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Date: Tue, 14 Jan 2014 14:40:19 +0900
From: Minchan Kim <minchan@...nel.org>
To: Johannes Weiner <hannes@...xchg.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
Andi Kleen <andi@...stfloor.org>,
Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@...hat.com>,
Bob Liu <bob.liu@...cle.com>,
Christoph Hellwig <hch@...radead.org>,
Dave Chinner <david@...morbit.com>,
Greg Thelen <gthelen@...gle.com>,
Hugh Dickins <hughd@...gle.com>, Jan Kara <jack@...e.cz>,
KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@...fujitsu.com>,
Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@...gle.com>,
Mel Gorman <mgorman@...e.de>,
Metin Doslu <metin@...usdata.com>,
Michel Lespinasse <walken@...gle.com>,
Ozgun Erdogan <ozgun@...usdata.com>,
Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>,
Rik van Riel <riel@...hat.com>,
Roman Gushchin <klamm@...dex-team.ru>,
Ryan Mallon <rmallon@...il.com>, Tejun Heo <tj@...nel.org>,
Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@...e.cz>, linux-mm@...ck.org,
linux-fsdevel@...r.kernel.org, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: [patch 9/9] mm: keep page cache radix tree nodes in check
On Mon, Jan 13, 2014 at 04:39:47PM +0900, Minchan Kim wrote:
> On Fri, Jan 10, 2014 at 01:10:43PM -0500, Johannes Weiner wrote:
> > Previously, page cache radix tree nodes were freed after reclaim
> > emptied out their page pointers. But now reclaim stores shadow
> > entries in their place, which are only reclaimed when the inodes
> > themselves are reclaimed. This is problematic for bigger files that
> > are still in use after they have a significant amount of their cache
> > reclaimed, without any of those pages actually refaulting. The shadow
> > entries will just sit there and waste memory. In the worst case, the
> > shadow entries will accumulate until the machine runs out of memory.
> >
> > To get this under control, the VM will track radix tree nodes
> > exclusively containing shadow entries on a per-NUMA node list.
> > Per-NUMA rather than global because we expect the radix tree nodes
> > themselves to be allocated node-locally and we want to reduce
> > cross-node references of otherwise independent cache workloads. A
> > simple shrinker will then reclaim these nodes on memory pressure.
> >
> > A few things need to be stored in the radix tree node to implement the
> > shadow node LRU and allow tree deletions coming from the list:
> >
> > 1. There is no index available that would describe the reverse path
> > from the node up to the tree root, which is needed to perform a
> > deletion. To solve this, encode in each node its offset inside the
> > parent. This can be stored in the unused upper bits of the same
> > member that stores the node's height at no extra space cost.
> >
> > 2. The number of shadow entries needs to be counted in addition to the
> > regular entries, to quickly detect when the node is ready to go to
> > the shadow node LRU list. The current entry count is an unsigned
> > int but the maximum number of entries is 64, so a shadow counter
> > can easily be stored in the unused upper bits.
> >
> > 3. Tree modification needs tree lock and tree root, which are located
> > in the address space, so store an address_space backpointer in the
> > node. The parent pointer of the node is in a union with the 2-word
> > rcu_head, so the backpointer comes at no extra cost as well.
