Message-Id: <1476414196-3514-3-git-send-email-iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com>
Date:   Fri, 14 Oct 2016 12:03:12 +0900
From:   js1304@...il.com
To:     Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>
Cc:     Rik van Riel <riel@...hat.com>,
        Johannes Weiner <hannes@...xchg.org>,
        mgorman@...hsingularity.net, Laura Abbott <lauraa@...eaurora.org>,
        Minchan Kim <minchan@...nel.org>,
        Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@...sung.com>,
        Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@...a86.com>,
        "Aneesh Kumar K.V" <aneesh.kumar@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>,
        Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@...e.cz>, linux-mm@...ck.org,
        linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@....com>
Subject: [PATCH v6 2/6] mm/cma: introduce new zone, ZONE_CMA

From: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@....com>

Attached cover-letter:

This series try to solve problems of current CMA implementation.

CMA is introduced to provide physically contiguous pages at runtime
without exclusive reserved memory area. But, current implementation
works like as previous reserved memory approach, because freepages
on CMA region are used only if there is no movable freepage. In other
words, freepages on CMA region are only used as fallback. In that
situation where freepages on CMA region are used as fallback, kswapd
would be woken up easily since there is no unmovable and reclaimable
freepage, too. If kswapd starts to reclaim memory, fallback allocation
to MIGRATE_CMA doesn't occur any more since movable freepages are
already refilled by kswapd and then most of freepage on CMA are left
to be in free. This situation looks like exclusive reserved memory case.

In my experiment, I found that if system memory has 1024 MB memory and
512 MB is reserved for CMA, kswapd is mostly woken up when roughly 512 MB
free memory is left. Detailed reason is that for keeping enough free
memory for unmovable and reclaimable allocation, kswapd uses below
equation when calculating free memory and it easily go under the watermark.

Free memory for unmovable and reclaimable = Free total - Free CMA pages

This is derivated from the property of CMA freepage that CMA freepage
can't be used for unmovable and reclaimable allocation.

Anyway, in this case, kswapd are woken up when (FreeTotal - FreeCMA)
is lower than low watermark and tries to make free memory until
(FreeTotal - FreeCMA) is higher than high watermark. That results
in that FreeTotal is moving around 512MB boundary consistently. It
then means that we can't utilize full memory capacity.

To fix this problem, I submitted some patches [1] about 10 months ago,
but, found some more problems to be fixed before solving this problem.
It requires many hooks in allocator hotpath so some developers doesn't
like it. Instead, some of them suggest different approach [2] to fix
all the problems related to CMA, that is, introducing a new zone to deal
with free CMA pages. I agree that it is the best way to go so implement
here. Although properties of ZONE_MOVABLE and ZONE_CMA is similar, I
decide to add a new zone rather than piggyback on ZONE_MOVABLE since
they have some differences. First, reserved CMA pages should not be
offlined. If freepage for CMA is managed by ZONE_MOVABLE, we need to keep
MIGRATE_CMA migratetype and insert many hooks on memory hotplug code
to distiguish hotpluggable memory and reserved memory for CMA in the same
zone. It would make memory hotplug code which is already complicated
more complicated. Second, cma_alloc() can be called more frequently
than memory hotplug operation and possibly we need to control
allocation rate of ZONE_CMA to optimize latency in the future.
In this case, separate zone approach is easy to modify. Third, I'd
like to see statistics for CMA, separately. Sometimes, we need to debug
why cma_alloc() is failed and separate statistics would be more helpful
in this situtaion.

Anyway, this patchset solves four problems related to CMA implementation.

1) Utilization problem
As mentioned above, we can't utilize full memory capacity due to the
limitation of CMA freepage and fallback policy. This patchset implements
a new zone for CMA and uses it for GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE request. This
typed allocation is used for page cache and anonymous pages which
occupies most of memory usage in normal case so we can utilize full
memory capacity. Below is the experiment result about this problem.

