Date:   Tue, 20 Mar 2018 12:45:50 +0100
From:   Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@...e.cz>
To:     Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@...el.com>, linux-mm@...ck.org,
        linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org
Cc:     Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
        Huang Ying <ying.huang@...el.com>,
        Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@...ux.intel.com>,
        Kemi Wang <kemi.wang@...el.com>,
        Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@...ux.intel.com>,
        Andi Kleen <ak@...ux.intel.com>,
        Michal Hocko <mhocko@...e.com>,
        Mel Gorman <mgorman@...hsingularity.net>,
        Matthew Wilcox <willy@...radead.org>,
        Daniel Jordan <daniel.m.jordan@...cle.com>
Subject: Re: [RFC PATCH v2 2/4] mm/__free_one_page: skip merge for order-0
 page unless compaction failed

On 03/20/2018 09:54 AM, Aaron Lu wrote:
> Running will-it-scale/page_fault1 process mode workload on a 2 sockets
> Intel Skylake server showed severe lock contention of zone->lock, as
> high as about 80%(42% on allocation path and 35% on free path) CPU
> cycles are burnt spinning. With perf, the most time consuming part inside
> that lock on free path is cache missing on page structures, mostly on
> the to-be-freed page's buddy due to merging.

But why, with all the prefetching in place?

> One way to avoid this overhead is not do any merging at all for order-0
> pages. With this approach, the lock contention for zone->lock on free
> path dropped to 1.1% but allocation side still has as high as 42% lock
> contention. In the meantime, the dropped lock contention on free side
> doesn't translate to performance increase, instead, it's consumed by
> increased lock contention of the per node lru_lock(rose from 5% to 37%)
> and the final performance slightly dropped about 1%.
> 
> Though performance dropped a little, it almost eliminated zone lock
> contention on free path and it is the foundation for the next patch
> that eliminates zone lock contention for allocation path.

Not thrilled about such disruptive change in the name of a
microbenchmark :/ Shouldn't normally the pcplists hide the overhead?
If not, wouldn't it make more sense to turn zone->lock into a range lock?

> A new document file called "struct_page_filed" is added to explain
> the newly reused field in "struct page".

Sounds rather ad-hoc for a single field, I'd rather document it via
comments.

