Date:	Tue, 15 Apr 2014 15:36:29 -0700
From:	Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@...radead.org>
To:	Tejun Heo <tj@...nel.org>, Li Zefan <lizefan@...wei.com>
CC:	cgroups@...r.kernel.org, containers@...ts.linux-foundation.org,
	linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
	Serge Hallyn <serge.hallyn@...ntu.com>,
	Johannes Weiner <hannes@...xchg.org>,
	Michal Hocko <mhocko@...e.cz>,
	Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>,
	Aristeu Rozanski <arozansk@...hat.com>,
	Daniel Borkmann <dborkman@...hat.com>,
	Thomas Graf <tgraf@...g.ch>,
	Lennart Poettering <lennart@...ttering.net>,
	Kay Sievers <kay@...y.org>, Rohit Jnagal <jnagal@...gle.com>,
	Brandon Philips <brandon.philips@...eos.com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH cgroup/for-3.16] cgroup: add documentation about unified
 hierarchy

On 04/14/2014 03:09 PM, Tejun Heo wrote:
> Hello,
> 
> Unified hierarchy is finally out for review [1][2].  This patch adds
> the documentation which describes the design and rationales.  If you
> can think of more people to cc, please go ahead.
> 
> If you have any comments and/or questions, please don't hesitate.
> 
> Thanks.
> 
> [1] http://lkml.kernel.org/g/1397511430-2673-1-git-send-email-tj@kernel.org
> [2] http://lkml.kernel.org/g/1397511846-2904-1-git-send-email-tj@kernel.org
> 
> ------ 8< ------
> From 68eb841c53bb26a7b49f8f244ebd68f2530d8d0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
> From: Tejun Heo <tj@...nel.org>
> Date: Mon, 14 Apr 2014 17:29:39 -0400
> 
> Unified hierarchy will be the new version of cgroup interface.  This
> patch adds Documentation/cgroups/unified-hierarchy.txt which describes
> the design and rationales of unified hierarchy.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@...nel.org>
> ---
>  Documentation/cgroups/unified-hierarchy.txt | 359 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  1 file changed, 359 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 Documentation/cgroups/unified-hierarchy.txt
> 
> diff --git a/Documentation/cgroups/unified-hierarchy.txt b/Documentation/cgroups/unified-hierarchy.txt
> new file mode 100644
> index 0000000..41386c3
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/Documentation/cgroups/unified-hierarchy.txt
> @@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
> +
> +Cgroup unified hierarchy
> +
> +April, 2014		Tejun Heo <tj@...nel.org>
> +
> +This document describes the changes made by unified hierarchy and
> +their rationales.  It will eventually be merged into the main cgroup
> +documentation.
> +
> +CONTENTS
> +
> +1. Background
> +2. Basic Operation
> +  2-1. Mounting
> +  2-2. cgroup.subtree_control
> +  2-3. cgroup.controllers
> +3. Structural Constraints
> +  3-1. Top-down
> +  3-2. No internal tasks
> +4. Other Changes
> +  4-1. [Un]populated Notification
> +  4-2. Other Core Changes
> +  4-3. Per-Controller Changes
> +    4-3-1. blkio
> +    4-3-2. cpuset
> +    4-3-3. memory
> +5. Planned Changes
> +  5-1. CAP for resource control
> +
> +
> +1. Background
> +
> +cgroup allows arbitrary number of hierarchies and each hierarchy can

          allows an arbitrary

> +host any number of controllers.  While this seems to provide high

                                                        provide a high

> +level of flexibility, it isn't quite useful in practice.
> +
> +For example, as there is only one instance of each controller, utility
> +type controllers such as freezer which can be useful in all
> +hierarchies can only be used in one.  The issue is exacerbated by the
> +fact that controllers can't be moved around once hierarchies are
> +populated.  Another issue is that all controllers bound to a hierarchy
> +are forced to have exactly the same view of the hierarchy.  It isn't
> +possible to vary the granularity depending on the specific controller.
> +
> +In practice, these issues heavily limit which controllers can be put
> +on the same hierarchy and most configurations resort to putting each
> +controller on its own hierarchy.  Only closely related ones, such as
> +cpu and cpuacct, make sense to put on the same hierarchy.  This often
> +means that userland ends up managing multiple similar hierarchies
> +repeating the same steps on each hierarchy whenever a hierarchy
> +management operation is necessary.
> +
> +Unfortunately, support for multiple hierarchies comes at a steep cost.
> +Internal implementation in cgroup core proper is dazzlingly
> +complicated but more importantly the support for multiple hierarchies
> +restricts how cgroup is used in general and what controllers can do.
> +
> +There's no limit on how many hierarchies there may be, which means
> +that a task's cgroup membership can't be described in finite length.
> +The key may contain any varying number of entries and is unlimited in
> +length, which makes it highly awkward to handle and leads to addition
> +of controllers which exist only to identify membership, which in turn
> +exacerbates the original problem.
> +
> +Also, as a controller can't have any expectation regarding what shape
> +of hierarchies other controllers would be on, each controller has to
> +assume that all other controllers are operating on completely
> +orthogonal hierarchies.  This makes it impossible, or at least very
> +cumbersome, for controllers to cooperate with each other.
> +
> +In most use cases, putting controllers on hierarchies which are
> +completely orthogonal to each other isn't necessary.  What usually is
> +called for is the ability to have differing levels of granularity
> +depending on the specific controller.  IOW, hierarchy may be collapsed

