]. It helps to
> include the full rationale with a revised patch--best not to assume
> that someone has the context of past mails when reading a revised
> patch.)
I was trying to present the same information in a more concise manner. I
was hoping that the test application would provide a clearer description
of the problem and the solution. However, I can include some of my
original prose from the v1 email in the next revision's email if you
think that would be helpful.
> I've taken a look at this patch as it currently stands in 3.7-rc1, and
> done a bit of testing. (By the way, the test program
> tools/testing/selftests/epoll/test_epoll.c does not compile...)
Sorry, the test program compiled against commit
ecca5c3acc0d0933d89abc44e60afb0cc8170e35 from
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git, which
I believe was the current head commit when I emailed the v2 patch in
August. I thought that git's format-patch command would include the
necessary information so people could see which commit the diff was
created from. Should I be pulling from a different repository or working
on a different branch? Since this is my first patch submission and I
have essentially zero experience with git, I would appreciate any
guidance you could provide here.
> There are one or two places where the behavior seems a little strange,
> so I have a question or two at the end of this mail. But other than
> that, I want to check my understanding so that the interface can be
> correctly documented.
>
> Just to go though my understanding, the problem is the following
> scenario in a multithreaded application:
>
> 1. Multiple threads are performing epoll_wait() operations,
> and maintaining a user-space cache that contains information
> corresponding to each file descriptor being monitored by
> epoll_wait().
>
> 2. At some point, a thread wants to delete (EPOLL_CTL_DEL)
> a file descriptor from the epoll interest list, and
> delete the corresponding record from the user-space cache.
>
> 3. The problem with (2) is that some other thread may have
> previously done an epoll_wait() that retrieved information
> about the fd in question, and may be in the middle of using
> information in the cache that relates to that fd. Thus,
> there is a potential race.
>
> 4. The race can't solved purely in user space, because doing
> so would require applying a mutex across the epoll_wait()
> call, which would of course blow thread concurrency.
>
> Right?
Yes, that is an accurate description of the problem.
> Your solution is the EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE operation. I want to
> confirm my understanding about how to use this flag, since
> the description that has accompanied the patches so far
> has been a bit sparse
>
> 0. In the scenario you're concerned about, deleting a file
> descriptor means (safely) doing the following:
> (a) Deleting the file descriptor from the epoll interest list
> using EPOLL_CTL_DEL
> (b) Deleting the corresponding record in the user-space cache
>
> 1. It's only meaningful to use this EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE in
> conjunction with EPOLLONESHOT.
>
> 2. Using EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE without using EPOLLONESHOT in
> conjunction is a logical error.
>
> 3. The correct way to code multithreaded applications using
> EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE and EPOLLONESHOT is as follows:
>
> a. All EPOLL_CTL_ADD and EPOLL_CTL_MOD operations should
> should EPOLLONESHOT.
>
> b. When a thread wants to delete a file descriptor, it
> should do the following:
>
> [1] Call epoll_ctl(EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE)
> [2] If the return status from epoll_ctl(EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE)
> was zero, then the file descriptor can be safely
> deleted by the thread that made this call.
> [3] If the epoll_ctl(EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE) fails with EBUSY,
> then the descriptor is in use. In this case, the calling
> thread should set a flag in the user-space cache to
> indicate that the thread that is using the descriptor
> should perform the deletion operation.
>
> Is all of the above correct?
Yes, that is correct.
> The implementation depends on checking on whether
> (events & ~EP_PRIVATE_BITS) == 0
> This replies on the fact that EPOLL_CTL_AD and EPOLL_CTL_MOD always
> set EPOLLHUP and EPOLLERR in the 'events' mask, and EPOLLONESHOT
> causes those flags (as well as all others in ~EP_PRIVATE_BITS) to be
> cleared.
>
> A corollary to the previous paragraph is that using EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE
> is only useful in conjunction with EPOLLONESHOT. However, as things
> stand, one can use EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE on a file descriptor that does
> not have EPOLLONESHOT set in 'events' This results in the following
> (slightly surprising) behavior:
>
> (a) The first call to epoll_ctl(EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE) returns 0
> (the indicator that the file descriptor can be safely deleted).
> (b) The next call to epoll_ctl(EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE) fails with EBUSY.
>
> This doesn't seem particularly useful, and in fact is probably an
> indication that the user made a logic error: they should only be using
> epoll_ctl(EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE) on a file descriptor for which
> EPOLLONESHOT was set in 'events'. If that is correct, then would it
> not make sense to return an error to user space for this case?
