Date:   Fri, 30 Sep 2016 17:26:22 -0400
From:   Waiman Long <Waiman.Long@....com>
To:     Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>,
        Ingo Molnar <mingo@...nel.org>,
        Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>,
        Jonathan Corbet <corbet@....net>
Cc:     linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, linux-doc@...r.kernel.org,
        Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@...nel.org>,
        Davidlohr Bueso <dave@...olabs.net>,
        Mike Galbraith <umgwanakikbuti@...il.com>,
        Jason Low <jason.low2@....com>,
        Scott J Norton <scott.norton@....com>,
        Douglas Hatch <doug.hatch@....com>,
        Waiman Long <Waiman.Long@....com>
Subject: [PATCH v3 13/13] perf bench: New microbenchmark for userspace mutex performance

This microbenchmark simulates how the use of different futex types
can affect the actual performanace of userspace mutex locks. The
usage is:

        perf bench futex mutex <options>

Three sets of simple mutex lock and unlock functions are implemented
using the wait-wake, PI and TP futexes respectively. This
microbenchmark then runs the locking rate measurement tests using
either one of those mutexes or all of them consecutively.

Signed-off-by: Waiman Long <Waiman.Long@....com>
---
 tools/perf/bench/Build         |    1 +
 tools/perf/bench/bench.h       |    1 +
 tools/perf/bench/futex-mutex.c |  558 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tools/perf/bench/futex.h       |   25 ++
 tools/perf/builtin-bench.c     |    4 +
 5 files changed, 589 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tools/perf/bench/futex-mutex.c

diff --git a/tools/perf/bench/Build b/tools/perf/bench/Build
index 60bf119..dc6dfc1 100644
--- a/tools/perf/bench/Build
+++ b/tools/perf/bench/Build
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ perf-y += futex-wake.o
 perf-y += futex-wake-parallel.o
 perf-y += futex-requeue.o
 perf-y += futex-lock-pi.o
+perf-y += futex-mutex.o
 
