Date:   Tue, 07 Feb 2017 15:30:22 +0100
From:   Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@...hat.com>
To:     netdev@...r.kernel.org, linux-doc@...r.kernel.org,
        Jonathan Corbet <corbet@....net>
Cc:     Alexei Starovoitov <ast@...com>, alexander@...mayhu.com,
        linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, quentin.monnet@...nd.com,
        Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@...hat.com>,
        Daniel Borkmann <borkmann@...earbox.net>
Subject: [net-next PATCH 2/4] doc/bpf: document interacting with eBPF maps

Describe what eBPF maps are, how to create them, and how to
interact with them.

Thanks to Quentin Monnet <quentin.monnet@...nd.com> for improving
this document by fixing many typos and early review.

Signed-off-by: Jesper Dangaard Brouer <brouer@...hat.com>
---
 Documentation/bpf/ebpf_maps.rst |  255 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 Documentation/bpf/index.rst     |    2 
 2 files changed, 257 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/bpf/ebpf_maps.rst

diff --git a/Documentation/bpf/ebpf_maps.rst b/Documentation/bpf/ebpf_maps.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b8808f3bc31c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/bpf/ebpf_maps.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+=========
+eBPF maps
+=========
+
+This document describes what eBPF maps are, how you create them
+(`Creating a map`_), and how to interact with them (`Interacting with
+maps`_).
+
+Using eBPF maps is a method to keep state between invocations of the
+eBPF program, and allows sharing data between eBPF kernel programs,
+and also between kernel and user-space applications.
+
+Basically a key/value store with arbitrary structure (from man-page
+`bpf(2)`_):
+
+ eBPF maps are a generic data structure for storage of different data
+ types.  Data types are generally treated as binary blobs, so a user
+ just specifies the size of the key and the size of the value at
+ map-creation time.  In other words, a key/value for a given map can
+ have an arbitrary structure.
+
+The map handles are file descriptors, and multiple maps can be created
+and accessed by multiple programs (from man-page `bpf(2)`_):
+
+ A user process can create multiple maps (with key/value-pairs being
+ opaque bytes of data) and access them via file descriptors.
+ Different eBPF programs can access the same maps in parallel.  It's
+ up to the user process and eBPF program to decide what they store
+ inside maps.
+
+.. _`Creating a map`:
+
+Creating a map
+==============
+
+A map is created based on a request from userspace, via the `bpf`_
+syscall (specifically `bpf_cmd`_ BPF_MAP_CREATE), which returns a new
+file descriptor that refers to the map.  On error, -1 is returned and
+errno is set to EINVAL, EPERM, or ENOMEM. These are the struct
+``bpf_attr`` setup arguments to use when creating a map via the
+syscall:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+ bpf(BPF_MAP_CREATE, &bpf_attr, sizeof(bpf_attr));
+
+Notice how this kernel ABI is extensible, as more struct arguments can
+easily be added later as the sizeof(bpf_attr) is passed along to the
+syscall.  This also implies that API users must clear/zero
+sizeof(bpf_attr), as compiler can size-align the struct differently,
+to avoid garbage data to be interpreted as parameters by future
+kernels.
+
+The following configuration attributes are needed when creating the map:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+ union bpf_attr {
+  struct { /* anonymous struct used by BPF_MAP_CREATE command */
+         __u32   map_type;       /* one of enum bpf_map_type */
+         __u32   key_size;       /* size of key in bytes */
+         __u32   value_size;     /* size of value in bytes */
+         __u32   max_entries;    /* max number of entries in a map */
+         __u32   map_flags;      /* prealloc or not */
+  };
+ }
+
+.. _bpf_cmd: http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ident?i=bpf_cmd
+
+
+Kernel sample/bpf ELF convention
+--------------------------------
+
+For programs under samples/bpf/, defining a map have been integrated
+with ELF binary generated by LLVM.  This is purely one example of a
+userspace convention and not part of the kernel ABI.  It still invokes
+the bpf syscall.
+
+Map definitions are done by defining a ``struct bpf_map_def`` with an
+elf section __attribute__ ``SEC("maps")``, in the xxx_kern.c file.
+The maps file descriptor is available in the userspace xxx_user.c
+file, via global array variable ``map_fd[]``, and the array map index
+corresponds to the order the maps sections were defined in elf file of
+xxx_kern.c file.  Behind the scenes it is the ``load_bpf_file()`` call
+(from `samples/bpf/bpf_load`_) that takes care of parsing ELF file
+compiled by LLVM, pickup 'maps' section and creates maps via the bpf
+syscall.
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+  struct bpf_map_def {
+	unsigned int type;
+	unsigned int key_size;
+	unsigned int value_size;
+	unsigned int max_entries;
+	unsigned int map_flags;
+  };
+
+  struct bpf_map_def SEC("maps") my_map = {
+	.type        = BPF_MAP_TYPE_XXX,
+	.key_size    = sizeof(u32),
+	.value_size  = sizeof(u64),
+	.max_entries = 42,
+	.map_flags   = 0
+  };
+
+.. section links
+
+.. _samples/bpf/bpf_load:
+   https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/samples/bpf/bpf_load.c
+
+Qdisc Traffic Control convention
+--------------------------------
+
+It is worth mentioning, that qdisc TC (Traffic Control), also use ELF
+files for defining the maps, but it uses another layout.  See man-page