Good point. I've implemented and tested your suggested change, and I've
updated the test application to cover that case. I will soon submit a
revised patch.
Thank you,
Pat
> Cheers,
>
> Michael
>
>
>> Signed-off-by: Paton J. Lewis <palewis@...be.com>
>> ---
>> fs/eventpoll.c | 38 ++-
>> include/linux/eventpoll.h | 1 +
>> tools/testing/selftests/Makefile | 2 +-
>> tools/testing/selftests/epoll/Makefile | 11 +
>> tools/testing/selftests/epoll/test_epoll.c | 344 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>> 5 files changed, 392 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
>> create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/epoll/Makefile
>> create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/epoll/test_epoll.c
>>
>> diff --git a/fs/eventpoll.c b/fs/eventpoll.c
>> index 739b098..1c47bbd 100644
>> --- a/fs/eventpoll.c
>> +++ b/fs/eventpoll.c
>> @@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ static inline struct epitem *ep_item_from_epqueue(poll_table *p)
>> /* Tells if the epoll_ctl(2) operation needs an event copy from userspace */
>> static inline int ep_op_has_event(int op)
>> {
>> - return op != EPOLL_CTL_DEL;
>> + return op == EPOLL_CTL_ADD || op == EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
>> }
>>
>> /* Initialize the poll safe wake up structure */
>> @@ -664,6 +664,34 @@ static int ep_remove(struct eventpoll *ep, struct epitem *epi)
>> return 0;
>> }
>>
>> +/*
>> + * Disables a "struct epitem" in the eventpoll set. Returns -EBUSY if the item
>> + * had no event flags set, indicating that another thread may be currently
>> + * handling that item's events (in the case that EPOLLONESHOT was being
>> + * used). Otherwise a zero result indicates that the item has been disabled
>> + * from receiving events. A disabled item may be re-enabled via
>> + * EPOLL_CTL_MOD. Must be called with "mtx" held.
>> + */
>> +static int ep_disable(struct eventpoll *ep, struct epitem *epi)
>> +{
>> + int result = 0;
>> + unsigned long flags;
>> +
>> + spin_lock_irqsave(&ep->lock, flags);
>> + if (epi->event.events & ~EP_PRIVATE_BITS) {
>> + if (ep_is_linked(&epi->rdllink))
>> + list_del_init(&epi->rdllink);
>> + /* Ensure ep_poll_callback will not add epi back onto ready
>> + list: */
>> + epi->event.events &= EP_PRIVATE_BITS;
>> + }
>> + else
>> + result = -EBUSY;
>> + spin_unlock_irqrestore(&ep->lock, flags);
>> +
>> + return result;
>> +}
>> +
>> static void ep_free(struct eventpoll *ep)
>> {
>> struct rb_node *rbp;
>> @@ -996,8 +1024,6 @@ static void ep_rbtree_insert(struct eventpoll *ep, struct epitem *epi)
>> rb_insert_color(&epi->rbn, &ep->rbr);
>> }
>>
>> -
>> -
>> #define PATH_ARR_SIZE 5
>> /*
>> * These are the number paths of length 1 to 5, that we are allowing to emanate
>> @@ -1701,6 +1727,12 @@ SYSCALL_DEFINE4(epoll_ctl, int, epfd, int, op, int, fd,
>> } else
>> error = -ENOENT;
>> break;
>> + case EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE:
>> + if (epi)
>> + error = ep_disable(ep, epi);
>> + else
>> + error = -ENOENT;
>> + break;
>> }
>> mutex_unlock(&ep->mtx);
>>
>> diff --git a/include/linux/eventpoll.h b/include/linux/eventpoll.h
>> index 657ab55..e91f7e3 100644
>> --- a/include/linux/eventpoll.h
>> +++ b/include/linux/eventpoll.h
>> @@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
>> #define EPOLL_CTL_ADD 1
>> #define EPOLL_CTL_DEL 2
>> #define EPOLL_CTL_MOD 3
>> +#define EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE 4
>>
>> /* Set the One Shot behaviour for the target file descriptor */
>> #define EPOLLONESHOT (1 << 30)
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/Makefile
>> index 28bc57e..4cf477f 100644
>> --- a/tools/testing/selftests/Makefile
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/Makefile
>> @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
>> -TARGETS = breakpoints vm
>> +TARGETS = breakpoints epoll vm
>>
>> all:
>> for TARGET in $(TARGETS); do \
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/epoll/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/epoll/Makefile
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 0000000..19806ed
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/epoll/Makefile
>> @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
>> +# Makefile for epoll selftests
>> +
>> +all: test_epoll
>> +%: %.c
>> + gcc -pthread -g -o $@ $^
>> +
>> +run_tests: all
>> + ./test_epoll
>> +
>> +clean:
>> + $(RM) test_epoll
>> diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/epoll/test_epoll.c b/tools/testing/selftests/epoll/test_epoll.c
>> new file mode 100644
>> index 0000000..cbd8f8b
>> --- /dev/null
>> +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/epoll/test_epoll.c
>> @@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
>> +/*
>> + * tools/testing/selftests/epoll/test_epoll.c
>> + *
>> + * Copyright 2012 Adobe Systems Incorporated
>> + *
>> + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
>> + * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
>> + * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
>> + * (at your option) any later version.