> >
> > 4. The node needs to be linked to an LRU list, which requires a list
> > head inside the node. This does increase the size of the node, but
> > it does not change the number of objects that fit into a slab page.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@...xchg.org>
> > ---
> > include/linux/list_lru.h | 2 +
> > include/linux/mmzone.h | 1 +
> > include/linux/radix-tree.h | 32 +++++++++---
> > include/linux/swap.h | 1 +
> > lib/radix-tree.c | 36 ++++++++------
> > mm/filemap.c | 77 +++++++++++++++++++++++------
> > mm/list_lru.c | 8 +++
> > mm/truncate.c | 20 +++++++-
> > mm/vmstat.c | 1 +
> > mm/workingset.c | 121 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> > 10 files changed, 259 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)
> >
> > diff --git a/include/linux/list_lru.h b/include/linux/list_lru.h
> > index 3ce541753c88..b02fc233eadd 100644
> > --- a/include/linux/list_lru.h
> > +++ b/include/linux/list_lru.h
> > @@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
> > /* list_lru_walk_cb has to always return one of those */
> > enum lru_status {
> > LRU_REMOVED, /* item removed from list */
> > + LRU_REMOVED_RETRY, /* item removed, but lock has been
> > + dropped and reacquired */
> > LRU_ROTATE, /* item referenced, give another pass */
> > LRU_SKIP, /* item cannot be locked, skip */
> > LRU_RETRY, /* item not freeable. May drop the lock
> > diff --git a/include/linux/mmzone.h b/include/linux/mmzone.h
> > index 118ba9f51e86..8cac5a7ef7a7 100644
> > --- a/include/linux/mmzone.h
> > +++ b/include/linux/mmzone.h
> > @@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ enum zone_stat_item {
> > #endif
> > WORKINGSET_REFAULT,
> > WORKINGSET_ACTIVATE,
> > + WORKINGSET_NODERECLAIM,
> > NR_ANON_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGES,
> > NR_FREE_CMA_PAGES,
> > NR_VM_ZONE_STAT_ITEMS };
> > diff --git a/include/linux/radix-tree.h b/include/linux/radix-tree.h
> > index 13636c40bc42..33170dbd9db4 100644
> > --- a/include/linux/radix-tree.h
> > +++ b/include/linux/radix-tree.h
> > @@ -72,21 +72,37 @@ static inline int radix_tree_is_indirect_ptr(void *ptr)
> > #define RADIX_TREE_TAG_LONGS \
> > ((RADIX_TREE_MAP_SIZE + BITS_PER_LONG - 1) / BITS_PER_LONG)
> >
> > +#define RADIX_TREE_INDEX_BITS (8 /* CHAR_BIT */ * sizeof(unsigned long))
> > +#define RADIX_TREE_MAX_PATH (DIV_ROUND_UP(RADIX_TREE_INDEX_BITS, \
> > + RADIX_TREE_MAP_SHIFT))
> > +
> > +/* Height component in node->path */
> > +#define RADIX_TREE_HEIGHT_SHIFT (RADIX_TREE_MAX_PATH + 1)
> > +#define RADIX_TREE_HEIGHT_MASK ((1UL << RADIX_TREE_HEIGHT_SHIFT) - 1)
> > +
> > +/* Internally used bits of node->count */
> > +#define RADIX_TREE_COUNT_SHIFT (RADIX_TREE_MAP_SHIFT + 1)
> > +#define RADIX_TREE_COUNT_MASK ((1UL << RADIX_TREE_COUNT_SHIFT) - 1)
> > +
> > struct radix_tree_node {
> > - unsigned int height; /* Height from the bottom */
> > + unsigned int path; /* Offset in parent & height from the bottom */
> > unsigned int count;
> > union {
> > - struct radix_tree_node *parent; /* Used when ascending tree */
> > - struct rcu_head rcu_head; /* Used when freeing node */
> > + struct {
> > + /* Used when ascending tree */
> > + struct radix_tree_node *parent;
> > + /* For tree user */
> > + void *private_data;
> > + };
> > + /* Used when freeing node */
> > + struct rcu_head rcu_head;
> > };
> > + /* For tree user */
> > + struct list_head private_list;
> > void __rcu *slots[RADIX_TREE_MAP_SIZE];
> > unsigned long tags[RADIX_TREE_MAX_TAGS][RADIX_TREE_TAG_LONGS];
> > };
> >
> > -#define RADIX_TREE_INDEX_BITS (8 /* CHAR_BIT */ * sizeof(unsigned long))
> > -#define RADIX_TREE_MAX_PATH (DIV_ROUND_UP(RADIX_TREE_INDEX_BITS, \
> > - RADIX_TREE_MAP_SHIFT))
> > -
> > /* root tags are stored in gfp_mask, shifted by __GFP_BITS_SHIFT */
> > struct radix_tree_root {
> > unsigned int height;
> > @@ -251,7 +267,7 @@ void *__radix_tree_lookup(struct radix_tree_root *root, unsigned long index,
> > struct radix_tree_node **nodep, void ***slotp);
> > void *radix_tree_lookup(struct radix_tree_root *, unsigned long);
> > void **radix_tree_lookup_slot(struct radix_tree_root *, unsigned long);
> > -bool __radix_tree_delete_node(struct radix_tree_root *root, unsigned long index,
> > +bool __radix_tree_delete_node(struct radix_tree_root *root,
> > struct radix_tree_node *node);
> > void *radix_tree_delete_item(struct radix_tree_root *, unsigned long, void *);
> > void *radix_tree_delete(struct radix_tree_root *, unsigned long);
> > diff --git a/include/linux/swap.h b/include/linux/swap.h
> > index b83cf61403ed..102e37bc82d5 100644
> > --- a/include/linux/swap.h
> > +++ b/include/linux/swap.h
> > @@ -264,6 +264,7 @@ struct swap_list_t {
> > void *workingset_eviction(struct address_space *mapping, struct page *page);
> > bool workingset_refault(void *shadow);
> > void workingset_activation(struct page *page);
> > +extern struct list_lru workingset_shadow_nodes;
> >
> > /* linux/mm/page_alloc.c */
> > extern unsigned long totalram_pages;
> > diff --git a/lib/radix-tree.c b/lib/radix-tree.c
> > index e601c56a43d0..0a0895371447 100644
> > --- a/lib/radix-tree.c
> > +++ b/lib/radix-tree.c
> > @@ -342,7 +342,8 @@ static int radix_tree_extend(struct radix_tree_root *root, unsigned long index)
> >
> > /* Increase the height. */
> > newheight = root->height+1;
> > - node->height = newheight;
> > + BUG_ON(newheight & ~RADIX_TREE_HEIGHT_MASK);
> > + node->path = newheight;
>
> Nitpick:
> It would be better to add some accessor for path and offset for
> readability and future enhance?