8 CPUs, 1024 MB, VIRTUAL MACHINE
make -j16

<Before this series>
CMA reserve:            0 MB            512 MB
Elapsed-time:           92.4		186.5
pswpin:                 82		18647
pswpout:                160		69839

<After this series>
CMA reserve:            0 MB            512 MB
Elapsed-time:           93.1		93.4
pswpin:                 84		46
pswpout:                183		92

FYI, there is another attempt [3] trying to solve this problem in lkml.
And, as far as I know, Qualcomm also has out-of-tree solution for this
problem.

2) Reclaim problem
Currently, there is no logic to distinguish CMA pages in reclaim path.
If reclaim is initiated for unmovable and reclaimable allocation,
reclaiming CMA pages doesn't help to satisfy the request and reclaiming
CMA page is just waste. By managing CMA pages in the new zone, we can
skip to reclaim ZONE_CMA completely if it is unnecessary.

3) Atomic allocation failure problem
Kswapd isn't started to reclaim pages when allocation request is movable
type and there is enough free page in the CMA region. After bunch of
consecutive movable allocation requests, free pages in ordinary region
(not CMA region) would be exhausted without waking up kswapd. At that time,
if atomic unmovable allocation comes, it can't be successful since there
is not enough page in ordinary region. This problem is reported
by Aneesh [4] and can be solved by this patchset.

4) Inefficiently work of compaction
Usual high-order allocation request is unmovable type and it cannot
be serviced from CMA area. In compaction, migration scanner doesn't
distinguish migratable pages on the CMA area and do migration.
In this case, even if we make high-order page on that region, it
cannot be used due to type mismatch. This patch will solve this problem
by separating CMA pages from ordinary zones.

[1] https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/5/28/64
[2] https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/11/4/55
[3] https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/10/15/623
[4] http://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-mm/msg100562.html
[5] https://lkml.org/lkml/2014/5/30/320

For this patch:

Currently, reserved pages for CMA are managed together with normal pages.
To distinguish them, we used migratetype, MIGRATE_CMA, and
do special handlings for this migratetype. But, it turns out that
there are too many problems with this approach and to fix all of them
needs many more hooks to page allocation and reclaim path so
some developers express their discomfort and problems on CMA aren't fixed
for a long time.

To terminate this situation and fix CMA problems, this patch implements
ZONE_CMA. Reserved pages for CMA will be managed in this new zone. This
approach will remove all exisiting hooks for MIGRATE_CMA and many
problems related to CMA implementation will be solved.

This patch only add basic infrastructure of ZONE_CMA. In the following
patch, ZONE_CMA is actually populated and used.

Adding a new zone could cause two possible problems. One is the overflow
of page flags and the other is GFP_ZONES_TABLE issue.

Following is page-flags layout described in page-flags-layout.h.

1. No sparsemem or sparsemem vmemmap: |       NODE     | ZONE |             ... | FLAGS |
2.      " plus space for last_cpupid: |       NODE     | ZONE | LAST_CPUPID ... | FLAGS |
3. classic sparse with space for node:| SECTION | NODE | ZONE |             ... | FLAGS |
4.      " plus space for last_cpupid: | SECTION | NODE | ZONE | LAST_CPUPID ... | FLAGS |
5. classic sparse no space for node:  | SECTION |     ZONE    | ... | FLAGS |

There is no problem in #1, #2 configurations for 64-bit system. There are
enough room even for extremiely large x86_64 system. 32-bit system would
not have many nodes so it would have no problem, too.
System with #3, #4, #5 configurations could be affected by this zone
addition, but, thanks to recent THP rework which reduce one page flag,
problem surface would be small. In some configurations, problem is
still possible, but, it highly depends on individual configuration
so impact cannot be easily estimated. I guess that usual system
with CONFIG_CMA would not be affected. If there is a problem,
we can adjust section width or node width for that architecture.

Currently, GFP_ZONES_TABLE is 32-bit value for 32-bit bit operation
in the 32-bit system. If we add one more zone, it will be 48-bit and
32-bit bit operation cannot be possible. Although it will cause slight
overhead, there is no other way so this patch relax GFP_ZONES_TABLE's
32-bit limitation. 32-bit System with CONFIG_CMA will be affected by
this change but it would be marginal.