please spell out IOW

> +from leaf towards root when viewed from specific controllers.  For
> +example, a given configuration might not care about how memory is
> +distributed beyond certain level while still want to control how cpu

               beyond a certain level while still wanting to control

I would prefer to see CPU instead of cpu (except when it refers to a
task or function).

> +cycles are distributed.
> +
> +Unified hierarchy is the next version of cgroup interface.  It aims to

                                         of the cgroup interface.

> +address the aforementioned issues by having more structure while
> +retaining enough flexibility for most use cases.  Various other
> +general and controller-specific interface issues are also addressed in
> +the process.
> +
> +
> +2. Basic Operation
> +
> +2-1. Mounting
> +
> +Currently, unified hierarchy can be mounted with the following mount
> +command.  Note that this is still under development and scheduled to
> +change soon.
> +
> + mount -t cgroup -o __DEVEL__sane_behavior cgroup $MOUNT_POINT
> +
> +All controllers which are not bound to other hierarchies are
> +automatically bound to unified hierarchy and show up at the root of
> +it.  Controllers which are enabled only in the root of unified
> +hierarchy can be bound to other hierarchies at any time.  This allows
> +mixing unified hierarchy with the traditional multiple hierarchies in
> +fully backward compatible way.

   a fully backward

> +
> +
> +2-2. cgroup.subtree_control
> +
> +All cgroups on unified hierarchy have "cgroup.subtree_control" which
> +governs which controllers are enabled on the children of the cgroup.
> +Let's assume a hierarchy like the following.
> +
> +  root - A - B - C
> +               \ D
> +
> +root's "cgroup.subtree_control" determines which controllers are
> +enabled on A.  A's on B.  B's on C and D.  This coincides with the
> +fact that controllers on the immediate sub-level are used to
> +distribute the resources of the parent.  In fact, it's natural to
> +assume that resource control knobs of a child belong to its parent.
> +Enabling a controller in "cgroup.subtree_control" declares that
> +distribution of the respective resources of the cgroup will be
> +controlled.  Note that this means that controller enable states are
> +shared among siblings.
> +
> +When read, the file contains space-separated list of currently enabled

                       contains a space-separated

> +controllers.  A write to the file should contain spaced-separated list

                                            contain a space-separated

> +of controllers with '+' or '-' prefixed (without the quotes).
> +Controllers prefixed with '+' are enabled and '-' disabled.  If a
> +controller is listed multiple times, the last entry wins.  The
> +specific operations are executed atomically - either all succeed or
> +fail.
> +
> +
> +2-3. cgroup.controllers
> +
> +Read-only "cgroup.controllers" contains space-separated list of