> Suggested-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@...el.com>
> Signed-off-by: Aaron Lu <aaron.lu@...el.com>
> ---
>  Documentation/vm/struct_page_field |  5 +++
>  include/linux/mm_types.h           |  1 +
>  mm/compaction.c                    | 13 +++++-
>  mm/internal.h                      | 27 ++++++++++++
>  mm/page_alloc.c                    | 89 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
>  5 files changed, 122 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)
>  create mode 100644 Documentation/vm/struct_page_field
> 
> diff --git a/Documentation/vm/struct_page_field b/Documentation/vm/struct_page_field
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..1ab6c19ccc7a
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/Documentation/vm/struct_page_field
> @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
> +buddy_merge_skipped:
> +Used to indicate this page skipped merging when added to buddy. This
> +field only makes sense if the page is in Buddy and is order zero.
> +It's a bug if any higher order pages in Buddy has this field set.
> +Shares space with index.
> diff --git a/include/linux/mm_types.h b/include/linux/mm_types.h
> index fd1af6b9591d..7edc4e102a8e 100644
> --- a/include/linux/mm_types.h
> +++ b/include/linux/mm_types.h
> @@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ struct page {
>  		pgoff_t index;		/* Our offset within mapping. */
>  		void *freelist;		/* sl[aou]b first free object */
>  		/* page_deferred_list().prev	-- second tail page */
> +		bool buddy_merge_skipped; /* skipped merging when added to buddy */
>  	};
>  
>  	union {
> diff --git a/mm/compaction.c b/mm/compaction.c
> index 2c8999d027ab..fb9031fdca41 100644
> --- a/mm/compaction.c
> +++ b/mm/compaction.c
> @@ -776,8 +776,19 @@ isolate_migratepages_block(struct compact_control *cc, unsigned long low_pfn,
>  		 * potential isolation targets.
>  		 */
>  		if (PageBuddy(page)) {
> -			unsigned long freepage_order = page_order_unsafe(page);
> +			unsigned long freepage_order;
>  
> +			/*
> +			 * If this is a merge_skipped page, do merge now
> +			 * since high-order pages are needed. zone lock
> +			 * isn't taken for the merge_skipped check so the
> +			 * check could be wrong but the worst case is we
> +			 * lose a merge opportunity.
> +			 */
> +			if (page_merge_was_skipped(page))
> +				try_to_merge_page(page);
> +
> +			freepage_order = page_order_unsafe(page);
>  			/*
>  			 * Without lock, we cannot be sure that what we got is
>  			 * a valid page order. Consider only values in the
> diff --git a/mm/internal.h b/mm/internal.h
> index e6bd35182dae..2bfbaae2d835 100644
> --- a/mm/internal.h
> +++ b/mm/internal.h
> @@ -538,4 +538,31 @@ static inline bool is_migrate_highatomic_page(struct page *page)
>  }
>  
>  void setup_zone_pageset(struct zone *zone);
> +
> +static inline bool page_merge_was_skipped(struct page *page)
> +{
> +	return page->buddy_merge_skipped;
> +}
> +
> +void try_to_merge_page(struct page *page);
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_COMPACTION
> +static inline bool can_skip_merge(struct zone *zone, int order)
> +{
> +	/* Compaction has failed in this zone, we shouldn't skip merging */
> +	if (zone->compact_considered)
> +		return false;
> +
> +	/* Only consider no_merge for order 0 pages */
> +	if (order)
> +		return false;
> +
> +	return true;
> +}
> +#else /* CONFIG_COMPACTION */
> +static inline bool can_skip_merge(struct zone *zone, int order)
> +{
> +	return false;
> +}
> +#endif  /* CONFIG_COMPACTION */
>  #endif	/* __MM_INTERNAL_H */
> diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c
> index 3cdf1e10d412..eb78014dfbde 100644
> --- a/mm/page_alloc.c
> +++ b/mm/page_alloc.c
> @@ -730,6 +730,16 @@ static inline void clear_page_guard(struct zone *zone, struct page *page,
>  				unsigned int order, int migratetype) {}
>  #endif
>  
> +static inline void set_page_merge_skipped(struct page *page)
> +{
> +	page->buddy_merge_skipped = true;
> +}
> +
> +static inline void clear_page_merge_skipped(struct page *page)
> +{
> +	page->buddy_merge_skipped = false;
> +}
> +
>  static inline void set_page_order(struct page *page, unsigned int order)
>  {
>  	set_page_private(page, order);
> @@ -739,6 +749,13 @@ static inline void set_page_order(struct page *page, unsigned int order)
