linux-kernel - Re: [PATCH 0/7] ARM: hacks for link-time optimization

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Date:   Fri, 21 Dec 2018 06:23:23 -0800
From:   "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@...ux.ibm.com>
To:     Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>
Cc:     Andi Kleen <ak@...ux.intel.com>, Arnd Bergmann <arnd@...db.de>,
        Nicolas Pitre <nico@...aro.org>,
        linux-arm-kernel@...ts.infradead.org, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
        Will Deacon <will.deacon@....com>,
        Ingo Molnar <mingo@...nel.org>,
        Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>
Subject: Re: [PATCH 0/7] ARM: hacks for link-time optimization

On Tue, Dec 18, 2018 at 11:00:14AM +0100, Peter Zijlstra wrote:
> On Tue, Dec 18, 2018 at 10:18:24AM +0100, Peter Zijlstra wrote:
> > In particular turning an address-dependency into a control-dependency,
> > which is something allowed by the C language, since it doesn't recognise
> > these concepts as such.
> > 
> > The 'optimization' is allowed currently, but LTO will make it much more
> > likely since it will have a much wider view of things. Esp. when combined
> > with PGO.
> > 
> > Specifically; if you have something like:
> > 
> > int idx;
> > struct object objs[2];
> > 
> > the statement:
> > 
> >   val = objs[idx & 1].ponies;
> > 
> > which you 'need' to be translated like:
> > 
> >   struct object *obj = objs;
> >   obj += (idx & 1);
> >   val = obj->ponies;
> > 
> > Such that the load of obj->ponies depends on the load of idx. However
> > our dear compiler is allowed to make it:
> > 
> >   if (idx & 1)
> >     obj = &objs[1];
> >   else
> >     obj = &objs[0];
> > 
> >   val = obj->ponies;
> > 
> > Because C doesn't recognise this as being different. However this is
> > utterly broken, because in this translation we can speculate the load
> > of obj->ponies such that it no longer depends on the load of idx, which
> > breaks RCU.

Hence the following in Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt:

	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
	The compiler simply knows too much about integral values to
	trust it to carry dependencies through integer operations.

I got rid of the carrying of dependencies via non-pointers in 2014.
You are telling me that they have crept back?  Sigh!!!  :-/

							Thanx, Paul

> > Note that further 'optimization' is possible and the compiler could even
> > make it:
> > 
> >   if (idx & 1)
> >     val = objs[1].ponies;
> >   else
> >     val = objs[0].ponies;
> 
> A variant that is actually broken on x86 too (due to issuing the loads
> in the 'wrong' order):
> 
>   val = objs[0].ponies;
>   if (idx & 1)
>     val = objs[1].ponies;
> 
> Which is a translation that makes sense if we either marked
> unlikely(idx & 1) or if PGO found the same.
> 
> > Now, granted, this is a fairly artificial example, but it does
> > illustrate the exact problem.
> > 
> > The more the compiler can see of the complete program, the more likely
> > it can make inferrences like this, esp. when coupled with PGO.
> > 
> > Now, we're (usually) very careful to wrap things in READ_ONCE() and
> > rcu_dereference() and the like, which makes it harder on the compiler
> > (because 'volatile' is special), but nothing really stops it from doing
> > this.
> > 
> > Paul has been trying to beat clue into the language people, but given
> > he's been at it for 10 years now, and there's no resolution, I figure we
> > ought to get compiler implementations to give us a knob.
>