Message-Id: <1360608656-7969-15-git-send-email-juri.lelli@gmail.com>
Date:	Mon, 11 Feb 2013 10:50:56 -0800
From:	Juri Lelli <juri.lelli@...il.com>
To:	peterz@...radead.org, tglx@...utronix.de
Cc:	mingo@...hat.com, rostedt@...dmis.org, oleg@...hat.com,
	fweisbec@...il.com, darren@...art.com, johan.eker@...csson.com,
	p.faure@...tech.ch, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
	claudio@...dence.eu.com, michael@...rulasolutions.com,
	fchecconi@...il.com, tommaso.cucinotta@...up.it,
	juri.lelli@...il.com, nicola.manica@...i.unitn.it,
	luca.abeni@...tn.it, dhaval.giani@...il.com, hgu1972@...il.com,
	paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com, raistlin@...ux.it,
	insop.song@...il.com, liming.wang@...driver.com, jkacur@...hat.com,
	harald.gustafsson@...csson.com, vincent.guittot@...aro.org
Subject: [PATCH 14/14] sched: add sched_dl documentation.

From: Dario Faggioli <raistlin@...ux.it>

Add in Documentation/scheduler/ some hints about the design
choices, the usage and the future possible developments of the
sched_dl scheduling class and of the SCHED_DEADLINE policy.

Signed-off-by: Dario Faggioli <raistlin@...ux.it>
Signed-off-by: Juri Lelli <juri.lelli@...il.com>
---
 Documentation/scheduler/sched-deadline.txt |  195 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 kernel/sched/deadline.c                    |    3 +-
 2 files changed, 197 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/scheduler/sched-deadline.txt