Note that there are many checkpatch warnings but I think that current
code is better for readability than fixing them up.

Reviewed-by: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@...e.cz>
Signed-off-by: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@....com>
---
 arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c          |  8 +++++
 include/linux/gfp.h               | 29 +++++++++++-------
 include/linux/mempolicy.h         |  2 +-
 include/linux/mmzone.h            | 31 +++++++++++++++++++-
 include/linux/vm_event_item.h     | 10 ++++++-
 include/trace/events/compaction.h | 10 ++++++-
 kernel/power/snapshot.c           |  8 +++++
 mm/memory_hotplug.c               |  3 ++
 mm/page_alloc.c                   | 62 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 mm/vmstat.c                       |  9 +++++-
 10 files changed, 147 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c b/arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c
index 6d18b70..52a14da 100644
--- a/arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c
+++ b/arch/x86/mm/highmem_32.c
@@ -120,6 +120,14 @@ void __init set_highmem_pages_init(void)
 		if (!is_highmem(zone))
 			continue;
 
+		/*
+		 * ZONE_CMA is a special zone that should not be
+		 * participated in initialization because it's pages
+		 * would be initialized by initialization of other zones.
+		 */
+		if (is_zone_cma(zone))
+			continue;
+
 		zone_start_pfn = zone->zone_start_pfn;
 		zone_end_pfn = zone_start_pfn + zone->spanned_pages;
 
diff --git a/include/linux/gfp.h b/include/linux/gfp.h
index f8041f9de..b86e0c2 100644
--- a/include/linux/gfp.h
+++ b/include/linux/gfp.h
@@ -302,6 +302,12 @@ static inline bool gfpflags_allow_blocking(const gfp_t gfp_flags)
 #define OPT_ZONE_DMA32 ZONE_NORMAL
 #endif
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
+#define OPT_ZONE_CMA ZONE_CMA
+#else
+#define OPT_ZONE_CMA ZONE_MOVABLE
+#endif
+
 /*
  * GFP_ZONE_TABLE is a word size bitstring that is used for looking up the
  * zone to use given the lowest 4 bits of gfp_t. Entries are ZONE_SHIFT long
@@ -332,7 +338,6 @@ static inline bool gfpflags_allow_blocking(const gfp_t gfp_flags)
  *       0xe    => BAD (MOVABLE+DMA32+HIGHMEM)
  *       0xf    => BAD (MOVABLE+DMA32+HIGHMEM+DMA)
  *
- * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT must be <= 2 on 32 bit platforms.
  */
 
 #if defined(CONFIG_ZONE_DEVICE) && (MAX_NR_ZONES-1) <= 4
@@ -342,19 +347,21 @@ static inline bool gfpflags_allow_blocking(const gfp_t gfp_flags)
 #define GFP_ZONES_SHIFT ZONES_SHIFT
 #endif
 
-#if 16 * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT > BITS_PER_LONG
-#error GFP_ZONES_SHIFT too large to create GFP_ZONE_TABLE integer
+#if !defined(CONFIG_64BITS) && GFP_ZONES_SHIFT > 2
+#define GFP_ZONE_TABLE_CAST unsigned long long
+#else
+#define GFP_ZONE_TABLE_CAST unsigned long
 #endif
 