 perf-$(CONFIG_X86_64) += mem-memcpy-x86-64-asm.o
 perf-$(CONFIG_X86_64) += mem-memset-x86-64-asm.o
diff --git a/tools/perf/bench/bench.h b/tools/perf/bench/bench.h
index 579a592..b0632df 100644
--- a/tools/perf/bench/bench.h
+++ b/tools/perf/bench/bench.h
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ int bench_futex_wake_parallel(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 int bench_futex_requeue(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 /* pi futexes */
 int bench_futex_lock_pi(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
+int bench_futex_mutex(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 
 #define BENCH_FORMAT_DEFAULT_STR	"default"
 #define BENCH_FORMAT_DEFAULT		0
diff --git a/tools/perf/bench/futex-mutex.c b/tools/perf/bench/futex-mutex.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d48e198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/perf/bench/futex-mutex.c
@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 Waiman Long
+ *
+ * This microbenchmark simulates how the use of different futex types can
+ * affect the actual performanace of userspace locking primitives like mutex.
+ *
+ * The raw throughput of the futex lock and unlock calls is not a good
+ * indication of actual throughput of the mutex code as it may not really
+ * need to call into the kernel. Therefore, 3 simple mutex lock and unlock
+ * functions are written to implenment a mutex lock using the wait-wake,
+ * PI and TP futexes respectively. These functions serve as the basis for
+ * measuring the locking throughput.
+ */
+
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "../util/stat.h"
+#include "../perf-sys.h"
+#include <subcmd/parse-options.h>
+#include <linux/compiler.h>
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include "bench.h"
+#include "futex.h"
+
+#include <err.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+
+#define	gettid()		syscall(SYS_gettid)
+#define __cacheline_aligned	__attribute__((__aligned__(64)))
+
+typedef u32 futex_t;
+typedef void (*mutex_lock_fn_t)(futex_t *futex, int tid);
+typedef void (*mutex_unlock_fn_t)(futex_t *futex, int tid);
+
+
+struct worker {
+	futex_t *futex;
+	pthread_t thread;
+
+	/*
+	 * Per-thread operation statistics
+	 */
+	unsigned int ops;	/* # of locking operations	*/
+	unsigned int locks;	/* # of lock futex calls	*/
+	unsigned int unlocks;	/* # of unlock futex calls	*/
+	unsigned int eagains;	/* # of EAGAIN errors		*/
+	unsigned int lockerrs;	/* # of other lock errors	*/
+	unsigned int unlockerrs;/* # of unlock errors		*/
+	unsigned int wakeups;	/* # of wakeups (unlock return)	*/
+	unsigned int handoffs;	/* # of lock handoff (TP only)	*/
+	unsigned int steals;	/* # of lock steals (TP only)	*/
+} __cacheline_aligned;
+
+/*
+ * Global cache-aligned futex
+ */
+static futex_t global_futex __cacheline_aligned;
+
+static __thread futex_t thread_id;	/* Thread ID */
+static __thread int counter;		/* Sleep counter */
+
+static struct worker *worker;
+static unsigned int nsecs = 10;
+static bool verbose, done, fshared, exit_now;
+static unsigned int ncpus, nthreads;
+static int futex_flag;
+static const char *ftype = "all";
+static int csload = 1;
+static int wratio;
+struct timeval start, end, runtime;
+static unsigned int worker_start;
+static unsigned int threads_starting;
+static struct stats throughput_stats;
+static mutex_lock_fn_t mutex_lock_fn;
+static mutex_unlock_fn_t mutex_unlock_fn;
+
+/*
+ * CS - Lock critical section
+ */
+static const struct option options[] = {
+	OPT_STRING  ('f', "futex-type",	&ftype, "type", "Specify futex type: WW, PI, TP, all (default)"),
+	OPT_INTEGER ('l', "load",	&csload,   "Specify # of cpu_relax's inside CS, default = 1"),
+	OPT_UINTEGER('t', "threads",	&nthreads, "Specify number of threads, default = # of CPUs"),
+	OPT_UINTEGER('r', "runtime",	&nsecs,    "Specify runtime (in seconds, default = 10s)"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN ('S', "shared",	&fshared,  "Use shared futexes instead of private ones"),
+	OPT_BOOLEAN ('v', "verbose",	&verbose,  "Verbose mode: display thread-level details"),
+	OPT_INTEGER ('w', "wait-ratio", &wratio,   "Specify <n>/1024 of CS is 1us sleep, default = 0"),
+	OPT_END()
+};
+
+static const char * const bench_futex_mutex_usage[] = {
+	"perf bench futex mutex <options>",
+	NULL
+};
+
+/**
+ * futex_cmpxchg() - atomic compare and exchange
+ * @uaddr:	The address of the futex to be modified
+ * @oldval:	The expected value of the futex
+ * @newval:	The new value to try and assign the futex
+ *
+ * Implement cmpxchg using gcc atomic builtins.
+ *
+ * Return: the old futex value.
+ */
+static inline futex_t futex_cmpxchg(futex_t *uaddr, futex_t old, futex_t new)
+{
+	return __sync_val_compare_and_swap(uaddr, old, new);
+}
+
+/**
+ * atomic_dec_return - atomically decrement & return the new value
+ * @uaddr:	The address of the futex to be decremented
+ * Return:	The new value
+ */
+static inline int atomic_dec_return(futex_t *uaddr)
+{
+	return __sync_sub_and_fetch(uaddr, 1);
+}
+
+/**
+ * atomic_inc_return - atomically increment & return the new value
+ * @uaddr:	The address of the futex to be incremented
+ * Return:	The new value
+ */
+static inline int atomic_inc_return(futex_t *uaddr)
