Date:   Fri, 18 Nov 2016 15:13:45 -0800
From:   "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>
To:     Lance Roy <ldr709@...il.com>
Cc:     linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, mingo@...nel.org,
        jiangshanlai@...il.com, dipankar@...ibm.com,
        akpm@...ux-foundation.org, mathieu.desnoyers@...icios.com,
        josh@...htriplett.org, tglx@...utronix.de, peterz@...radead.org,
        rostedt@...dmis.org, dhowells@...hat.com, edumazet@...gle.com,
        dvhart@...ux.intel.com, fweisbec@...il.com, oleg@...hat.com,
        bobby.prani@...il.com
Subject: Re: [RFC PATCH] SRCU: More efficient reader counts.

On Fri, Nov 18, 2016 at 12:33:00PM -0800, Lance Roy wrote:
> On Fri, 18 Nov 2016 06:08:45 -0800
> "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@...ux.vnet.ibm.com> wrote:
> > However, let's first take a look at the overflow issue.
> > 
> > If a given program could have ULONG_MAX or more readers at any given
> > time, there would of course be overflow.  However, each read must have
> > an srcu_read_lock() outstanding, and the resulting four-byte return
> > value must be stored somewhere.  Because the full address space is at
> > most ULONG_MAX, the maximum number of outstanding readers is at most
> > ULONG_MAX/4, even in the degenerate case where a single CPU/task invokes
> > srcu_read_lock() in a tight loop.  And even this assumes that the entire
> > address space can somehow be devoted to srcu_read_lock() return values.
> > ULONG_MAX/4 is therefore a hard upper bound on the number of outstanding
> > SRCU readers.
> I agree that there should be at most ULONG_MAX/4 active readers at a time, as
> long as the compiler doesn't do something crazy like noticing that
> srcu_read_lock() always returns 0 or 1 and then packing the return values into
> smaller variables.
> 
> > Now srcu_readers_active_idx_check() checks for strict equality between
> > the number of locks and unlocks, so we can in theory tolerate ULONG_MAX-1
> > readers.  So, the question is whether ULONG_MAX/4 readers can result
> > in the updater seeing ULONG_MAX reads, due to memory misordering and
> > other issues.
> > 
> > Because there are no memory barriers surrounding srcu_flip(), the updater
> > could miss an extremely large number of srcu_read_unlock()s.  However,
> > each missed srcu_read_unlock() must have a corresponding srcu_read_lock(),
> > and there is a full memory barrier between between the srcu_flip() and
> > the read of the lock count.  There is also a full barrier between any
> > srcu_read_lock()'s increment of the lock count and that CPU's/task's next
> > srcu_read_lock()'s fetch of the index.  Therefore, if the updater misses
> > counting a given srcu_read_lock(), that CPU's/task's next srcu_read_lock()
> > must see the new value of the index.  Because srcu_read_lock() disables
> > preemption across the index fetch and the lock increment, there can be at
> > most NR_CPUS-1 srcu_read_lock() calls that missed the recent srcu_flip()'s
> > update to the index.  (I said NR_CPUS earlier, but Mathieu is correct
> > in pointing out that srcu_flip() has to run somewhere.)
> The trouble is that disabling preemption is not enough to ensure that there
> is at most one srcu_read_lock() call per CPU that missed the srcu_flip().
> 
> Define a reader to be an SRCU lock+unlock pair. A reader is called active if it
> has incremented ->lock_count[] but hasn't incremented ->unlock_count[] yet, and
> completed if it has incremented ->unlock_count[]. I think that we only want to
> limit the number of active readers and the number of CPUs. In particular, I
> don't think there should be a limit on the rate of completion of read side
> critical section.
> 
> The goal of srcu_readers_active_idx_check() is to verify that there were zero
> active readers on the inactive index at some time during its execution. To do
> this, it totals the unlock counts, executes a memory barrier, totals the lock
> counts, and takes the difference. This difference counts the readers that are
> active when srcu_readers_lock_idx() gets to their CPU, plus the readers that
> completed after srcu_readers_unlock_idx() and before srcu_readers_lock_idx().
> If the true (infinite precision) value of the difference is zero, then there
> were no active readers at some point while srcu_readers_lock_idx() is running.
> However, the difference is only stored in a long, so there is a potential for
> overflow if too many readers complete during srcu_readers_active_idx_check().
> 
> For example, let's say there are three threads, each running on their own CPU:
> 
> int data, flag;
> struct srcu_struct *sp = /* ... */;
> 
> Thread 0:
> 	data = 1;
> 	synchronize_srcu(sp);
> 	flag = 1;
> 
> Thread 1:
> 	int data_r, flag_r;
> 	int idx = srcu_read_lock(sp);
> 	data_r = data;
> 	flag_r = flag;
> 	srcu_read_unlock(sp, idx);
> 	BUG_ON(flag_r == 1 && data_r == 0);
> 
> Thread 2:
> 	while (true) {
> 		int idx = srcu_read_lock(sp);
> 		srcu_read_unlock(sp, idx);
> 	}
> 
> Let's take the following execution order. Thread 1 increments
> the CPU 1 version of sp->lock_count[0], sets idx to zero, and loads data (0)
> into data_r. Thread 0 then sets data to be 1, verifies that there are no
> readers on index 1, and increments sp->completed, but the CPU actually doesn't
> preform the last operation, putting it off until the next memory barrier. Thread
> 0 then calls srcu_readers_active_idx_check() on index 0, which runs
> srcu_readers_unlock_idx() (returning 0). Right after srcu_readers_unlock_idx()
> completes, thread 2 starts running. Since Thread 0 hasn't actually incremented
> sp->completed in any way that is visible to thread 2, srcu_read_lock() will
> still return 0. Thread 2 can then run for ULONG_MAX iterations, setting
> the CPU 2 version of sp->unlock_count[0] to ULONG_MAX. CPU 0 then finally gets
> around to incrementing sp->completed, runs its memory barrier, and then reads
> the lock counts: 1, 0, ULONG_MAX. The total of ULONG_MAX+1 will overflow to 0
> and compare equal with earlier unlock count. Thread 0 will then think that the
> grace period is over and set flag to one. Thread 1 can then read flag (1) into
> flag_r and run srcu_read_unlock(). The BUG_ON statement will then fail.
> 
> Although ULONG_MAX readers completed during srcu_readers_active_idx_check(),
> there were at most 2 active readers at any time, so this program doesn't run
> into any limit.
> 
> I hope that was clear enough.

Indeed it is!

So adding a full memory barrier immediately after the srcu_flip() should
prevent this, because if the updater failed to see an unlock increment,
the second following lock for that CPU/task would be guaranteed to see
the flip.  Or am I still missing something?

Is there a sequence of events that requires a full memory barrier
before the srcu_flip()?

							Thanx, Paul

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