 #define GFP_ZONE_TABLE ( \
-	(ZONE_NORMAL << 0 * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)				       \
-	| (OPT_ZONE_DMA << ___GFP_DMA * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)		       \
-	| (OPT_ZONE_HIGHMEM << ___GFP_HIGHMEM * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)	       \
-	| (OPT_ZONE_DMA32 << ___GFP_DMA32 * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)		       \
-	| (ZONE_NORMAL << ___GFP_MOVABLE * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)		       \
-	| (OPT_ZONE_DMA << (___GFP_MOVABLE | ___GFP_DMA) * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)    \
-	| (ZONE_MOVABLE << (___GFP_MOVABLE | ___GFP_HIGHMEM) * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)\
-	| (OPT_ZONE_DMA32 << (___GFP_MOVABLE | ___GFP_DMA32) * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)\
+	((GFP_ZONE_TABLE_CAST) ZONE_NORMAL << 0 * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)					\
+	| ((GFP_ZONE_TABLE_CAST) OPT_ZONE_DMA << ___GFP_DMA * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)				\
+	| ((GFP_ZONE_TABLE_CAST) OPT_ZONE_HIGHMEM << ___GFP_HIGHMEM * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)			\
+	| ((GFP_ZONE_TABLE_CAST) OPT_ZONE_DMA32 << ___GFP_DMA32 * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)			\
+	| ((GFP_ZONE_TABLE_CAST) ZONE_NORMAL << ___GFP_MOVABLE * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)			\
+	| ((GFP_ZONE_TABLE_CAST) OPT_ZONE_DMA << (___GFP_MOVABLE | ___GFP_DMA) * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)	\
+	| ((GFP_ZONE_TABLE_CAST) OPT_ZONE_CMA << (___GFP_MOVABLE | ___GFP_HIGHMEM) * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)	\
+	| ((GFP_ZONE_TABLE_CAST) OPT_ZONE_DMA32 << (___GFP_MOVABLE | ___GFP_DMA32) * GFP_ZONES_SHIFT)	\
 )
 
 /*
diff --git a/include/linux/mempolicy.h b/include/linux/mempolicy.h
index 5e5b296..150259f 100644
--- a/include/linux/mempolicy.h
+++ b/include/linux/mempolicy.h
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ extern bool mempolicy_nodemask_intersects(struct task_struct *tsk,
 
 static inline void check_highest_zone(enum zone_type k)
 {
-	if (k > policy_zone && k != ZONE_MOVABLE)
+	if (k > policy_zone && k != ZONE_MOVABLE && !is_zone_cma_idx(k))
 		policy_zone = k;
 }
 
diff --git a/include/linux/mmzone.h b/include/linux/mmzone.h
index bd30fc1..41faf59 100644
--- a/include/linux/mmzone.h
+++ b/include/linux/mmzone.h
@@ -334,6 +334,9 @@ enum zone_type {
 	ZONE_HIGHMEM,
 #endif
 	ZONE_MOVABLE,
+#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
+	ZONE_CMA,
+#endif
 #ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DEVICE
 	ZONE_DEVICE,
 #endif
@@ -858,11 +861,37 @@ static inline int zone_movable_is_highmem(void)
 }
 #endif
 
+static inline int is_zone_cma_idx(enum zone_type idx)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
+	return idx == ZONE_CMA;
+#else
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+static inline int is_zone_cma(struct zone *zone)
+{
+	int zone_idx = zone_idx(zone);
+
+	return is_zone_cma_idx(zone_idx);
+}
+
+static inline int zone_cma_is_highmem(void)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
+	return 1;
+#else
+	return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
 static inline int is_highmem_idx(enum zone_type idx)
 {
 #ifdef CONFIG_HIGHMEM
 	return (idx == ZONE_HIGHMEM ||
-		(idx == ZONE_MOVABLE && zone_movable_is_highmem()));
+		(idx == ZONE_MOVABLE && zone_movable_is_highmem()) ||
+		(is_zone_cma_idx(idx) && zone_cma_is_highmem()));
 #else
 	return 0;
 #endif
diff --git a/include/linux/vm_event_item.h b/include/linux/vm_event_item.h
index 4d6ec58..2ff89d4 100644
--- a/include/linux/vm_event_item.h
+++ b/include/linux/vm_event_item.h
@@ -19,7 +19,15 @@
 #define HIGHMEM_ZONE(xx)
 #endif
 