>> + *
>> + * Paton J. Lewis <palewis@...be.com>
>> + *
>> + */
>> +
>> +#include <errno.h>
>> +#include <fcntl.h>
>> +#include <pthread.h>
>> +#include <stdio.h>
>> +#include <stdlib.h>
>> +#include <unistd.h>
>> +#include <sys/epoll.h>
>> +#include <sys/socket.h>
>> +
>> +/*
>> + * A pointer to an epoll_item_private structure will be stored in the epoll
>> + * item's event structure so that we can get access to the epoll_item_private
>> + * data after calling epoll_wait:
>> + */
>> +struct epoll_item_private {
>> + int index; /* Position of this struct within the epoll_items array. */
>> + int fd;
>> + uint32_t events;
>> + pthread_mutex_t mutex; /* Guards the following variables... */
>> + int stop;
>> + int status; /* Stores any error encountered while handling item. */
>> + /* The following variable allows us to test whether we have encountered
>> + a problem while attempting to cancel and delete the associated
>> + event. When the test program exits, 'deleted' should be exactly
>> + one. If it is greater than one, then the failed test reflects a real
>> + world situation where we would have tried to access the epoll item's
>> + private data after deleting it: */
>> + int deleted;
>> +};
>> +
>> +struct epoll_item_private *epoll_items;
>> +
>> +/*
>> + * Delete the specified item from the epoll set. In a real-world secneario this
>> + * is where we would free the associated data structure, but in this testing
>> + * environment we retain the structure so that we can test for double-deletion:
>> + */
>> +void delete_item(int index)
>> +{
>> + __sync_fetch_and_add(&epoll_items[index].deleted, 1);
>> +}
>> +
>> +/*
>> + * A pointer to a read_thread_data structure will be passed as the argument to
>> + * each read thread:
>> + */
>> +struct read_thread_data {
>> + int stop;
>> + int status; /* Indicates any error encountered by the read thread. */
>> + int epoll_set;
>> +};
>> +
>> +/*
>> + * The function executed by the read threads:
>> + */
>> +void *read_thread_function(void *function_data)
>> +{
>> + struct read_thread_data *thread_data =
>> + (struct read_thread_data *)function_data;
>> + struct epoll_event event_data;
>> + struct epoll_item_private *item_data;
>> + char socket_data;
>> +
>> + /* Handle events until we encounter an error or this thread's 'stop'
>> + condition is set: */
>> + while (1) {
>> + int result = epoll_wait(thread_data->epoll_set,
>> + &event_data,
>> + 1, /* Number of desired events */
>> + 1000); /* Timeout in ms */
>> + if (result < 0) {
>> + /* Breakpoints signal all threads. Ignore that while
>> + debugging: */
>> + if (errno == EINTR)
>> + continue;
>> + thread_data->status = errno;
>> + return 0;
>> + } else if (thread_data->stop)
>> + return 0;
>> + else if (result == 0) /* Timeout */
>> + continue;
>> +
>> + /* We need the mutex here because checking for the stop
>> + condition and re-enabling the epoll item need to be done
>> + together as one atomic operation when EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE is
>> + available: */
>> + item_data = (struct epoll_item_private *)event_data.data.ptr;
>> + pthread_mutex_lock(&item_data->mutex);
>> +
>> + /* Remove the item from the epoll set if we want to stop
>> + handling that event: */
>> + if (item_data->stop)
>> + delete_item(item_data->index);
>> + else {
>> + /* Clear the data that was written to the other end of
>> + our non-blocking socket: */
>> + do {
>> + if (read(item_data->fd, &socket_data, 1) < 1) {
>> + if ((errno == EAGAIN) ||
>> + (errno == EWOULDBLOCK))
>> + break;
>> + else
>> + goto error_unlock;
>> + }
>> + } while (item_data->events & EPOLLET);
>> +
>> + /* The item was one-shot, so re-enable it: */
>> + event_data.events = item_data->events;
>> + if (epoll_ctl(thread_data->epoll_set,
>> + EPOLL_CTL_MOD,
>> + item_data->fd,
>> + &event_data) < 0)
>> + goto error_unlock;
>> + }
>> +
>> + pthread_mutex_unlock(&item_data->mutex);
>> + }
>> +
>> +error_unlock:
