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Date: Mon, 29 Sep 2014 16:45:07 +0900
From: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@....com>
To: Dan Streetman <ddstreet@...e.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
Minchan Kim <minchan@...nel.org>,
Nitin Gupta <ngupta@...are.org>, Linux-MM <linux-mm@...ck.org>,
linux-kernel <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
Jerome Marchand <jmarchan@...hat.com>,
Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@...il.com>,
Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@...gle.com>, juno.choi@....com,
"seungho1.park" <seungho1.park@....com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH v3] zsmalloc: merge size_class to reduce fragmentation
On Fri, Sep 26, 2014 at 04:48:45PM -0400, Dan Streetman wrote:
> On Fri, Sep 26, 2014 at 2:27 AM, Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@....com> wrote:
> > zsmalloc has many size_classes to reduce fragmentation and they are
> > in 16 bytes unit, for example, 16, 32, 48, etc., if PAGE_SIZE is 4096.
> > And, zsmalloc has constraint that each zspage has 4 pages at maximum.
> >
> > In this situation, we can see interesting aspect.
> > Let's think about size_class for 1488, 1472, ..., 1376.
> > To prevent external fragmentation, they uses 4 pages per zspage and
> > so all they can contain 11 objects at maximum.
> >
> > 16384 (4096 * 4) = 1488 * 11 + remains
> > 16384 (4096 * 4) = 1472 * 11 + remains
> > 16384 (4096 * 4) = ...
> > 16384 (4096 * 4) = 1376 * 11 + remains
> >
> > It means that they have same characteristics and classification between
> > them isn't needed. If we use one size_class for them, we can reduce
> > fragementation and save some memory since both the 1488 and 1472 sized
> > classes can only fit 11 objects into 4 pages, and an object that's
> > 1472 bytes can fit into an object that's 1488 bytes, merging these
> > classes to always use objects that are 1488 bytes will reduce the total
> > number of size classes. And reducing the total number of size classes
> > reduces overall fragmentation, because a wider range of compressed pages
> > can fit into a single size class, leaving less unused objects in each
> > size class.
> >
> > For this purpose, this patch implement size_class merging. If there is
> > size_class that have same pages_per_zspage and same number of objects
> > per zspage with previous size_class, we don't create new size_class.
> > Instead, we use previous, same characteristic size_class. With this way,
> > above example sizes (1488, 1472, ..., 1376) use just one size_class
> > so we can get much more memory utilization.
> >
> > Below is result of my simple test.
> >
> > TEST ENV: EXT4 on zram, mount with discard option
> > WORKLOAD: untar kernel source code, remove directory in descending order
> > in size. (drivers arch fs sound include net Documentation firmware
> > kernel tools)
> >
> > Each line represents orig_data_size, compr_data_size, mem_used_total,
> > fragmentation overhead (mem_used - compr_data_size) and overhead ratio
> > (overhead to compr_data_size), respectively, after untar and remove
> > operation is executed.
> >
> > * untar-nomerge.out
> >
> > orig_size compr_size used_size overhead overhead_ratio
> > 525.88MB 199.16MB 210.23MB 11.08MB 5.56%
> > 288.32MB 97.43MB 105.63MB 8.20MB 8.41%
> > 177.32MB 61.12MB 69.40MB 8.28MB 13.55%
> > 146.47MB 47.32MB 56.10MB 8.78MB 18.55%
> > 124.16MB 38.85MB 48.41MB 9.55MB 24.58%
> > 103.93MB 31.68MB 40.93MB 9.25MB 29.21%
> > 84.34MB 22.86MB 32.72MB 9.86MB 43.13%
> > 66.87MB 14.83MB 23.83MB 9.00MB 60.70%
> > 60.67MB 11.11MB 18.60MB 7.49MB 67.48%
> > 55.86MB 8.83MB 16.61MB 7.77MB 88.03%
> > 53.32MB 8.01MB 15.32MB 7.31MB 91.24%
> >
> > * untar-merge.out
> >
> > orig_size compr_size used_size overhead overhead_ratio
> > 526.23MB 199.18MB 209.81MB 10.64MB 5.34%
> > 288.68MB 97.45MB 104.08MB 6.63MB 6.80%
> > 177.68MB 61.14MB 66.93MB 5.79MB 9.47%
> > 146.83MB 47.34MB 52.79MB 5.45MB 11.51%
> > 124.52MB 38.87MB 44.30MB 5.43MB 13.96%
> > 104.29MB 31.70MB 36.83MB 5.13MB 16.19%
> > 84.70MB 22.88MB 27.92MB 5.04MB 22.04%
> > 67.11MB 14.83MB 19.26MB 4.43MB 29.86%
> > 60.82MB 11.10MB 14.90MB 3.79MB 34.17%
> > 55.90MB 8.82MB 12.61MB 3.79MB 42.97%
> > 53.32MB 8.01MB 11.73MB 3.73MB 46.53%
> >
> > As you can see above result, merged one has better utilization (overhead
> > ratio, 5th column) and uses less memory (mem_used_total, 3rd column).
