Date:	Tue, 10 Nov 2015 12:11:18 -0800
From:	Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>
To:	Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@...aro.org>
Cc:	Ingo Molnar <mingo@...nel.org>,
	Matt Fleming <matt@...eblueprint.co.uk>,
	Linus Torvalds <torvalds@...ux-foundation.org>,
	Stephen Smalley <sds@...ho.nsa.gov>,
	Dave Jones <davej@...emonkey.org.uk>,
	Linux Kernel Mailing List <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
	Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>,
	"H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@...or.com>, Borislav Petkov <bp@...en8.de>,
	Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
	Andy Lutomirski <luto@...nel.org>,
	Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@...hat.com>,
	"linux-efi@...r.kernel.org" <linux-efi@...r.kernel.org>,
	Matthew Garrett <mjg59@...eos.com>
Subject: Re: [GIT PULL] x86/mm changes for v4.4

On Mon, Nov 9, 2015 at 11:08 PM, Ard Biesheuvel
<ard.biesheuvel@...aro.org> wrote:
> On 9 November 2015 at 22:08, Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org> wrote:
>> On Sat, Nov 7, 2015 at 11:55 PM, Ard Biesheuvel
>> <ard.biesheuvel@...aro.org> wrote:
>>> On 8 November 2015 at 07:58, Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org> wrote:
>>>> On Fri, Nov 6, 2015 at 11:39 PM, Ard Biesheuvel
>>>> <ard.biesheuvel@...aro.org> wrote:
>>>>> On 7 November 2015 at 08:09, Ingo Molnar <mingo@...nel.org> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>> * Matt Fleming <matt@...eblueprint.co.uk> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On Fri, 06 Nov, at 07:55:50AM, Ingo Molnar wrote:
>>>>>>> >
>>>>>>> >  3) We should fix the EFI permission problem without relying on the firmware: it
>>>>>>> >     appears we could just mark everything R-X optimistically, and if a write fault
>>>>>>> >     happens (it's pretty rare in fact, only triggers when we write to an EFI
>>>>>>> >     variable and so), we can mark the faulting page RW- on the fly, because it
>>>>>>> >     appears that writable EFI sections, while not enumerated very well in 'old'
>>>>>>> >     firmware, are still supposed to be page granular. (Even 'new' firmware I
>>>>>>> >     wouldn't automatically trust to get the enumeration right...)
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Sorry, this isn't true. I misled you with one of my earlier posts on
>>>>>>> this topic. Let me try and clear things up...
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Writing to EFI regions has to do with every invocation of the EFI
>>>>>>> runtime services - it's not limited to when you read/write/delete EFI
>>>>>>> variables. In fact, EFI variables really have nothing to do with this
>>>>>>> discussion, they're a completely opaque concept to the OS, we have no
>>>>>>> idea how the firmware implements them. Everything is done via the EFI
>>>>>>> boot/runtime services.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> The firmware itself will attempt to write to EFI regions when we
>>>>>>> invoke the EFI services because that's where the PE/COFF ".data" and
>>>>>>> ".bss" sections live along with the heap. There's even some relocation
>>>>>>> fixups that occur as SetVirtualAddressMap() time so it'll write to
>>>>>>> ".text" too.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Now, the above PE/COFF sections are usually (always?) contained within
>>>>>>> EFI regions of type EfiRuntimeServicesCode. We know this is true
>>>>>>> because the firmware folks have told us so, and because stopping that
>>>>>>> is the motivation behind the new EFI_PROPERTIES_TABLE feature in UEFI
>>>>>>> V2.5.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> The data sections within the region are also *not* guaranteed to be
>>>>>>> page granular because work was required in Tianocore for emitting
>>>>>>> sections with 4k alignment as part of the EFI_PROPERTIES_TABLE
>>>>>>> support.
>>>>>>>
>>>>>>> Ultimately, what this means is that if you were to attempt to
>>>>>>> dynamically fixup those regions that required write permission, you'd
>>>>>>> have to modify the mappings for the majority of the EFI regions
>>>>>>> anyway. And if you're blindly allowing write permission as a fixup,
>>>>>>> there's not much security to be had.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I think you misunderstood my suggestion: the 'fixup' would be changing it from R-X
>>>>>> to RW-, i.e. it would add 'write' permission but remove 'execute' permission.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Note that there would be no 'RWX' permission at any given moment - which is the
>>>>>> dangerous combination.
>>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> The problem with that is that /any/ page in the UEFI runtime region
>>>>> may intersect with both .text and .data of any of the PE/COFF images
>>>>> that make up the runtime firmware (since the PE/COFF sections are not
>>>>> necessarily page aligned). Such pages require RWX permissions. The
>>>>> UEFI memory map does not provide the information to identify those
>>>>> pages a priori (the entire region containing several PE/COFF images
>>>>> could be covered by a single entry) so it is hard to guess which pages
>>>>> should be allowed these RWX permissions.
>>>>
>>>> I'm sad that UEFI was designed without even the most basic of memory
>>>> protections in mind. UEFI _itself_ should be setting up protective
>>>> page mappings. :(
>>>>
>>>
>>> Well, the 4 KB alignment of sections was considered prohibitive at the
>>> time from code size pov. But this was a long time ago, obviously.
>>
>> Heh, yeah, I'd expect max 4K padding to get code/data correctly
>> aligned on a 2MB binary to not be an issue. :)
>>
>
> This is not about section sizes on ARM. The PE/COFF format does not
> use segments, like ELF, so the payload (the sections) needs to be
> completely disjoint from the header. This means, when using 4 KB
> alignment, that every PE/COFF image wastes ~4 KB in the header and 4
> KB on average in the section padding (assuming a .text/.data/.reloc
> layout, as is common with PE/COFF)
>
> Considering that a typical UEFI firmware image consists of numerous
> (around 50 on average, I think) PE/COFF images, and some of them