>> + thread_data->status = item_data->status = errno;
>> + pthread_mutex_unlock(&item_data->mutex);
>> + return 0;
>> +}
>> +
>> +/*
>> + * A pointer to a write_thread_data structure will be passed as the argument to
>> + * the write thread:
>> + */
>> +struct write_thread_data {
>> + int stop;
>> + int status; /* Indicates any error encountered by the write thread. */
>> + int n_fds;
>> + int *fds;
>> +};
>> +
>> +/*
>> + * The function executed by the write thread. It writes a single byte to each
>> + * socket in turn until the stop condition for this thread is set. If writing to
>> + * a socket would block (i.e. errno was EAGAIN), we leave that socket alone for
>> + * the moment and just move on to the next socket in the list. We don't care
>> + * about the order in which we deliver events to the epoll set. In fact we don't
>> + * care about the data we're writing to the pipes at all; we just want to
>> + * trigger epoll events:
>> + */
>> +void *write_thread_function(void *function_data)
>> +{
>> + const char data = 'X';
>> + int index;
>> + struct write_thread_data *thread_data =
>> + (struct write_thread_data *)function_data;
>> + while (!write_thread_data->stop)
>> + for (index = 0;
>> + !thread_data->stop && (index < thread_data->n_fds);
>> + ++index)
>> + if ((write(thread_data->fds[index], &data, 1) < 1) &&
>> + (errno != EAGAIN) &&
>> + (errno != EWOULDBLOCK)) {
>> + write_thread_data->status = errno;
>> + return;
>> + }
>> +}
>> +
>> +/*
>> + * Arguments are currently ignored:
>> + */
>> +int main(int argc, char **argv)
>> +{
>> + const int n_read_threads = 100;
>> + const int n_epoll_items = 500;
>> + int index;
>> + int epoll_set = epoll_create1(0);
>> + struct write_thread_data write_thread_data = {
>> + 0, 0, n_epoll_items, malloc(n_epoll_items * sizeof(int))
>> + };
>> + struct read_thread_data *read_thread_data =
>> + malloc(n_read_threads * sizeof(struct read_thread_data));
>> + pthread_t *read_threads = malloc(n_read_threads * sizeof(pthread_t));
>> + pthread_t write_thread;
>> +
>> + printf("-----------------\n");
>> + printf("Runing test_epoll\n");
>> + printf("-----------------\n");
>> +
>> + epoll_items = malloc(n_epoll_items * sizeof(struct epoll_item_private));
>> +
>> + if (epoll_set < 0 || epoll_items == 0 || write_thread_data.fds == 0 ||
>> + read_thread_data == 0 || read_threads == 0)
>> + goto error;
>> +
>> + if (sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN) < 2) {
>> + printf("Error: please run this test on a multi-core system.\n");
>> + goto error;
>> + }
>> +
>> + /* Create the socket pairs and epoll items: */
>> + for (index = 0; index < n_epoll_items; ++index) {
>> + int socket_pair[2];
>> + struct epoll_event event_data;
>> + if (socketpair(AF_UNIX,
>> + SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_NONBLOCK,
>> + 0,
>> + socket_pair) < 0)
>> + goto error;
>> + write_thread_data.fds[index] = socket_pair[0];
>> + epoll_items[index].index = index;
>> + epoll_items[index].fd = socket_pair[1];
>> + if (pthread_mutex_init(&epoll_items[index].mutex, NULL) != 0)
>> + goto error;
>> + /* We always use EPOLLONESHOT because this test is currently
>> + structured to demonstrate the need for EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE,
>> + which only produces useful information in the EPOLLONESHOT
>> + case (without EPOLLONESHOT, calling epoll_ctl with
>> + EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE will never return EBUSY). If support for
>> + testing events without EPOLLONESHOT is desired, it should
>> + probably be implemented in a separate unit test. */
>> + epoll_items[index].events = EPOLLIN | EPOLLONESHOT;
>> + if (index < n_epoll_items / 2)
>> + epoll_items[index].events |= EPOLLET;
>> + epoll_items[index].stop = 0;
>> + epoll_items[index].status = 0;
>> + epoll_items[index].deleted = 0;
>> + event_data.events = epoll_items[index].events;
>> + event_data.data.ptr = &epoll_items[index];
>> + if (epoll_ctl(epoll_set,
>> + EPOLL_CTL_ADD,