+{
+	return __sync_add_and_fetch(uaddr, 1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Wait-wake futex lock/unlock functions
+ * futex value: 0 - unlocked
+ *		1 - locked
+ *		2 - locked with waiters (contended)
+ */
+static void ww_mutex_lock(futex_t *futex, int tid)
+{
+	futex_t old, val = *futex;
+	int ret;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		if (!val) {
+			val = futex_cmpxchg(futex, 0, 1);
+			if (val == 0)
+				return;
+		}
+		if (val != 2) {
+			/*
+			 * Force value to 2 to indicate waiter
+			 */
+			old = val;
+			val = futex_cmpxchg(futex, old, 2);
+			if (val == old)
+				val = 2;
+			else
+				continue;
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+
+	for (;;) {
+		ret = futex_wait(futex, 2, NULL, futex_flag);
+		worker[tid].locks++;
+		if (ret < 0) {
+			if (errno == EAGAIN)
+				worker[tid].eagains++;
+			else
+				worker[tid].lockerrs++;
+		}
+
+		val = *futex;
+		if (val == 2)
+			continue;
+		for (;;) {
+			old = val;
+			val = futex_cmpxchg(futex, old, 2);
+			if (old == val)
+				break;
+		}
+		if (val == 0)
+			break;	/* We got the lock */
+	}
+}
+
+static void ww_mutex_unlock(futex_t *futex, int tid)
+{
+	futex_t old, val;
+	int ret;
+
+	val = *futex;
+	do {
+		old = val;
+		val = futex_cmpxchg(futex, old, 0);
+	} while (val != old);
+
+	switch (val) {
+	default:
+	case 1: /* No waiter */
+		break;
+
+	case 2:
+		worker[tid].unlocks++;
+		ret = futex_wake(futex, 1, futex_flag);
+		if (ret < 0)
+			worker[tid].unlockerrs++;
+		else
+			worker[tid].wakeups += ret;
+		break;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * PI futex lock/unlock functions
+ */
+static void pi_mutex_lock(futex_t *futex, int tid)
+{
+	futex_t val;
+	int ret;
+
+	val = futex_cmpxchg(futex, 0, thread_id);
+	if (val == 0)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * Retry if an error happens
+	 */
+	for (;;) {
+		ret = futex_lock_pi(futex, NULL, futex_flag);
+		worker[tid].locks++;
+		if (ret >= 0)
+			break;
+		worker[tid].lockerrs++;
+	}
+}
+
+static void pi_mutex_unlock(futex_t *futex, int tid)
+{
+	futex_t val;
+	int ret;
+
+	val = futex_cmpxchg(futex, thread_id, 0);
+	if (val == thread_id)
+		return;
+
+	ret = futex_unlock_pi(futex, futex_flag);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		worker[tid].unlockerrs++;
+	else
+		worker[tid].wakeups += ret;
+	worker[tid].unlocks++;
+}
+
+/*
+ * TP futex lock/unlock functions
+ */
+static void tp_mutex_lock(futex_t *futex, int tid)
+{
+	futex_t val;
+	int ret;
+
+	val = futex_cmpxchg(futex, 0, thread_id);
+	if (val == 0)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * Retry if an error happens
+	 */
+	for (;;) {
+		ret = futex_lock(futex, NULL, futex_flag);
+		worker[tid].locks++;
+		if (ret >= 0)
+			break;
+		worker[tid].lockerrs++;
+	}
+	/*
+	 * Check locking method
+	 */
+	if (!ret)
+		worker[tid].steals++;
+	else if (ret == 2)
+		worker[tid].handoffs++;
+}
+
+static void tp_mutex_unlock(futex_t *futex, int tid)
+{
+	futex_t val;
+	int ret;
+
+	val = futex_cmpxchg(futex, thread_id, 0);
+	if (val == thread_id)
+		return;
+
+	ret = futex_unlock(futex, futex_flag);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		worker[tid].unlockerrs++;
+	else
+		worker[tid].wakeups += ret;
+	worker[tid].unlocks++;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Load function
+ */
+static inline void load(int tid)
+{
+	int n = csload;
+
+	/*
+	 * Optionally does a 1us sleep instead if wratio is defined and
+	 * is within bound.
+	 */
+	if (wratio && (((counter++ + tid) & 0x3ff) < wratio)) {
+		usleep(1);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	while (n-- > 0)
+		cpu_relax();
+}
+
+/****************************************************************************/
+
+static void toggle_done(int sig __maybe_unused,
+			siginfo_t *info __maybe_unused,
+			void *uc __maybe_unused)
+{
+	/* inform all threads that we're done for the day */
+	done = true;
+	gettimeofday(&end, NULL);
+	timersub(&end, &start, &runtime);
+	if (sig)
+		exit_now = true;
+}
+
+static void *workerfn(void *arg)
+{
+	long tid = (long)arg;
+	struct worker *w = &worker[tid];
+	mutex_lock_fn_t lock_fn = mutex_lock_fn;
+	mutex_unlock_fn_t unlock_fn = mutex_unlock_fn;
+
+	thread_id = gettid();
+	counter = 0;
+
+	atomic_dec_return(&threads_starting);
+
+	/*
+	 * Busy wait until asked to start
+	 */
+	while (!worker_start)
+		cpu_relax();
+
+	do {
+		lock_fn(w->futex, tid);
+		load(tid);
+		unlock_fn(w->futex, tid);
+		w->ops++;	/* One more locking operation */
+		cpu_relax();
+	}  while (!done);
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static void create_threads(struct worker *w, pthread_attr_t *thread_attr,
+			   long tid)
+{
+	cpu_set_t cpu;
+
+	/*
+	 * Bind each thread to a CPU
+	 */
+	CPU_ZERO(&cpu);
+	CPU_SET(tid % ncpus, &cpu);
+	w->futex = &global_futex;
+
+	if (pthread_attr_setaffinity_np(thread_attr, sizeof(cpu_set_t), &cpu))
+		err(EXIT_FAILURE, "pthread_attr_setaffinity_np");
+
+	if (pthread_create(&w->thread, thread_attr, workerfn, (void *)tid))
+		err(EXIT_FAILURE, "pthread_create");
+}
+
+static void futex_mutex_test(const char *futex_type)
+{
+	u64 us;
+	unsigned int i;
+	struct worker total;
+	double avg, stddev;