Oooh, that's no fun. So the linker can't produce merged .text and
.data sections?

> execute from NOR flash, the Tianocore tooling (which is the reference
> implementation) has always been geared towards keeping the alignment
> as small as possible, typically 32 bytes unless data objects need
> more. Since the UEFI runtime services are typically implemented by
> several of these PE/COFF images, and since the memory they occupy may
> be described by a single UEFI memory map entry, there is simply no
> easy way to decide which pages need R-X, RW- or RWX. Even looking for
> PE/COFF headers in the memory region is not guaranteed to work, since
> the PE/COFF header is part of the file format, not the memory format
> (i.e., since the header is disjoint from the payload, a PE/COFF loader
> is not required to copy the header to memory)
>
>>>
>>>> For a boot firmware, it seems to me that safe page table layout would
>>>> be a top priority bug. The "reporting issues" page for TianoCore
>>>> doesn't actually seem to link to the "Project Tracker":
>>>> https://github.com/tianocore/tianocore.github.io/wiki/Reporting-Issues
>>>>
>>>> Does anyone know how to get this correctly reported so future UEFI
>>>> releases don't suffer from this?
>>>>
>>>
>>> Ugh. Don't get me started on that topic. I have been working with the
>>> UEFI forum since July to get a fundamentally broken implementation of
>>> memory protections fixed. UEFI v2.5 defines a memory protection scheme
>>> that is based on splitting PE/COFF images into separate memory regions
>>> so that R-X and RW- permissions can be applied. Unfortunately, that
>>> broke every OS in existence (including Windows 8), since the OS is
>>> allowed to reorder memory regions when it lays out the virtual
>>> remapping of the UEFI regions, resulting in PE/COFF .data and .text
>>> potentially appearing out of order.
>>>
>>> The good news is that we fixed it for the upcoming release (v2.6). I
>>> can't disclose any specifics, though :-(
>>
>> As long as there's motion to getting it fixed, that makes me happy! :)
>> Does 2.6 get rid of the (AIUI) 2MB limit too?
>>
>
> No, there is no such limit in UEFI. If there is a limit like that, it
> is an implementation detail of the UEFI support in the OS.
>
> For arm64 (and the upcoming ARM support), the UEFI runtime services
> regions are remapped into a virtual userland range that is only active
> during the time runtime services are being invoked. (x86 does
> something similar, but it shares the page tables with the
> suspend/resume code afaiu) These mappings could be page granularity
> (since they don't require splitting PUDs or PMDs in the linear
> region), with the side note that arm64 mandates 64 KB alignment (to
> interoperate with 64 KB pages OSes). This requirement has been added
> to the UEFI spec, i.e., a v2.5 compliant arm64 firmware should not
> expose UEFI runtime regions that are not 64 KB aligned.

Cool, thanks for the details!

-Kees

-- 
Kees Cook
Chrome OS Security
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