>> + epoll_items[index].fd,
>> + &event_data) < 0)
>> + goto error;
>> + }
>> +
>> + /* Create and start the read threads: */
>> + for (index = 0; index < n_read_threads; ++index) {
>> + read_thread_data[index].stop = 0;
>> + read_thread_data[index].status = 0;
>> + read_thread_data[index].epoll_set = epoll_set;
>> + if (pthread_create(&read_threads[index],
>> + NULL,
>> + read_thread_function,
>> + &read_thread_data[index]) != 0)
>> + goto error;
>> + }
>> +
>> + if (pthread_create(&write_thread,
>> + NULL,
>> + write_thread_function,
>> + &write_thread_data) != 0)
>> + goto error;
>> +
>> + /* Cancel all event pollers: */
>> +#ifdef EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE
>> + for (index = 0; index < n_epoll_items; ++index) {
>> + pthread_mutex_lock(&epoll_items[index].mutex);
>> + ++epoll_items[index].stop;
>> + if (epoll_ctl(epoll_set,
>> + EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE,
>> + epoll_items[index].fd,
>> + NULL) == 0)
>> + delete_item(index);
>> + else if (errno != EBUSY) {
>> + pthread_mutex_unlock(&epoll_items[index].mutex);
>> + goto error;
>> + }
>> + /* EBUSY means events were being handled; allow the other thread
>> + to delete the item. */
>> + pthread_mutex_unlock(&epoll_items[index].mutex);
>> + }
>> +#else
>> + for (index = 0; index < n_epoll_items; ++index) {
>> + pthread_mutex_lock(&epoll_items[index].mutex);
>> + ++epoll_items[index].stop;
>> + pthread_mutex_unlock(&epoll_items[index].mutex);
>> + /* Wait in case a thread running read_thread_function is
>> + currently executing code between epoll_wait and
>> + pthread_mutex_lock with this item. Note that a longer delay
>> + would make double-deletion less likely (at the expense of
>> + performance), but there is no guarantee that any delay would
>> + ever be sufficient. Note also that we delete all event
>> + pollers at once for testing purposes, but in a real-world
>> + environment we are likely to want to be able to cancel event
>> + pollers at arbitrary times. Therefore we can't improve this
>> + situation by just splitting this loop into two loops
>> + (i.e. signal 'stop' for all items, sleep, and then delete all
>> + items). We also can't fix the problem via EPOLL_CTL_DEL
>> + because that command can't prevent the case where some other
>> + thread is executing read_thread_function within the region
>> + mentioned above: */
>> + usleep(1);
>> + pthread_mutex_lock(&epoll_items[index].mutex);
>> + if (!epoll_items[index].deleted)
>> + delete_item(index);
>> + pthread_mutex_unlock(&epoll_items[index].mutex);
>> + }
>> +#endif
>> +
>> + /* Shut down the read threads: */
>> + for (index = 0; index < n_read_threads; ++index)
>> + __sync_fetch_and_add(&read_thread_data[index].stop, 1);
>> + for (index = 0; index < n_read_threads; ++index) {
>> + if (pthread_join(read_threads[index], NULL) != 0)
>> + goto error;
>> + if (read_thread_data[index].status)
>> + goto error;
>> + }
>> +
>> + /* Shut down the write thread: */
>> + __sync_fetch_and_add(&write_thread_data.stop, 1);
>> + if ((pthread_join(write_thread, NULL) != 0) || write_thread_data.status)
>> + goto error;
>> +
>> + /* Check for final error conditions: */
>> + for (index = 0; index < n_epoll_items; ++index) {
>> + if (epoll_items[index].status != 0)
>> + goto error;
>> + if (pthread_mutex_destroy(&epoll_items[index].mutex) < 0)
>> + goto error;
>> + }
>> + for (index = 0; index < n_epoll_items; ++index)
>> + if (epoll_items[index].deleted != 1) {
>> + printf("Error: item data deleted %1d times.\n",
>> + epoll_items[index].deleted);
>> + goto error;
>> + }
>> +
>> + printf("[PASS]\n");
>> + return 0;
>> +
>> + error:
>> + printf("[FAIL]\n");
>> + return errno;
>> +}
>> --
>> 1.7.9.5
>
> --
> Michael Kerrisk
> Linux man-pages maintainer; http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/
> Author of "The Linux Programming Interface"; http://man7.org/tlpi/
> .
>
--
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