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Date: Wed, 9 Dec 2015 15:14:56 -0800 From: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com> To: linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org Cc: mingo@...nel.org, jiangshanlai@...il.com, dipankar@...ibm.com, akpm@...ux-foundation.org, mathieu.desnoyers@...icios.com, josh@...htriplett.org, tglx@...utronix.de, peterz@...radead.org, rostedt@...dmis.org, dhowells@...hat.com, edumazet@...gle.com, dvhart@...ux.intel.com, fweisbec@...il.com, oleg@...hat.com, bobby.prani@...il.com, "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com> Subject: [PATCH v2 tip/core/rcu 2/8] Documentation: Record bottom-bit-zero guarantee for ->next This commit records RCU's guarantee that the bottom bit of the rcu_head structure's ->next field will remain zero for callbacks posted via call_rcu(), but not necessarily for <tt>kfree_rcu()</tt> or some possible future call_rcu_lazy() variant that might one day be created for energy-efficiency purposese. Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com> [ paulmck: Updates URLs as suggested by Josh Triplett. ] --- .../RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++ .../RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.htmlx | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 86 insertions(+) diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html index 36de7aaa941e..871f627b7713 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html +++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html @@ -1678,6 +1678,7 @@ Some of the relevant points of interest are as follows: <li> <a href="#Scheduler and RCU">Scheduler and RCU</a>. <li> <a href="#Tracing and RCU">Tracing and RCU</a>. <li> <a href="#Energy Efficiency">Energy Efficiency</a>. +<li> <a href="#Memory Efficiency">Memory Efficiency</a>. <li> <a href="#Performance, Scalability, Response Time, and Reliability"> Performance, Scalability, Response Time, and Reliability</a>. </ol> @@ -2006,6 +2007,48 @@ I learned of many of these requirements via angry phone calls: Flaming me on the Linux-kernel mailing list was apparently not sufficient to fully vent their ire at RCU's energy-efficiency bugs! +<h3><a name="Memory Efficiency">Memory Efficiency</a></h3> + +<p> +Although small-memory non-realtime systems can simply use Tiny RCU, +code size is only one aspect of memory efficiency. +Another aspect is the size of the <tt>rcu_head</tt> structure +used by <tt>call_rcu()</tt> and <tt>kfree_rcu()</tt>. +Although this structure contains nothing more than a pair of pointers, +it does appear in many RCU-protected data structures, including +some that are size critical. +The <tt>page</tt> structure is a case in point, as evidenced by +the many occurrences of the <tt>union</tt> keyword within that structure. + +<p> +This need for memory efficiency is one reason that RCU uses hand-crafted +singly linked lists to track the <tt>rcu_head</tt> structures that +are waiting for a grace period to elapse. +It is also the reason why <tt>rcu_head</tt> structures do not contain +debug information, such as fields tracking the file and line of the +<tt>call_rcu()</tt> or <tt>kfree_rcu()</tt> that posted them. +Although this information might appear in debug-only kernel builds at some +point, in the meantime, the <tt>->func</tt> field will often provide +the needed debug information. + +<p> +However, in some cases, the need for memory efficiency leads to even +more extreme measures. +Returning to the <tt>page</tt> structure, the <tt>rcu_head</tt> field +shares storage with a great many other structures that are used at +various points in the corresponding page's lifetime. +In order to correctly resolve certain +<a href="https://lkml.kernel.org/g/1439976106-137226-1-git-send-email-kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com">race conditions</a>, +the Linux kernel's memory-management subsystem needs a particular bit +to remain zero during all phases of grace-period processing, +and that bit happens to map to the bottom bit of the +<tt>rcu_head</tt> structure's <tt>->next</tt> field. +RCU makes this guarantee as long as <tt>call_rcu()</tt> +is used to post the callback, as opposed to <tt>kfree_rcu()</tt> +or some future “lazy” +variant of <tt>call_rcu()</tt> that might one day be created for +energy-efficiency purposes. + <h3><a name="Performance, Scalability, Response Time, and Reliability"> Performance, Scalability, Response Time, and Reliability</a></h3> diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.htmlx b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.htmlx index 1168010c39fe..a544db4646c6 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.htmlx +++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.htmlx @@ -1837,6 +1837,7 @@ Some of the relevant points of interest are as follows: <li> <a href="#Scheduler and RCU">Scheduler and RCU</a>. <li> <a href="#Tracing and RCU">Tracing and RCU</a>. <li> <a href="#Energy Efficiency">Energy Efficiency</a>. +<li> <a href="#Memory Efficiency">Memory Efficiency</a>. <li> <a href="#Performance, Scalability, Response Time, and Reliability"> Performance, Scalability, Response Time, and Reliability</a>. </ol> @@ -2173,6 +2174,48 @@ I learned of many of these requirements via angry phone calls: Flaming me on the Linux-kernel mailing list was apparently not sufficient to fully vent their ire at RCU's energy-efficiency bugs! +<h3><a name="Memory Efficiency">Memory Efficiency</a></h3> + +<p> +Although small-memory non-realtime systems can simply use Tiny RCU, +code size is only one aspect of memory efficiency. +Another aspect is the size of the <tt>rcu_head</tt> structure +used by <tt>call_rcu()</tt> and <tt>kfree_rcu()</tt>. +Although this structure contains nothing more than a pair of pointers, +it does appear in many RCU-protected data structures, including +some that are size critical. +The <tt>page</tt> structure is a case in point, as evidenced by +the many occurrences of the <tt>union</tt> keyword within that structure. + +<p> +This need for memory efficiency is one reason that RCU uses hand-crafted +singly linked lists to track the <tt>rcu_head</tt> structures that +are waiting for a grace period to elapse. +It is also the reason why <tt>rcu_head</tt> structures do not contain +debug information, such as fields tracking the file and line of the +<tt>call_rcu()</tt> or <tt>kfree_rcu()</tt> that posted them. +Although this information might appear in debug-only kernel builds at some +point, in the meantime, the <tt>->func</tt> field will often provide +the needed debug information. + +<p> +However, in some cases, the need for memory efficiency leads to even +more extreme measures. +Returning to the <tt>page</tt> structure, the <tt>rcu_head</tt> field +shares storage with a great many other structures that are used at +various points in the corresponding page's lifetime. +In order to correctly resolve certain +<a href="https://lkml.kernel.org/g/1439976106-137226-1-git-send-email-kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com">race conditions</a>, +the Linux kernel's memory-management subsystem needs a particular bit +to remain zero during all phases of grace-period processing, +and that bit happens to map to the bottom bit of the +<tt>rcu_head</tt> structure's <tt>->next</tt> field. +RCU makes this guarantee as long as <tt>call_rcu()</tt> +is used to post the callback, as opposed to <tt>kfree_rcu()</tt> +or some future “lazy” +variant of <tt>call_rcu()</tt> that might one day be created for +energy-efficiency purposes. + <h3><a name="Performance, Scalability, Response Time, and Reliability"> Performance, Scalability, Response Time, and Reliability</a></h3> -- 2.5.2 -- To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" in the body of a message to majordomo@...r.kernel.org More majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html Please read the FAQ at http://www.tux.org/lkml/
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