-#define FOR_ALL_ZONES(xx) DMA_ZONE(xx) DMA32_ZONE(xx) xx##_NORMAL, HIGHMEM_ZONE(xx) xx##_MOVABLE
+#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
+#define MOVABLE_ZONE(xx) xx##_MOVABLE,
+#define CMA_ZONE(xx) xx##_CMA
+#else
+#define MOVABLE_ZONE(xx) xx##_MOVABLE
+#define CMA_ZONE(xx)
+#endif
+
+#define FOR_ALL_ZONES(xx) DMA_ZONE(xx) DMA32_ZONE(xx) xx##_NORMAL, HIGHMEM_ZONE(xx) MOVABLE_ZONE(xx) CMA_ZONE(xx)
 
 enum vm_event_item { PGPGIN, PGPGOUT, PSWPIN, PSWPOUT,
 		FOR_ALL_ZONES(PGALLOC),
diff --git a/include/trace/events/compaction.h b/include/trace/events/compaction.h
index cbdb90b..25bb8402 100644
--- a/include/trace/events/compaction.h
+++ b/include/trace/events/compaction.h
@@ -38,12 +38,20 @@
 #define IFDEF_ZONE_HIGHMEM(X)
 #endif
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
+#define IFDEF_ZONE_CMA(X, Y, Z) X Z
+#else
+#define IFDEF_ZONE_CMA(X, Y, Z) Y
+#endif
+
 #define ZONE_TYPE						\
 	IFDEF_ZONE_DMA(		EM (ZONE_DMA,	 "DMA"))	\
 	IFDEF_ZONE_DMA32(	EM (ZONE_DMA32,	 "DMA32"))	\
 				EM (ZONE_NORMAL, "Normal")	\
 	IFDEF_ZONE_HIGHMEM(	EM (ZONE_HIGHMEM,"HighMem"))	\
-				EMe(ZONE_MOVABLE,"Movable")
+	IFDEF_ZONE_CMA(		EM (ZONE_MOVABLE,"Movable"),	\
+				EMe(ZONE_MOVABLE,"Movable"),	\
+				EMe(ZONE_CMA,    "CMA"))
 
 /*
  * First define the enums in the above macros to be exported to userspace
diff --git a/kernel/power/snapshot.c b/kernel/power/snapshot.c
index 4f0f060..bb3755e 100644
--- a/kernel/power/snapshot.c
+++ b/kernel/power/snapshot.c
@@ -1166,6 +1166,14 @@ unsigned int snapshot_additional_pages(struct zone *zone)
 {
 	unsigned int rtree, nodes;
 
+	/*
+	 * Estimation of needed pages for ZONE_CMA is already considered
+	 * when calculating other zones since span of ZONE_CMA is subset
+	 * of other zones.
+	 */
+	if (is_zone_cma(zone))
+		return 0;
+
 	rtree = nodes = DIV_ROUND_UP(zone->spanned_pages, BM_BITS_PER_BLOCK);
 	rtree += DIV_ROUND_UP(rtree * sizeof(struct rtree_node),
 			      LINKED_PAGE_DATA_SIZE);
diff --git a/mm/memory_hotplug.c b/mm/memory_hotplug.c
index 9629273..d941b6e 100644
--- a/mm/memory_hotplug.c
+++ b/mm/memory_hotplug.c
@@ -1887,6 +1887,9 @@ static int __ref __offline_pages(unsigned long start_pfn,
 	if (zone_idx(zone) <= ZONE_NORMAL && !can_offline_normal(zone, nr_pages))
 		return -EINVAL;
 
+	if (is_zone_cma(zone))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
 	/* set above range as isolated */
 	ret = start_isolate_page_range(start_pfn, end_pfn,
 				       MIGRATE_MOVABLE, true);
diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c
index 92b68cc..ac44b01 100644
--- a/mm/page_alloc.c
+++ b/mm/page_alloc.c
@@ -210,6 +210,9 @@ bool pm_suspended_storage(void)
 	[ZONE_HIGHMEM] = INT_MAX,
 #endif
 	[ZONE_MOVABLE] = INT_MAX,
+#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
+	[ZONE_CMA] = INT_MAX,
+#endif
 };
 
