Date:	Tue, 26 Aug 2014 19:29:42 -0700
From:	Alexei Starovoitov <ast@...mgrid.com>
To:	"David S. Miller" <davem@...emloft.net>
Cc:	Ingo Molnar <mingo@...nel.org>,
	Linus Torvalds <torvalds@...ux-foundation.org>,
	Andy Lutomirski <luto@...capital.net>,
	Steven Rostedt <rostedt@...dmis.org>,
	Daniel Borkmann <dborkman@...hat.com>,
	Chema Gonzalez <chema@...gle.com>,
	Eric Dumazet <edumazet@...gle.com>,
	Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@...llo.nl>,
	Brendan Gregg <brendan.d.gregg@...il.com>,
	Namhyung Kim <namhyung@...nel.org>,
	"H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@...or.com>,
	Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
	Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>, linux-api@...r.kernel.org,
	netdev@...r.kernel.org, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org
Subject: [PATCH RFC v7 net-next 28/28] samples: bpf: IO latency analysis (iosnoop/heatmap)

eBPF C program attaches to block_rq_issue/block_rq_complete events to calculate
IO latency. Then it waits for the first 100 events to compute average latency
and uses range [0 .. ave_lat * 2] to record histogram of events in this latency
range.
User space reads this histogram map every 2 seconds and prints it as a 'heatmap'
using gray shades of text terminal. Black spaces have many events and white
spaces have very few events. Left most space is the smallest latency, right most
space is the largest latency in the range.
If kernel sees too many events that fall out of histogram range, user space
adjusts the range up, so heatmap for next 2 seconds will be more accurate.

Usage:
$ sudo ./ex3
and do 'sudo dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/null' in other terminal.
Observe IO latencies and how different activity (like 'make kernel') affects it.

Similar experiments can be done for network transmit latencies, syscalls, etc

Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@...mgrid.com>
---
 samples/bpf/Makefile   |    6 +-
 samples/bpf/ex3_kern.c |  104 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 samples/bpf/ex3_user.c |  149 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 257 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 samples/bpf/ex3_kern.c
 create mode 100644 samples/bpf/ex3_user.c

diff --git a/samples/bpf/Makefile b/samples/bpf/Makefile
index d2de86188925..9e7a9bc2194d 100644
--- a/samples/bpf/Makefile
+++ b/samples/bpf/Makefile
@@ -2,21 +2,23 @@
 obj- := dummy.o
 
 # List of programs to build
-hostprogs-y := dropmon test_verifier ex1 ex2
+hostprogs-y := dropmon test_verifier ex1 ex2 ex3
 
 dropmon-objs := dropmon.o libbpf.o
 test_verifier-objs := test_verifier.o libbpf.o
 ex1-objs := bpf_load.o libbpf.o ex1_user.o
 ex2-objs := bpf_load.o libbpf.o ex2_user.o
+ex3-objs := bpf_load.o libbpf.o ex3_user.o
 
 # Tell kbuild to always build the programs
-always := $(hostprogs-y) ex1_kern.o ex2_kern.o
+always := $(hostprogs-y) ex1_kern.o ex2_kern.o ex3_kern.o
 
 HOSTCFLAGS += -I$(objtree)/usr/include
 
 HOSTCFLAGS_bpf_load.o += -I$(objtree)/usr/include -Wno-unused-variable
 HOSTLOADLIBES_ex1 += -lelf
 HOSTLOADLIBES_ex2 += -lelf
+HOSTLOADLIBES_ex3 += -lelf
 