>
> > node->count = 1;
> > node->parent = NULL;
> > slot = root->rnode;
> > @@ -400,11 +401,12 @@ int __radix_tree_create(struct radix_tree_root *root, unsigned long index,
> > /* Have to add a child node. */
> > if (!(slot = radix_tree_node_alloc(root)))
> > return -ENOMEM;
> > - slot->height = height;
> > + slot->path = height;
> > slot->parent = node;
> > if (node) {
> > rcu_assign_pointer(node->slots[offset], slot);
> > node->count++;
> > + slot->path |= offset << RADIX_TREE_HEIGHT_SHIFT;
> > } else
> > rcu_assign_pointer(root->rnode, ptr_to_indirect(slot));
> > }
> > @@ -496,7 +498,7 @@ void *__radix_tree_lookup(struct radix_tree_root *root, unsigned long index,
> > }
> > node = indirect_to_ptr(node);
> >
> > - height = node->height;
> > + height = node->path & RADIX_TREE_HEIGHT_MASK;
> > if (index > radix_tree_maxindex(height))
> > return NULL;
> >
> > @@ -702,7 +704,7 @@ int radix_tree_tag_get(struct radix_tree_root *root,
> > return (index == 0);
> > node = indirect_to_ptr(node);
> >
> > - height = node->height;
> > + height = node->path & RADIX_TREE_HEIGHT_MASK;
> > if (index > radix_tree_maxindex(height))
> > return 0;
> >
> > @@ -739,7 +741,7 @@ void **radix_tree_next_chunk(struct radix_tree_root *root,
> > {
> > unsigned shift, tag = flags & RADIX_TREE_ITER_TAG_MASK;
> > struct radix_tree_node *rnode, *node;
> > - unsigned long index, offset;
> > + unsigned long index, offset, height;
> >
> > if ((flags & RADIX_TREE_ITER_TAGGED) && !root_tag_get(root, tag))
> > return NULL;
> > @@ -770,7 +772,8 @@ void **radix_tree_next_chunk(struct radix_tree_root *root,
> > return NULL;
> >
> > restart:
> > - shift = (rnode->height - 1) * RADIX_TREE_MAP_SHIFT;
> > + height = rnode->path & RADIX_TREE_HEIGHT_MASK;
> > + shift = (height - 1) * RADIX_TREE_MAP_SHIFT;
> > offset = index >> shift;
> >
> > /* Index outside of the tree */
> > @@ -1140,7 +1143,7 @@ static unsigned long __locate(struct radix_tree_node *slot, void *item,
> > unsigned int shift, height;
> > unsigned long i;
> >
> > - height = slot->height;
> > + height = slot->path & RADIX_TREE_HEIGHT_MASK;
> > shift = (height-1) * RADIX_TREE_MAP_SHIFT;
> >
> > for ( ; height > 1; height--) {
> > @@ -1203,7 +1206,8 @@ unsigned long radix_tree_locate_item(struct radix_tree_root *root, void *item)
> > }
> >
> > node = indirect_to_ptr(node);
> > - max_index = radix_tree_maxindex(node->height);
> > + max_index = radix_tree_maxindex(node->path &
> > + RADIX_TREE_HEIGHT_MASK);
> > if (cur_index > max_index)
> > break;
> >
> > @@ -1297,7 +1301,7 @@ static inline void radix_tree_shrink(struct radix_tree_root *root)
> > *
> > * Returns %true if @node was freed, %false otherwise.