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(totalram_pages);
@@ -226,6 +229,9 @@ bool pm_suspended_storage(void)
 	 "HighMem",
 #endif
 	 "Movable",
+#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
+	 "CMA",
+#endif
 #ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DEVICE
 	 "Device",
 #endif
@@ -5081,6 +5087,15 @@ void __meminit memmap_init_zone(unsigned long size, int nid, unsigned long zone,
 	struct memblock_region *r = NULL, *tmp;
 #endif
 
+	/*
+	 * Physical pages for ZONE_CMA are belong to other zones now. They
+	 * are initialized when corresponding zone is initialized and they
+	 * will be moved to ZONE_CMA later. Zone information will also be
+	 * adjusted later.
+	 */
+	if (is_zone_cma_idx(zone))
+		return;
+
 	if (highest_memmap_pfn < end_pfn - 1)
 		highest_memmap_pfn = end_pfn - 1;
 
@@ -5513,7 +5528,7 @@ static void __init find_usable_zone_for_movable(void)
 {
 	int zone_index;
 	for (zone_index = MAX_NR_ZONES - 1; zone_index >= 0; zone_index--) {
-		if (zone_index == ZONE_MOVABLE)
+		if (zone_index == ZONE_MOVABLE || is_zone_cma_idx(zone_index))
 			continue;
 
 		if (arch_zone_highest_possible_pfn[zone_index] >
@@ -5723,6 +5738,8 @@ static void __meminit calculate_node_totalpages(struct pglist_data *pgdat,
 						unsigned long *zholes_size)
 {
 	unsigned long realtotalpages = 0, totalpages = 0;
+	unsigned long zone_cma_start_pfn = UINT_MAX;
+	unsigned long zone_cma_end_pfn = 0;
 	enum zone_type i;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_ZONES; i++) {
@@ -5730,6 +5747,13 @@ static void __meminit calculate_node_totalpages(struct pglist_data *pgdat,
 		unsigned long zone_start_pfn, zone_end_pfn;
 		unsigned long size, real_size;
 
+		if (is_zone_cma_idx(i)) {
+			zone->zone_start_pfn = zone_cma_start_pfn;
+			size = zone_cma_end_pfn - zone_cma_start_pfn;
+			real_size = 0;
+			goto init_zone;
+		}
+
 		size = zone_spanned_pages_in_node(pgdat->node_id, i,
 						  node_start_pfn,
 						  node_end_pfn,
@@ -5739,13 +5763,23 @@ static void __meminit calculate_node_totalpages(struct pglist_data *pgdat,
 		real_size = size - zone_absent_pages_in_node(pgdat->node_id, i,
 						  node_start_pfn, node_end_pfn,
 						  zholes_size);
-		if (size)
+		if (size) {
 			zone->zone_start_pfn = zone_start_pfn;
-		else
+			if (zone_cma_start_pfn > zone_start_pfn)
+				zone_cma_start_pfn = zone_start_pfn;
+			if (zone_cma_end_pfn < zone_start_pfn + size)
+				zone_cma_end_pfn = zone_start_pfn + size;
+		} else
 			zone->zone_start_pfn = 0;
+
+init_zone:
 		zone->spanned_pages = size;
 		zone->present_pages = real_size;
 
+		/* Prevent to over-count node span */
+		if (is_zone_cma_idx(i))
+			size = 0;
+
 		totalpages += size;
 		realtotalpages += real_size;
 	}
@@ -5889,6 +5923,7 @@ static void __paginginit free_area_init_core(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
 		struct zone *zone = pgdat->node_zones + j;
 		unsigned long size, realsize, freesize, memmap_pages;
 		unsigned long zone_start_pfn = zone->zone_start_pfn;
+		bool zone_kernel = !is_highmem_idx(j) && !is_zone_cma_idx(j);
 
 		size = zone->spanned_pages;
 		realsize = freesize = zone->present_pages;
@@ -5899,7 +5934,7 @@ static void __paginginit free_area_init_core(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
 		 * and per-cpu initialisations
 		 */
 		memmap_pages = calc_memmap_size(size, realsize);
-		if (!is_highmem_idx(j)) {
+		if (zone_kernel) {
 			if (freesize >= memmap_pages) {
 				freesize -= memmap_pages;
 				if (memmap_pages)
@@ -5918,7 +5953,7 @@ static void __paginginit free_area_init_core(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
 					zone_names[0], dma_reserve);
 		}
 