+`tc-bpf(8)`_ and `tc bpf examples`_ in iproute2.git_ tree.
+
+.. _iproute2.git:
+   https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/shemminger/iproute2.git/about/
+
+.. _tc bpf examples:
+   https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/shemminger/iproute2.git/tree/examples/bpf
+
+.. _tc-bpf(8): http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/tc-bpf.8.html
+
+
+Interacting with maps
+=====================
+
+Interacting with eBPF maps happens through some **lookup/update/delete**
+primitives.
+
+When writing eBFP programs using load helpers and libraries from
+samples/bpf/ and tools/lib/bpf/.  Common function name API have been
+created that hides the details of how kernel vs. userspace access
+these primitives (which is quite different).
+
+The common function names (parameters and return values differs):
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+  void bpf_map_lookup_elem(map, void *key. ...);
+  void bpf_map_update_elem(map, void *key, ..., __u64 flags);
+  void bpf_map_delete_elem(map, void *key);
+
+The ``flags`` argument in ``bpf_map_update_elem()`` allows to define
+semantics on whether the element exists:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+  /* File: include/uapi/linux/bpf.h */
+  /* flags for BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM command */
+  #define BPF_ANY	0 /* create new element or update existing */
+  #define BPF_NOEXIST	1 /* create new element only if it didn't exist */
+  #define BPF_EXIST	2 /* only update existing element */
+
+Userspace
+---------
+The userspace API map helpers are defined in `tools/lib/bpf/bpf.h`_
+and looks like this:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+  /* Userspace helpers */
+  int bpf_map_lookup_elem(int fd, void *key, void *value);
+  int bpf_map_update_elem(int fd, void *key, void *value, __u64 flags);
+  int bpf_map_delete_elem(int fd, void *key);
+  /* Only userspace: */
+  int bpf_map_get_next_key(int fd, void *key, void *next_key);
+
+
+Interacting with an eBPF map from **userspace**, happens through the
+`bpf`_ syscall and a file descriptor.  See how the map handle ``int
+fd`` is a file descriptor .  On success, zero is returned, on
+failures -1 is returned and errno is set.
+
+Wrappers for the bpf syscall is implemented in `tools/lib/bpf/bpf.c`_,
+and ends up calling functions in `kernel/bpf/syscall.c`_, like
+`map_lookup_elem`_.
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+  /* Corresponding syscall bpf commands from userspace */
+  enum bpf_cmd {
+	[...]
+	BPF_MAP_LOOKUP_ELEM,
+	BPF_MAP_UPDATE_ELEM,
+	BPF_MAP_DELETE_ELEM,
+	BPF_MAP_GET_NEXT_KEY,
+	[...]
+  };
+
+Notice how ``void *key`` and ``void *value`` are passed as a void
+pointers.  Given the memory seperation between kernel and userspace,
+this is a copy of the value.  Kernel primitives like
+``copy_from_user()`` and ``copy_to_user()`` are used, e.g. see
+`map_lookup_elem`_, which also kmalloc+kfree memory for a short
+period.
+
+From userspace, there is no function call to atomically increment or
+decrement the value 'in-place'. The bpf_map_update_elem() call will
+overwrite the existing value, with a copy of the value supplied.
+Depending on the map type, the overwrite will happen in an atomic way,
+e.g. using locking mechanisms specific to the map type.
+
+.. section links
+
+.. _tools/lib/bpf/bpf.h:
+   https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.h
+
+.. _tools/lib/bpf/bpf.c:
+   https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/tools/lib/bpf/bpf.c
+
+.. _map_lookup_elem: http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ident?i=map_lookup_elem
+
+.. _kernel/bpf/syscall.c:
+   https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
+
+
+Kernel-side eBPF program
+------------------------
+
+The API mapping for eBPF programs on the kernel-side is fairly hard to
+follow. It related to `samples/bpf/bpf_helpers.h`_ and maps into
+`kernel/bpf/helpers.c`_ via macros.
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+  /* eBPF program helpers */
+  void *bpf_map_lookup_elem(void *map, void *key);
+  int bpf_map_update_elem(void *map, void *key, void *value, unsigned long long flags);
+  int bpf_map_delete_elem(void *map, void *key);
+
+The eBPF-program running kernel-side interacts more directly with the
+map data structures. For example the call ``bpf_map_lookup_elem()``
+returns a direct pointer to the 'value' memory-element inside the
+kernel (while userspace gets a copy).  This allows the eBPF-program to
+atomically increment or decrement the value 'in-place', by using
+appropiate compiler primitives like ``__sync_fetch_and_add()``, which
+is understood by LLVM when generating eBPF instructions.
+
+.. section links
+
+.. _samples/bpf/bpf_helpers.h:
+   https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/samples/bpf/bpf_helpers.h
+
+.. _kernel/bpf/helpers.c:
+   https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
+
+.. links
+
+.. _bpf(2): http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/bpf.2.html
+
+.. _bpf: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/bpf.2.html
diff --git a/Documentation/bpf/index.rst b/Documentation/bpf/index.rst
index f262fe8f9f95..738d17aaf6d7 100644
--- a/Documentation/bpf/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/bpf/index.rst
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@ covered by this documentation.
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 1
 
+   ebpf_maps
+
 .. links:
 
 .. _article 1992: http://www.tcpdump.org/papers/bpf-usenix93.pdf

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