diff --git a/Documentation/scheduler/sched-deadline.txt b/Documentation/scheduler/sched-deadline.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ba02631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/scheduler/sched-deadline.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+			  Deadline Task Scheduling
+			  ------------------------
+
+CONTENTS
+========
+
+0. WARNING
+1. Overview
+2. Task scheduling
+2. The Interface
+3. Bandwidth management
+  3.1 System-wide settings
+  3.2 Task interface
+  3.4 Default behavior
+4. Tasks CPU affinity
+  4.1 SCHED_DEADLINE and cpusets HOWTO
+5. Future plans
+
+
+0. WARNING
+==========
+
+ Fiddling with these settings can result in an unpredictable or even unstable
+ system behavior. As for -rt (group) scheduling, it is assumed that root users
+ know what they're doing.
+
+
+1. Overview
+===========
+
+ The SCHED_DEADLINE policy contained inside the sched_dl scheduling class is
+ basically an implementation of the Earliest Deadline First (EDF) scheduling
+ algorithm, augmented with a mechanism (called Constant Bandwidth Server, CBS)
+ that makes it possible to isolate the behavior of tasks between each other.
+
+
+2. Task scheduling
+==================
+
+ The typical -deadline task is composed of a computation phase (instance)
+ which is activated on a periodic or sporadic fashion. The expected (maximum)
+ duration of such computation is called the task's runtime; the time interval
+ by which each instance needs to be completed is called the task's relative
+ deadline. The task's absolute deadline is dynamically calculated as the
+ time instant a task (or, more properly) activates plus the relative
+ deadline.
+
+ The EDF[1] algorithm selects the task with the smallest absolute deadline as
+ the one to be executed first, while the CBS[2,3] ensures that each task runs
+ for at most its runtime every period, avoiding any interference between
+ different tasks (bandwidth isolation).
+ Thanks to this feature, also tasks that do not strictly comply with the
+ computational model described above can effectively use the new policy.
+ IOW, there are no limitations on what kind of task can exploit this new
+ scheduling discipline, even if it must be said that it is particularly
+ suited for periodic or sporadic tasks that need guarantees on their
+ timing behavior, e.g., multimedia, streaming, control applications, etc.
+
+ References:
+  1 - C. L. Liu and J. W. Layland. Scheduling algorithms for multiprogram-
+      ming in a hard-real-time environment. Journal of the Association for
+      Computing Machinery, 20(1), 1973.
+  2 - L. Abeni , G. Buttazzo. Integrating Multimedia Applications in Hard
+      Real-Time Systems. Proceedings of the 19th IEEE Real-time Systems
+      Symposium, 1998. http://retis.sssup.it/~giorgio/paps/1998/rtss98-cbs.pdf
+  3 - L. Abeni. Server Mechanisms for Multimedia Applications. ReTiS Lab
+      Technical Report. http://xoomer.virgilio.it/lucabe72/pubs/tr-98-01.ps
+
+3. Bandwidth management
+=======================
+
+ In order for the -deadline scheduling to be effective and useful, it is
+ important to have some method to keep the allocation of the available CPU
+ bandwidth to the tasks under control.
+ This is usually called "admission control" and if it is not performed at all,
+ no guarantee can be given on the actual scheduling of the -deadline tasks.
+
+ Since when RT-throttling has been introduced each task group has a bandwidth
+ associated, calculated as a certain amount of runtime over a period.
+ Moreover, to make it possible to manipulate such bandwidth, readable/writable
+ controls have been added to both procfs (for system wide settings) and cgroupfs
+ (for per-group settings).
+ Therefore, the same interface is being used for controlling the bandwidth
+ distrubution to -deadline tasks and task groups, i.e., new controls but with
+ similar names, equivalent meaning and with the same usage paradigm are added.
+
+ However, more discussion is needed in order to figure out how we want to manage
+ SCHED_DEADLINE bandwidth at the task group level. Therefore, SCHED_DEADLINE
+ uses (for now) a less sophisticated, but actually very sensible, mechanism to
+ ensure that a certain utilization cap is not overcome per each root_domain.
+
+ Another main difference between deadline bandwidth management and RT-throttling
+ is that -deadline tasks have bandwidth on their own (while -rt ones don't!),
+ and thus we don't need an higher level throttling mechanism to enforce the
+ desired bandwidth.
+
+3.1 System wide settings
+------------------------
+
+ The system wide settings are configured under the /proc virtual file system.
+
+ The control knob that is added to the /proc virtual file system is
+ /proc/sys/kernel/sched_dl_runtime_us. It accepts (if written) and provides (if
+ read) the new runtime for each CPU in each root_domain. The period control knob
+ is instead shared with -rt settings (/proc/sys/kernel/sched_rt_period_us). 
+
+ The CPU bandwidth available to -deadline tasks is actually a sub-quota of
+ the -rt bandwidth. By default 95% of system bandwidth is allocate to -rt tasks;
+ among this, a 40% quota is reserved for -dl tasks. To have the actual quota a
+ simple multiplication is needed: .95 * .40 = .38 (38% of system bandwidth for
+ deadline tasks).
+
+ This means that, for a root_domain comprising M CPUs, -deadline tasks
+ can be created until the sum of their bandwidths stay below:
+
+   M * (sched_dl_runtime_us / sched_rt_period_us)
+
+ It is also possible to disable this bandwidth management logic, and
+ be thus free of oversubscribing the system up to any arbitrary level.
+ This is done by writing -1 in /proc/sys/kernel/sched_dl_runtime_us.
+
+
+3.2 Task interface
+------------------
+
+ Specifying a periodic/sporadic task that executes for a given amount of
+ runtime at each instance, and that is scheduled according to the urgency of
+ its own timing constraints needs, in general, a way of declaring:
+  - a (maximum/typical) instance execution time,
+  - a minimum interval between consecutive instances,
+  - a time constraint by which each instance must be completed.
+
+ Therefore:
+  * a new struct sched_param2, containing all the necessary fields is
+    provided;
+  * the new scheduling related syscalls that manipulate it, i.e.,
+    sched_setscheduler2(), sched_setparam2() and sched_getparam2()
+    are implemented.
+
+
+3.3 Default behavior
+---------------------
+
+The default value for SCHED_DEADLINE bandwidth is to have dl_runtime equal to
+40000. Being rt_period equal to 1000000, by default, it means that -deadline
+tasks can use at most 40%, multiplied by the number of CPUs that compose the
+root_domain, for each root_domain.
+
+A -deadline task cannot fork.
+
+4. Tasks CPU affinity
+=====================
+
+-deadline tasks cannot have an affinity mask smaller that the entire
+root_domain they are created on. However, affinities can be specified
+through the cpuset facility (Documentation/cgroups/cpusets.txt).
+
+4.1 SCHED_DEADLINE and cpusets HOWTO
+------------------------------------
+
+An example of a simple configuration (pin a -deadline task to CPU0)
+follows (rt-app is used to create a -deadline task).
+
+mkdir /dev/cpuset
+mount -t cgroup -o cpuset cpuset /dev/cpuset
+cd /dev/cpuset
+mkdir cpu0
+echo 0 > cpu0/cpuset.cpus
+echo 0 > cpu0/cpuset.mems
+echo 1 > cpuset.cpu_exclusive
+echo 0 > cpuset.sched_load_balance
+echo 1 > cpu0/cpuset.cpu_exclusive
+echo 1 > cpu0/cpuset.mem_exclusive
+echo $$ > cpu0/tasks
+rt-app -t 100000:10000:d:0 -D5 (it is now actually superfluous to specify
+task affinity)
+
+5. Future plans
+===============
+
+Still missing:
+
+ - refinements to deadline inheritance, especially regarding the possibility
+   of retaining bandwidth isolation among non-interacting tasks. This is
+   being studied from both theoretical and practical point of views, and
+   hopefully we should be able to produce some demonstrative code soon;
+ - (c)group based bandwidth management, and maybe scheduling;
+ - access control for non-root users (and related security concerns to
+   address), which is the best way to allow unprivileged use of the mechanisms
+   and how to prevent non-root users "cheat" the system?
+
+As already discussed, we are planning also to merge this work with the EDF
+throttling patches [https://lkml.org/lkml/2010/2/23/239] but we still are in
+the preliminary phases of the merge and we really seek feedback that would
+help us decide on the direction it should take.
diff --git a/kernel/sched/deadline.c b/kernel/sched/deadline.c
index 0ece746..e7a1d34 100644
--- a/kernel/sched/deadline.c
+++ b/kernel/sched/deadline.c
@@ -348,7 +348,8 @@ static void replenish_dl_entity(struct sched_dl_entity *dl_se,
  * disrupting the schedulability of the system. Otherwise, we should
  * refill the runtime and set the deadline a period in the future,
  * because keeping the current (absolute) deadline of the task would
- * result in breaking guarantees promised to other tasks.
+ * result in breaking guarantees promised to other tasks (refer to
+ * Documentation/scheduler/sched-deadline.txt for more informations).
  *
  * This function returns true if:
  *
-- 
1.7.9.5

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