> > */
> > -bool __radix_tree_delete_node(struct radix_tree_root *root, unsigned long index,
> > +bool __radix_tree_delete_node(struct radix_tree_root *root,
> > struct radix_tree_node *node)
> > {
> > bool deleted = false;
> > @@ -1316,9 +1320,10 @@ bool __radix_tree_delete_node(struct radix_tree_root *root, unsigned long index,
> >
> > parent = node->parent;
> > if (parent) {
> > - index >>= RADIX_TREE_MAP_SHIFT;
> > + unsigned int offset;
> >
> > - parent->slots[index & RADIX_TREE_MAP_MASK] = NULL;
> > + offset = node->path >> RADIX_TREE_HEIGHT_SHIFT;
> > + parent->slots[offset] = NULL;
> > parent->count--;
> > } else {
> > root_tag_clear_all(root);
> > @@ -1382,7 +1387,7 @@ void *radix_tree_delete_item(struct radix_tree_root *root,
> > node->slots[offset] = NULL;
> > node->count--;
> >
> > - __radix_tree_delete_node(root, index, node);
> > + __radix_tree_delete_node(root, node);
> >
> > return entry;
> > }
> > @@ -1415,9 +1420,12 @@ int radix_tree_tagged(struct radix_tree_root *root, unsigned int tag)
> > EXPORT_SYMBOL(radix_tree_tagged);
> >
> > static void
> > -radix_tree_node_ctor(void *node)
> > +radix_tree_node_ctor(void *arg)
> > {
> > - memset(node, 0, sizeof(struct radix_tree_node));
> > + struct radix_tree_node *node = arg;
> > +
> > + memset(node, 0, sizeof(*node));
> > + INIT_LIST_HEAD(&node->private_list);
> > }
> >
> > static __init unsigned long __maxindex(unsigned int height)
> > diff --git a/mm/filemap.c b/mm/filemap.c
> > index 65a374c0df4f..b93e223b59a9 100644
> > --- a/mm/filemap.c
> > +++ b/mm/filemap.c
> > @@ -110,11 +110,17 @@
> > static void page_cache_tree_delete(struct address_space *mapping,
> > struct page *page, void *shadow)
> > {
> > - if (shadow) {
> > - void **slot;
> > + struct radix_tree_node *node;
> > + unsigned long index;
> > + unsigned int offset;
> > + unsigned int tag;
> > + void **slot;
> >
> > - slot = radix_tree_lookup_slot(&mapping->page_tree, page->index);
> > - radix_tree_replace_slot(slot, shadow);
> > + VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));
> > +
> > + __radix_tree_lookup(&mapping->page_tree, page->index, &node, &slot);
> > +
> > + if (shadow) {
> > mapping->nrshadows++;
> > /*
> > * Make sure the nrshadows update is committed before
> > @@ -123,9 +129,39 @@ static void page_cache_tree_delete(struct address_space *mapping,
> > * same time and miss a shadow entry.
> > */
> > smp_wmb();
> > - } else
> > - radix_tree_delete(&mapping->page_tree, page->index);
> > + }
> > mapping->nrpages--;
> > +
> > + if (!node) {
> > + /* Clear direct pointer tags in root node */
> > + mapping->page_tree.gfp_mask &= __GFP_BITS_MASK;
> > + radix_tree_replace_slot(slot, shadow);
> > + return;
> > + }
> > +
> > + /* Clear tree tags for the removed page */
> > + index = page->index;
> > + offset = index & RADIX_TREE_MAP_MASK;
> > + for (tag = 0; tag < RADIX_TREE_MAX_TAGS; tag++) {
> > + if (test_bit(offset, node->tags[tag]))
> > + radix_tree_tag_clear(&mapping->page_tree, index, tag);
> > + }
> > +
> > + /* Delete page, swap shadow entry */
> > + radix_tree_replace_slot(slot, shadow);
> > + node->count--;
> > + if (shadow)
> > + node->count += 1U << RADIX_TREE_COUNT_SHIFT;
>
> Nitpick2:
> It should be a function of workingset.c rather than exposing
> RADIX_TREE_COUNT_SHIFT?
>
> IMO, It would be better to provide some accessor functions here, too.
>
> I didn't review locking part yet and will review it tomorrow with
> fresh brain. :)
Complete to review.
I couldn't spot any mistake any more so, Other than that,
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@...nel.org>
--
Kind regards,
Minchan Kim
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