+	pthread_attr_t thread_attr;
+
+	if (exit_now)
+		return;
+
+	if (!strcasecmp(futex_type, "WW")) {
+		futex_type = "WW";
+		mutex_lock_fn = ww_mutex_lock;
+		mutex_unlock_fn = ww_mutex_unlock;
+	} else if (!strcasecmp(futex_type, "PI")) {
+		futex_type = "PI";
+		mutex_lock_fn = pi_mutex_lock;
+		mutex_unlock_fn = pi_mutex_unlock;
+	} else if (!strcasecmp(futex_type, "TP")) {
+		futex_type = "TP";
+		mutex_lock_fn = tp_mutex_lock;
+		mutex_unlock_fn = tp_mutex_unlock;
+
+		/*
+		 * Check if TP futex is supported.
+		 */
+		futex_unlock(&global_futex, 0);
+		if (errno == ENOSYS) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "\nTP futexes are not supported by the kernel!\n");
+			return;
+		}
+	} else {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Unknown futex type '%s'!\n", futex_type);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	printf("\n=====================================\n");
+	printf("Run summary [PID %d]: %d threads doing %s futex lockings for %d secs.\n\n",
+	       getpid(), nthreads, futex_type, nsecs);
+
+	init_stats(&throughput_stats);
+
+	global_futex = 0;
+	done = false;
+	threads_starting = nthreads;
+	pthread_attr_init(&thread_attr);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < nthreads; i++)
+		create_threads(&worker[i], &thread_attr, i);
+	pthread_attr_destroy(&thread_attr);
+
+	while (threads_starting)
+		usleep(1);
+
+	gettimeofday(&start, NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * Start the test
+	 *
+	 * Unlike the other futex benchmarks, this one uses busy waiting
+	 * instead of pthread APIs to make sure that all the threads (except
+	 * the one that shares CPU with the parent) will start more or less
+	 * simultaineously.
+	 */
+	atomic_inc_return(&worker_start);
+	sleep(nsecs);
+	toggle_done(0, NULL, NULL);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < nthreads; i++) {
+		int ret = pthread_join(worker[i].thread, NULL);
+
+		if (ret)
+			err(EXIT_FAILURE, "pthread_join");
+	}
+
+	us = runtime.tv_sec * 1000000 + runtime.tv_usec;
+	memset(&total, 0, sizeof(total));
+	for (i = 0; i < nthreads; i++) {
+		/*
+		 * Get a rounded estimate of the # of locking ops/sec.
+		 */
+		u64 tp = ((u64)worker[i].ops) * 1000000 / us;
+
+		total.ops        += worker[i].ops;
+		total.locks      += worker[i].locks;
+		total.unlocks    += worker[i].unlocks;
+		total.wakeups    += worker[i].wakeups;
+		total.eagains    += worker[i].eagains;
+		total.lockerrs   += worker[i].lockerrs;
+		total.unlockerrs += worker[i].unlockerrs;
+		total.handoffs   += worker[i].handoffs;
+		total.steals     += worker[i].steals;
+
+		update_stats(&throughput_stats, tp);
+		if (verbose)
+			printf("[thread %3d] futex: %p [ %ld ops/sec ]\n",
+			       i, worker[i].futex, (long)tp);
+	}
+
+	avg    = avg_stats(&throughput_stats);
+	stddev = stddev_stats(&throughput_stats);
+
+	printf("Locking statistics:\n");
+	printf("Test run time      = %'.2f s\n", (double)us/1000000);
+	printf("Total locking ops  = %'d\n", total.ops);
+	printf("Lock futex calls   = %'d (%.1f%%)\n", total.locks,
+		(double)total.locks*100/total.ops);
+	printf("Unlock futex calls = %'d (%.1f%%)\n", total.unlocks,
+		(double)total.unlocks*100/total.ops);
+	if (total.wakeups)
+		printf("Process wakeups    = %'d\n", total.wakeups);
+	if (total.eagains)
+		printf("EAGAIN lock errors = %'d\n", total.eagains);
+	if (total.lockerrs)
+		printf("Other lock errors  = %'d\n", total.lockerrs);
+	if (total.unlockerrs)
+		printf("Unlock errors      = %'d\n", total.unlockerrs);
+	if (total.handoffs)
+		printf("Lock handoffs      = %'d\n", total.handoffs);
+	if (total.steals)
+		printf("Lock stealings     = %'d\n", total.steals);
+
+	printf("\nPer-thread Locking Rates:\n");
+	printf("Avg = %'d ops/sec (+- %.2f%%)\n", (int)(avg + 0.5),
+		rel_stddev_stats(stddev, avg));
+	printf("Min = %'d ops/sec\n", (int)throughput_stats.min);
+	printf("Max = %'d ops/sec\n", (int)throughput_stats.max);
+
+	/* Clear the workers area */
+	memset(worker, 0, sizeof(*worker) * nthreads);
+}
+
+int bench_futex_mutex(int argc, const char **argv,
+		      const char *prefix __maybe_unused)
+{
+	struct sigaction act;
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, options, bench_futex_mutex_usage, 0);
+	if (argc)
+		goto err;
+
+	ncpus = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
+
+	sigfillset(&act.sa_mask);
+	act.sa_sigaction = toggle_done;
+	sigaction(SIGINT, &act, NULL);
+
+	if (!nthreads)
+		nthreads = ncpus;
+
+	worker = calloc(nthreads, sizeof(*worker));
+	if (!worker)
+		err(EXIT_FAILURE, "calloc");
+
+	if (!fshared)
+		futex_flag = FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG;
+
+	if (!strcmp(ftype, "all")) {
+		futex_mutex_test("WW");
+		futex_mutex_test("PI");
+		futex_mutex_test("TP");
+	} else {
+		futex_mutex_test(ftype);
+	}
+	free(worker);
+	return 0;
+err:
+	usage_with_options(bench_futex_mutex_usage, options);
+	exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
diff --git a/tools/perf/bench/futex.h b/tools/perf/bench/futex.h
index b2e06d1..bd3f0df 100644
--- a/tools/perf/bench/futex.h
+++ b/tools/perf/bench/futex.h
@@ -86,6 +86,31 @@ futex_cmp_requeue(u_int32_t *uaddr, u_int32_t val, u_int32_t *uaddr2, int nr_wak
 		 val, opflags);
 }
 