-		if (!is_highmem_idx(j))
+		if (zone_kernel)
 			nr_kernel_pages += freesize;
 		/* Charge for highmem memmap if there are enough kernel pages */
 		else if (nr_kernel_pages > memmap_pages * 2)
@@ -5930,7 +5965,7 @@ static void __paginginit free_area_init_core(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
 		 * when the bootmem allocator frees pages into the buddy system.
 		 * And all highmem pages will be managed by the buddy system.
 		 */
-		zone->managed_pages = is_highmem_idx(j) ? realsize : freesize;
+		zone->managed_pages = zone_kernel ? freesize : realsize;
 #ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
 		zone->node = nid;
 #endif
@@ -5940,7 +5975,11 @@ static void __paginginit free_area_init_core(struct pglist_data *pgdat)
 		zone_seqlock_init(zone);
 		zone_pcp_init(zone);
 
-		if (!size)
+		/*
+		 * ZONE_CMA should be initialized even if it has no present
+		 * page now since pages will be moved to the zone later.
+		 */
+		if (!size && !is_zone_cma_idx(j))
 			continue;
 
 		set_pageblock_order();
@@ -6396,7 +6435,7 @@ void __init free_area_init_nodes(unsigned long *max_zone_pfn)
 	start_pfn = find_min_pfn_with_active_regions();
 
 	for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_ZONES; i++) {
-		if (i == ZONE_MOVABLE)
+		if (i == ZONE_MOVABLE || is_zone_cma_idx(i))
 			continue;
 
 		end_pfn = max(max_zone_pfn[i], start_pfn);
@@ -6415,7 +6454,7 @@ void __init free_area_init_nodes(unsigned long *max_zone_pfn)
 	/* Print out the zone ranges */
 	pr_info("Zone ranges:\n");
 	for (i = 0; i < MAX_NR_ZONES; i++) {
-		if (i == ZONE_MOVABLE)
+		if (i == ZONE_MOVABLE || is_zone_cma_idx(i))
 			continue;
 		pr_info("  %-8s ", zone_names[i]);
 		if (arch_zone_lowest_possible_pfn[i] ==
@@ -7156,6 +7195,11 @@ bool has_unmovable_pages(struct zone *zone, struct page *page, int count,
 	 */
 	if (zone_idx(zone) == ZONE_MOVABLE)
 		return false;
+
+	/* ZONE_CMA never contains unmovable pages */
+	if (is_zone_cma(zone))
+		return false;
+
 	mt = get_pageblock_migratetype(page);
 	if (mt == MIGRATE_MOVABLE || is_migrate_cma(mt))
 		return false;
diff --git a/mm/vmstat.c b/mm/vmstat.c
index 604f26a..429742f 100644
--- a/mm/vmstat.c
+++ b/mm/vmstat.c
@@ -915,8 +915,15 @@ int fragmentation_index(struct zone *zone, unsigned int order)
 #define TEXT_FOR_HIGHMEM(xx)
 #endif
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_CMA
+#define TEXT_FOR_CMA(xx) xx "_cma",
+#else
+#define TEXT_FOR_CMA(xx)
+#endif
+
 #define TEXTS_FOR_ZONES(xx) TEXT_FOR_DMA(xx) TEXT_FOR_DMA32(xx) xx "_normal", \
-					TEXT_FOR_HIGHMEM(xx) xx "_movable",
+					TEXT_FOR_HIGHMEM(xx) xx "_movable", \
+					TEXT_FOR_CMA(xx)
 
 const char * const vmstat_text[] = {
 	/* enum zone_stat_item countes */
-- 
1.9.1

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