                                  contains a space-separated

> +controllers which can be enabled in the cgroup's
> +"cgroup.subtree_control".
> +
> +In the root cgroup, this lists controllers which are not bound to
> +other hierarchies and the content changes as controllers are bound to
> +and unbound from other hierarchies.
> +
> +In non-root cgroups, the content of this file equals that of the
> +parent's "cgroup.subtree_control" as only controllers enabled from the
> +parent can be used in its children.
> +
> +
> +3. Structural Constraints
> +
> +3-1. Top-down
> +
> +As it doesn't make sense to nest control of an uncontrolled resource,
> +all non-root "cgroup.subtree_control" can only contain controllers
> +which are enabled in the parent's "cgroup.subtree_control".  A
> +controller can be enabled only if the parent has the controller
> +enabled and a controller can't be disabled if one or more children
> +have it enabled.
> +
> +
> +3-2. No internal tasks
> +
> +One long-standing issue that cgroup faces is the competition between
> +tasks belonging to the parent cgroup and its children cgroups.  This
> +is inherently nasty as two different types of entities compete and
> +there is no agreed-upon obvious way to handle it.  Different
> +controllers are doing different things.
> +
> +cpu considers tasks and cgroups as equivalents and maps nice level to
> +cgroup weights.  This works for some cases but falls flat when
> +children should be allocated specific ratios of cpu cycles and the
> +number of internal tasks fluctuates - the ratios constantly change as
> +the number of competing entities fluctuates.  There also are other
> +issues.  The mapping from nice level to weight isn't obvious or
> +universal, and there are various other knobs which simply aren't
> +available for tasks.
> +
> +blkio implicitly creates a hidden leaf node for each cgroup to host
> +the tasks.  The hidden leaf has its own copies of all the knobs with
> +"leaf_" prefixed.  While this allows equivalent control over internal
> +tasks, it's with serious drawbacks.  It always adds an extra layer of
> +nesting which may not be necessary, makes the interface messy and
> +significantly complicates the implementation.
> +
> +memory currently doesn't have a way to control what happens between
> +internal tasks and child cgroups and the behavior is not clearly
> +defined.  There have been attempts to add ad-hoc behaviors and knobs
> +to tailor the behavior to specific workloads.  Continuing this
> +direction will lead to problems which will be extremely difficult to
> +resolve in the long term.
> +
> +Multiple controllers struggle with internal tasks and came up with
> +different ways to deal with it; unfortunately, all the approaches in
> +use now are severely flawed and, furthermore, the widely different
> +behaviors make cgroup as whole highly inconsistent.
> +
> +It is clear that this is something which needs to be addressed from
> +cgroup core proper in a uniform way so that controllers don't need to
> +worry about it and cgroup as a whole shows a consistent and logical
> +behavior.  To achieve that, unified hierarchy enforces the following
> +structural constraint.

   structural constraint:

> +
> + Except for the root, only cgroups which don't contain any task may
> + have controllers enabled in "cgroup.subtree_control".
> +
> +Combined with other properties, this guarantees that, when a
> +controller is looking at the part of the hierarchy which has it
> +enabled, tasks are always only on the leaves.  This rules out
> +situations where child cgroups compete against internal tasks of the
> +parent.
> +
> +There are two things to note.  Firstly, the root cgroup is exempt from
> +the restriction.  Root contains tasks and anonymous resource
> +consumption which can't be associated with any other cgroup and
> +requires special treatment from most controllers.  How resource
> +consumption in the root cgroup is governed is upto each controller.

                                                 up to

> +
> +Secondly, the restriction doesn't take effect if there is no enabled
> +controller in the cgroup's "cgroup.subtree_control".  This is
> +important as otherwise it wouldn't be possible to create children of a
> +populated cgroup.  To control resource distribution of a cgroup, the
> +cgroup must create children and transfer all its tasks to the children
> +before enabling controllers in its "cgroup.subtree_control".
> +
> +
> +4. Other Changes
> +
> +4-1. [Un]populated Notification
> +
> +cgroup users often need a way to determine when a cgroup's
> +subhierarchy becomes empty so that it can be cleaned up.  cgroup
> +currently provides release_agent for it; unfortunately, this mechanism
> +is riddled with issues.
> +
> +- It delivers events by forking and execing a userland binary
> +  specified as the release_agent.  This is a long deprecated method of
> +  notification delivery.  It's extremely heavy, slow and cumbersome to
> +  integrate with larger infrastructure.
> +
> +- There is single monitoring point at the root.  There's no way to
> +  delegate management of subtree.

"of subtree" seems incomplete...
At a minimum it should be "of a subtree."

> +
> +- The event isn't recursive.  It triggers when a cgroup doesn't have
> +  any tasks or child cgroups.  Events for internal nodes trigger only
> +  after all children are removed.  This again makes it impossible to
> +  delegate management of subtree.

                         of a subtree.

> +
> +- Events are filtered from the kernel side.  "notify_on_release" file

                                                A "notify_on_release" file

> +  is used to subscribe to or suppress release event.  This is

                                         release events.