> >
> > Changes from v1:
> > - More commit description about what to do in this patch.
> > - Remove nr_obj in size_class, because it isn't need after initialization.
> > - Rename __size_class to size_class, size_class to merged_size_class.
> > - Add code comment for merged_size_class of struct zs_pool.
> > - Add code comment how merging works in zs_create_pool().
> >
> > Changes from v2:
> > - Add more commit description (Dan)
> > - dynamically allocate size_class structure (Dan)
> > - rename objs_per_zspage to get_maxobj_per_zspage (Minchan)
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@....com>
> > ---
> > mm/zsmalloc.c | 74 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
> > 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)
> >
> > diff --git a/mm/zsmalloc.c b/mm/zsmalloc.c
> > index c4a9157..836e8f8 100644
> > --- a/mm/zsmalloc.c
> > +++ b/mm/zsmalloc.c
> > @@ -187,6 +187,7 @@ enum fullness_group {
> > static const int fullness_threshold_frac = 4;
> >
> > struct size_class {
> > + int ref;
> > /*
> > * Size of objects stored in this class. Must be multiple
> > * of ZS_ALIGN.
> > @@ -214,7 +215,7 @@ struct link_free {
> > };
> >
> > struct zs_pool {
> > - struct size_class size_class[ZS_SIZE_CLASSES];
> > + struct size_class *size_class[ZS_SIZE_CLASSES];
> >
> > gfp_t flags; /* allocation flags used when growing pool */
> > atomic_long_t pages_allocated;
> > @@ -468,7 +469,7 @@ static enum fullness_group fix_fullness_group(struct zs_pool *pool,
> > if (newfg == currfg)
> > goto out;
> >
> > - class = &pool->size_class[class_idx];
> > + class = pool->size_class[class_idx];
> > remove_zspage(page, class, currfg);
> > insert_zspage(page, class, newfg);
> > set_zspage_mapping(page, class_idx, newfg);
> > @@ -929,6 +930,23 @@ fail:
> > return notifier_to_errno(ret);
> > }
> >
> > +static unsigned int get_maxobj_per_zspage(int size, int pages_per_zspage)
> > +{
> > + return pages_per_zspage * PAGE_SIZE / size;
> > +}
> > +
> > +static bool can_merge(struct size_class *prev, int size, int pages_per_zspage)
> > +{
> > + if (prev->pages_per_zspage != pages_per_zspage)
> > + return false;
> > +
> > + if (get_maxobj_per_zspage(prev->size, prev->pages_per_zspage)
> > + != get_maxobj_per_zspage(size, pages_per_zspage))
> > + return false;
> > +
> > + return true;
> > +}
> > +
> > /**
> > * zs_create_pool - Creates an allocation pool to work from.
> > * @flags: allocation flags used to allocate pool metadata
> > @@ -949,20 +967,46 @@ struct zs_pool *zs_create_pool(gfp_t flags)
> > if (!pool)
> > return NULL;
> >
> > - for (i = 0; i < ZS_SIZE_CLASSES; i++) {
> > + /*
> > + * Iterate reversly, because, size of size_class that we want to use
> > + * for merging should be larger or equal to current size.
> > + */
> > + for (i = ZS_SIZE_CLASSES - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
> > int size;
> > + int pages_per_zspage;
> > struct size_class *class;
> > + struct size_class *prev_class;
> >
> > size = ZS_MIN_ALLOC_SIZE + i * ZS_SIZE_CLASS_DELTA;
> > if (size > ZS_MAX_ALLOC_SIZE)
> > size = ZS_MAX_ALLOC_SIZE;
> > + pages_per_zspage = get_pages_per_zspage(size);
> >
> > - class = &pool->size_class[i];
> > + /*
> > + * size_class is used for normal zsmalloc operation such
> > + * as alloc/free for that size. Although it is natural that we
> > + * have one size_class for each size, there is a chance that we
> > + * can get more memory utilization if we use one size_class for
> > + * many different sizes whose size_class have same
> > + * characteristics. So, we makes size_class point to
> > + * previous size_class if possible.
> > + */
> > + if (i < ZS_SIZE_CLASSES - 1) {
> > + prev_class = pool->size_class[i + 1];
> > + if (can_merge(prev_class, size, pages_per_zspage)) {
> > + pool->size_class[i] = prev_class;
> > + prev_class->ref++;
> > + continue;
> > + }
> > + }
> > +
> > + class = kzalloc(sizeof(struct size_class), GFP_KERNEL);
>
> it's unlikely, but shouldn't this check for failure?
>
Okay. I will resend with this fix.
Thanks.
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