>  static inline void add_to_buddy_common(struct page *page, struct zone *zone,
>  					unsigned int order, int mt)
>  {
> +	/*
> +	 * Always clear buddy_merge_skipped when added to buddy because
> +	 * buddy_merge_skipped shares space with index and index could
> +	 * be used as migratetype for PCP pages.
> +	 */
> +	clear_page_merge_skipped(page);
> +
>  	set_page_order(page, order);
>  	zone->free_area[order].nr_free++;
>  }
> @@ -769,6 +786,7 @@ static inline void remove_from_buddy(struct page *page, struct zone *zone,
>  	list_del(&page->lru);
>  	zone->free_area[order].nr_free--;
>  	rmv_page_order(page);
> +	clear_page_merge_skipped(page);
>  }
>  
>  /*
> @@ -839,7 +857,7 @@ static inline int page_is_buddy(struct page *page, struct page *buddy,
>   * -- nyc
>   */
>  
> -static inline void __free_one_page(struct page *page,
> +static inline void do_merge(struct page *page,
>  		unsigned long pfn,
>  		struct zone *zone, unsigned int order,
>  		int migratetype)
> @@ -851,16 +869,6 @@ static inline void __free_one_page(struct page *page,
>  
>  	max_order = min_t(unsigned int, MAX_ORDER, pageblock_order + 1);
>  
> -	VM_BUG_ON(!zone_is_initialized(zone));
> -	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page->flags & PAGE_FLAGS_CHECK_AT_PREP, page);
> -
> -	VM_BUG_ON(migratetype == -1);
> -	if (likely(!is_migrate_isolate(migratetype)))
> -		__mod_zone_freepage_state(zone, 1 << order, migratetype);
> -
> -	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(pfn & ((1 << order) - 1), page);
> -	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(bad_range(zone, page), page);
> -
>  continue_merging:
>  	while (order < max_order - 1) {
>  		buddy_pfn = __find_buddy_pfn(pfn, order);
> @@ -933,6 +941,61 @@ static inline void __free_one_page(struct page *page,
>  	add_to_buddy_head(page, zone, order, migratetype);
>  }
>  
> +void try_to_merge_page(struct page *page)
> +{
> +	unsigned long pfn, buddy_pfn, flags;
> +	struct page *buddy;
> +	struct zone *zone;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * No need to do merging if buddy is not free.
> +	 * zone lock isn't taken so this could be wrong but worst case
> +	 * is we lose a merge opportunity.
> +	 */
> +	pfn = page_to_pfn(page);
> +	buddy_pfn = __find_buddy_pfn(pfn, 0);
> +	buddy = page + (buddy_pfn - pfn);
> +	if (!PageBuddy(buddy))
> +		return;
> +
> +	zone = page_zone(page);
> +	spin_lock_irqsave(&zone->lock, flags);
> +	/* Verify again after taking the lock */
> +	if (likely(PageBuddy(page) && page_merge_was_skipped(page) &&
> +		   PageBuddy(buddy))) {
> +		int mt = get_pageblock_migratetype(page);
> +
> +		remove_from_buddy(page, zone, 0);
> +		do_merge(page, pfn, zone, 0, mt);
> +	}
> +	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&zone->lock, flags);
> +}
> +
> +static inline void __free_one_page(struct page *page,
> +		unsigned long pfn,
> +		struct zone *zone, unsigned int order,
> +		int migratetype)
> +{
> +	VM_BUG_ON(!zone_is_initialized(zone));
> +	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(page->flags & PAGE_FLAGS_CHECK_AT_PREP, page);
> +
> +	VM_BUG_ON(migratetype == -1);
> +	if (likely(!is_migrate_isolate(migratetype)))
> +		__mod_zone_freepage_state(zone, 1 << order, migratetype);
> +
> +	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(pfn & ((1 << order) - 1), page);
> +	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(bad_range(zone, page), page);
> +
> +	if (can_skip_merge(zone, order)) {
> +		add_to_buddy_head(page, zone, 0, migratetype);
> +		set_page_merge_skipped(page);
> +		return;
> +	}
> +
> +	do_merge(page, pfn, zone, order, migratetype);
> +}
> +
> +
>  /*
>   * A bad page could be due to a number of fields. Instead of multiple branches,
>   * try and check multiple fields with one check. The caller must do a detailed
> @@ -1183,8 +1246,10 @@ static void free_pcppages_bulk(struct zone *zone, int count,
>  			 * can be offset by reduced memory latency later. To
>  			 * avoid excessive prefetching due to large count, only
>  			 * prefetch buddy for the last pcp->batch nr of pages.
> +			 *
> +			 * If merge can be skipped, no need to prefetch buddy.
>  			 */
> -			if (count > pcp->batch)
> +			if (can_skip_merge(zone, 0) || count > pcp->batch)
>  				continue;
>  			pfn = page_to_pfn(page);
>  			buddy_pfn = __find_buddy_pfn(pfn, 0);
> 

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