> +  unnecessarily complicated and probably done this way because event
> +  delivery itself was expensive.
> +
> +Unified hierarchy implements interface file "cgroup.subtree_populated"

                     implements an interface file

> +which can be used to monitor whether the cgroup's subhierarchy has
> +tasks in it or not.  Its value is 0 if there is no task in the cgroup
> +and its descendants; otherwise, 1.  poll and [id]notify events are
> +triggered when the value changes.
> +
> +This is significantly lighter and simpler and trivially allows
> +delegating management of subhierarchy - subhierarchy monitoring can
> +block further propagation simply by putting itself or another process
> +in the root of the subhierarchy and monitor events that it's
> +interested in from there without interfering with monitoring higher in
> +the tree.
> +
> +In unified hierarchy, release_agent mechanism is no longer supported

                         the release_agent mechanism

> +and the interface files "release_agent" and "notify_on_release" do not
> +exist.
> +
> +
> +4-2. Other Core Changes
> +
> +- None of the mount options is allowed.
> +
> +- remount is disallowed.
> +
> +- rename(2) is disallowed.
> +
> +- "tasks" is removed.  Everything should at process granularity.  Use
> +  "cgroup.procs" instead.
> +
> +- "cgroup.procs" is not sorted.  pids will be unique unless they got
> +  recycled in-between reads.
> +
> +- "cgroup.clone_children" is removed.
> +
> +
> +4-3. Per-Controller Changes
> +
> +4-3-1. blkio
> +
> +- blk-throttle becomes properly hierarchical.
> +
> +
> +4-3-2. cpuset
> +
> +- Tasks are kept in empty cpusets after hotplug and take on the masks
> +  of the nearest non-empty ancestor, instead of being moved to it.
> +
> +- A task can be moved into an empty cpuset, and again it takes on the
> +  masks of the nearest non-empty ancestor.
> +
> +
> +4-3-3. memory
> +
> +- use_hierarchy is on by default and the cgroup file for the flag is
> +  not created.
> +
> +
> +5. Planned Changes
> +
> +5-1. CAP for resource control
> +
> +Unified hierarchy will require one of the capabilities(7), which is
> +yet to be decided, for all resource control related knobs.  Process
> +organization operations - creation of sub-cgroups and migration of
> +processes in sub-hierarchies may be delegated by changing the
> +ownership and/or permissions on the cgroup directory and
> +"cgroup.procs" interface file; however, all operations which affect
> +resource control - writes to "cgroup.subtree_control" or any
> +controller-specific knobs - will require an explicit CAP privilege.
> +
> +This, in part, is to prevent cgroup interface from being inadvertently

                        prevent the cgroup interface

> +promoted to programmable API used by non-privileged binaries.  cgroup
> +exposes various aspects of the system in ways which aren't properly
> +abstracted for direct consumption by regular programs.  This is an
> +administration interface much closer to sysctl knobs than system
> +calls.  Even the basic access model, being filesystem path based,
> +isn't suitable for direct consumption.  There's no way to access "my
> +cgroup" in race-free way or make multiple operations atomic against

           in a race-free way

> +migration to another cgroup.
> +
> +Another aspect is that, for better or for worse, cgroup interface goes

                                                    the cgroup interface goes

> +through far less scrutiny than regular interfaces for unprivileged
> +userland.  The upside is that cgroup is able to expose useful features
> +which may not be suitable for general consumption in reasonable time

                                                     in a reasonable time

> +frame.  It provides a relatively short path between internal details
> +and userland-visible interface.  Of course, this shortcut comes with
> +high risk.  We go through what we go through for general kernel APIs
> +for good reasons.  It may end up leaking internal details in a way
> +which can exert significant pain by locking the kernel into a contract
> +that can't be maintained in a reasonable manner.

so the cgroup interface is not stable and won't be?

> +
> +Also, due to the specific nature, cgroup and its controllers don't
> +tend to attract attention from wide-scope of developers.  cgroup's

                             from a wide scope of developers.

> +short history is already fraught with severely mis-designed
> +interfaces, unnecessary commitment to and exposing of internal
> +details, broken and dangerous implementations of various features.
> +
> +Keeping cgroup as an administration interface is both advantageous for
> +its role and an imperative given its nature.  Some of the cgroup

            and imperative given

> +features may make sense for unprivileged access.  If deemed justified,
> +those must be further abstracted and implemented as a different
> +interface, be it a system call or process-private filesystem, and
> +survive through the scrutiny that any interface for general
> +consumption is required to go through.
> +
> +Requiring CAP is not a complete solution but should serve as a
> +significant deterrent against spraying cgroup usages in non-privileged
> +programs.
> 

Two comments that apply in multiple places:

a.  Call cgroup's interface files "files".  E.g.:

  root's "cgroup.subtree_control" determines ...

becomes:

  root's "cgroup.subtree_control" file determines

b.  Call cgroup controllers "controllers" or "controller".  E.g.:

  memory currently doesn't have a way to control what happens between

becomes:

  The memory controller currently doesn't have a way to control what happens between


-- 
~Randy
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