+#ifndef FUTEX_LOCK
+#define FUTEX_LOCK	13
+#endif
+#ifndef FUTEX_UNLOCK
+#define FUTEX_UNLOCK	14
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * futex_lock() - lock the TP futex
+ */
+static inline int
+futex_lock(u_int32_t *uaddr, struct timespec *timeout, int opflags)
+{
+	return futex(uaddr, FUTEX_LOCK, 0, timeout, NULL, 0, opflags);
+}
+
+/**
+ * futex_unlock() - unlock the TP futex
+ */
+static inline int
+futex_unlock(u_int32_t *uaddr, int opflags)
+{
+	return futex(uaddr, FUTEX_UNLOCK, 0, NULL, NULL, 0, opflags);
+}
+
 #ifndef HAVE_PTHREAD_ATTR_SETAFFINITY_NP
 #include <pthread.h>
 static inline int pthread_attr_setaffinity_np(pthread_attr_t *attr,
diff --git a/tools/perf/builtin-bench.c b/tools/perf/builtin-bench.c
index a1cddc6..3a3a3af 100644
--- a/tools/perf/builtin-bench.c
+++ b/tools/perf/builtin-bench.c
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "bench/bench.h"
 
+#include <locale.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
@@ -62,6 +63,7 @@ static struct bench futex_benchmarks[] = {
 	{ "requeue",	"Benchmark for futex requeue calls",            bench_futex_requeue	},
 	/* pi-futexes */
 	{ "lock-pi",	"Benchmark for futex lock_pi calls",            bench_futex_lock_pi	},
+	{ "mutex",	"Benchmark for mutex locks using futexes",	bench_futex_mutex	},
 	{ "all",	"Run all futex benchmarks",			NULL			},
 	{ NULL,		NULL,						NULL			}
 };
@@ -222,6 +224,8 @@ int cmd_bench(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix __maybe_unused)
 		goto end;
 	}
 
+	setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, "en_US");	/* Allow better number formatting */
+
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, bench_options, bench_usage,
 			     PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION);
 
-- 
1.7.1

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