Message-ID: <20160422074131.GA7352@gmail.com>
Date:	Fri, 22 Apr 2016 09:41:31 +0200
From:	Ingo Molnar <mingo@...nel.org>
To:	Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>
Cc:	Baoquan He <bhe@...hat.com>, Yinghai Lu <yinghai@...nel.org>,
	Ingo Molnar <mingo@...hat.com>, x86@...nel.org,
	Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
	Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@...tuozzo.com>,
	Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@...gle.com>,
	"H.J. Lu" <hjl.tools@...il.com>,
	Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@...hat.com>,
	Borislav Petkov <bp@...e.de>,
	Andy Lutomirski <luto@...nel.org>, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH 1/5] x86, KASLR: Update description for decompressor
 worst case size


* Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org> wrote:

> +#
> +# Getting to provably safe in-place decompression is hard. Worst case
> +# behaviours need be analyzed. Here let's take decompressing gzip-compressed
> +# kernel as example to illustrate it:
> +#
> +# The file layout of gzip compressed kernel is as follows. For more
> +# information, please refer to RFC 1951 and RFC 1952.
> +#
> +#    magic[2]
> +#    method[1]
> +#    flags[1]
> +#    timestamp[4]
> +#    extraflags[1]
> +#    os[1]
> +#    compressed data blocks[N]
> +#    crc[4] orig_len[4]
> +#
> +# resulting in 18 bytes of non compressed data overhead.
> +#
> +# Files divided into blocks
> +# 1 bit (last block flag)
> +# 2 bits (block type)
> +#
> +# 1 block occurs every 32K -1 bytes or when there 50% compression
> +# has been achieved. The smallest block type encoding is always used.

Yeah, so I incorporated Boris's comments into this text, and started cleaning it 
up, but then stopped because it became increasingly more difficult as the 
formulation is ambiguous and vague in places.

I'll apply the patch as I edited it, but please let's do another pass to make this 
section actually readable. I know you didn't write it, but let's try to improve it 
nevertheless if we are moving it around, especially as we are changing and 
cleaning up this logic with subsequent patches, ok?

Here's the current text as I've edited it:

#
# Getting to provably safe in-place decompression is hard. Worst case
# behaviours need to be analyzed. Here let's take the decompression of
# a gzip-compressed kernel as example, to illustrate it:
#
# The file layout of gzip compressed kernel is:
#
#    magic[2]
#    method[1]
#    flags[1]
#    timestamp[4]
#    extraflags[1]
#    os[1]
#    compressed data blocks[N]
#    crc[4] orig_len[4]
#
# ... resulting in +18 bytes overhead of uncompressed data.
#
# (For more information, please refer to RFC 1951 and RFC 1952.)
#
# Files divided into blocks
# 1 bit (last block flag)
# 2 bits (block type)
#
# 1 block occurs every 32K -1 bytes or when there 50% compression
# has been achieved. The smallest block type encoding is always used.
#
# stored:
#    32 bits length in bytes.
#
# fixed:
#    magic fixed tree.
#    symbols.
#
# dynamic:
#    dynamic tree encoding.
#    symbols.
#
#
# The buffer for decompression in place is the length of the uncompressed
# data, plus a small amount extra to keep the algorithm safe. The
# compressed data is placed at the end of the buffer.  The output pointer
# is placed at the start of the buffer and the input pointer is placed
# where the compressed data starts. Problems will occur when the output
# pointer overruns the input pointer.
#
# The output pointer can only overrun the input pointer if the input
# pointer is moving faster than the output pointer.  A condition only
# triggered by data whose compressed form is larger than the uncompressed
# form.
#
# The worst case at the block level is a growth of the compressed data
# of 5 bytes per 32767 bytes.
#
# The worst case internal to a compressed block is very hard to figure.
# The worst case can at least be bounded by having one bit that represents
# 32764 bytes and then all of the rest of the bytes representing the very
# very last byte.
#
# All of which is enough to compute an amount of extra data that is required
# to be safe.  To avoid problems at the block level allocating 5 extra bytes
# per 32767 bytes of data is sufficient.  To avoid problems internal to a
# block adding an extra 32767 bytes (the worst case uncompressed block size)
# is sufficient, to ensure that in the worst case the decompressed data for
# block will stop the byte before the compressed data for a block begins.
# To avoid problems with the compressed data's meta information an extra 18
# bytes are needed.  Leading to the formula:
#
# extra_bytes = (uncompressed_size >> 12) + 32768 + 18 + decompressor_size
#
# Adding 8 bytes per 32K is a bit excessive but much easier to calculate.
# Adding 32768 instead of 32767 just makes for round numbers.
# Adding the decompressor_size is necessary as it musht live after all
# of the data as well.  Last I measured the decompressor is about 14K.
# 10K of actual data and 4K of bss.
#
# Above analysis is for decompressing gzip compressed kernel only. Up to
# now 6 different decompressor are supported all together. And among them
# xz stores data in chunks and has maximum chunk of 64K. Hence safety
# margin should be updated to cover all decompressors so that we don't
# need to deal with each of them separately. Please check
# the description in lib/decompressor_xxx.c for specific information.
#
# extra_bytes = (uncompressed_size >> 12) + 65536 + 128
#
# Note that this calculation, which results in z_extract_offset (below),
# is currently generated in compressed/mkpiggy.c


The bit where I got lost is right at the beginning:

#
# Files divided into blocks
# 1 bit (last block flag)
# 2 bits (block type)
#
# 1 block occurs every 32K -1 bytes or when there 50% compression
# has been achieved. The smallest block type encoding is always used.
#

What are 'files' here? Uncompressed input? Compressed output? Also, the sentence 
is missing a verb. The second sentence too. It's unclear to me what the third 
sentence means: what is a 'smallest block type encoding' - it isn't defined nor 
obvious. (nor is the third sentence correct grammar, which makes things harder.)

We should try to make it an unambigious yet compact description that leads the 
reader through that information without unnecessary linguistic misunderstandings.

Then there are gems like:

# The worst case internal to a compressed block is very hard to figure.

... which suggests that this was a write-only sentence! ;-)

Thanks,

	Ingo

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