 LLC=$(srctree)/tools/bpf/llvm/bld/Debug+Asserts/bin/llc
 
diff --git a/samples/bpf/ex3_kern.c b/samples/bpf/ex3_kern.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..45ff40ff1077
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/bpf/ex3_kern.c
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+#include <linux/skbuff.h>
+#include <linux/netdevice.h>
+#include <uapi/linux/bpf.h>
+#include <trace/bpf_trace.h>
+#include "bpf_helpers.h"
+
+struct bpf_map_def SEC("maps") my_map = {
+	.type = BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH,
+	.key_size = sizeof(long),
+	.value_size = sizeof(u64),
+	.max_entries = 4096,
+};
+
+/* alternative events:
+ * SEC("events/syscalls/sys_enter_write")
+ * SEC("events/net/net_dev_start_xmit")
+ */
+SEC("events/block/block_rq_issue")
+int bpf_prog1(struct bpf_context *ctx)
+{
+	long rq = ctx->arg2; /* long rq = bpf_get_current(); */
+	u64 val = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
+
+	bpf_map_update_elem(&my_map, &rq, &val);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+struct globals {
+	u64 lat_ave;
+	u64 lat_sum;
+	u64 missed;
+	u64 max_lat;
+	int num_samples;
+};
+
+struct bpf_map_def SEC("maps") global_map = {
+	.type = BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH,
+	.key_size = sizeof(int),
+	.value_size = sizeof(struct globals),
+	.max_entries = 1,
+};
+
+#define MAX_SLOT 32
+
+struct bpf_map_def SEC("maps") lat_map = {
+	.type = BPF_MAP_TYPE_HASH,
+	.key_size = sizeof(int),
+	.value_size = sizeof(u64),
+	.max_entries = MAX_SLOT,
+};
+
+/* alternative evenets:
+ * SEC("events/syscalls/sys_exit_write")
+ * SEC("events/net/net_dev_xmit")
+ */
+SEC("events/block/block_rq_complete")
+int bpf_prog2(struct bpf_context *ctx)
+{
+	long rq = ctx->arg2;
+	void *value;
+
+	value = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&my_map, &rq);
+	if (!value)
+		return 0;
+
+	u64 cur_time = bpf_ktime_get_ns();
+	u64 delta = (cur_time - *(u64 *)value) / 1000;
+
+	bpf_map_delete_elem(&my_map, &rq);
+
+	int ind = 1;
+	struct globals *g = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&global_map, &ind);
+	if (!g)
+		return 0;
+	if (g->lat_ave == 0) {
+		g->num_samples++;
+		g->lat_sum += delta;
+		if (g->num_samples >= 100) {
+			g->lat_ave = g->lat_sum / g->num_samples;
+			if (0/* debug */) {
+				char fmt[] = "after %d samples average latency %ld usec\n";
+				bpf_printk(fmt, sizeof(fmt), g->num_samples,
+					   g->lat_ave);
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		u64 max_lat = g->lat_ave * 2;
+		if (delta > max_lat) {
+			g->missed++;
+			if (delta > g->max_lat)
+				g->max_lat = delta;
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		ind = delta * MAX_SLOT / max_lat;
+		value = bpf_map_lookup_elem(&lat_map, &ind);
+		if (!value)
+			return 0;
+		(*(u64 *)value) ++;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+char license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
diff --git a/samples/bpf/ex3_user.c b/samples/bpf/ex3_user.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..508a7c3b61c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/samples/bpf/ex3_user.c
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <linux/bpf.h>
+#include "libbpf.h"
+#include "bpf_load.h"
+
+#define ARRAY_SIZE(x) (sizeof(x) / sizeof(*(x)))
+
+struct globals {
+	__u64 lat_ave;
+	__u64 lat_sum;
+	__u64 missed;
+	__u64 max_lat;
+	int num_samples;
+};
+
+static void clear_stats(int fd)
+{
+	int key;
+	__u64 value = 0;
+	for (key = 0; key < 32; key++)
+		bpf_update_elem(fd, &key, &value);
+}
+
+const char *color[] = {
+	"\033[48;5;255m",
+	"\033[48;5;252m",
+	"\033[48;5;250m",
+	"\033[48;5;248m",
+	"\033[48;5;246m",
+	"\033[48;5;244m",
+	"\033[48;5;242m",
+	"\033[48;5;240m",
+	"\033[48;5;238m",
+	"\033[48;5;236m",
+	"\033[48;5;234m",
+	"\033[48;5;232m",
+};
+const int num_colors = ARRAY_SIZE(color);
+
+const char nocolor[] = "\033[00m";
+
+static void print_banner(__u64 max_lat)
+{
+	printf("0 usec     ...          %lld usec\n", max_lat);
+}
+
+static void print_hist(int fd)
+{
+	int key;
+	__u64 value;
+	__u64 cnt[32];
+	__u64 max_cnt = 0;
+	__u64 total_events = 0;
+	int max_bucket = 0;
+
+	for (key = 0; key < 32; key++) {
+		value = 0;
+		bpf_lookup_elem(fd, &key, &value);
+		if (value > 0)
+			max_bucket = key;
+		cnt[key] = value;
+		total_events += value;
+		if (value > max_cnt)
+			max_cnt = value;
+	}
+	clear_stats(fd);
+	for (key = 0; key < 32; key++) {
+		int c = num_colors * cnt[key] / (max_cnt + 1);
+		printf("%s %s", color[c], nocolor);
+	}
+	printf(" captured=%lld", total_events);
+
+	key = 1;
+	struct globals g = {};
+	bpf_lookup_elem(map_fd[1], &key, &g);
+
+	printf(" missed=%lld max_lat=%lld usec\n",
+	       g.missed, g.max_lat);
+
+	if (g.missed > 10 && g.missed > total_events / 10) {
+		printf("adjusting range UP...\n");
+		g.lat_ave = g.max_lat / 2;
+		print_banner(g.lat_ave * 2);
+	} else if (max_bucket < 4 && total_events > 100) {
+		printf("adjusting range DOWN...\n");
+		g.lat_ave = g.lat_ave / 4;
+		print_banner(g.lat_ave * 2);
+	}
+	/* clear some globals */
+	g.missed = 0;
+	g.max_lat = 0;
+	bpf_update_elem(map_fd[1], &key, &g);
+}
+
+static void int_exit(int sig)
+{
+	print_hist(map_fd[2]);
+	exit(0);
+}
+
+int main(int ac, char **argv)
+{
+	char filename[256];
+
+	snprintf(filename, sizeof(filename), "%s_kern.o", argv[0]);
+
+	if (load_bpf_file(filename)) {
+		printf("%s", bpf_log_buf);
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	clear_stats(map_fd[2]);
+
+	int key = 1;
+	struct globals g = {};
+	if (bpf_update_elem(map_fd[1], &key, &g) != 0) {
+		printf("bug\n");
+		return 1;
+	}
+	signal(SIGINT, int_exit);
+
+	if (fork() == 0) {
+		read_trace_pipe();
+	} else {
+		printf("waiting for events to determine average latency...\n");
+		for (;;) {
+			bpf_lookup_elem(map_fd[1], &key, &g);
+			if (g.lat_ave)
+				break;
+			sleep(1);
+		}
+
+		printf("  IO latency in usec\n"
+		       "  %s %s - many events with this latency\n"
+		       "  %s %s - few events\n",
+		       color[num_colors - 1], nocolor,
+		       color[0], nocolor);
+		print_banner(g.lat_ave * 2);
+		for (;;) {
+			print_hist(map_fd[2]);
+			sleep(2);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
-- 
1.7.9.5

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