Date:   Tue, 22 Jan 2019 10:18:17 +0000
From:   Julien Thierry <julien.thierry@....com>
To:     Torsten Duwe <duwe@....de>, Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@....com>,
        Will Deacon <will.deacon@....com>,
        Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@....com>,
        Steven Rostedt <rostedt@...dmis.org>,
        Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@...hat.com>,
        Ingo Molnar <mingo@...hat.com>,
        Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@...aro.org>,
        Arnd Bergmann <arnd@...db.de>,
        AKASHI Takahiro <takahiro.akashi@...aro.org>,
        Amit Daniel Kachhap <amit.kachhap@....com>
Cc:     linux-arm-kernel@...ts.infradead.org, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
        live-patching@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH v7 2/3] arm64: implement ftrace with regs

Hi Torsten,

A few suggestions below.

On 18/01/2019 16:39, Torsten Duwe wrote:
> Once gcc8 adds 2 NOPs at the beginning of each function, replace the
> first NOP thus generated with a quick LR saver (move it to scratch reg
> x9), so the 2nd replacement insn, the call to ftrace, does not clobber
> the value. Ftrace will then generate the standard stack frames.
> 
> Note that patchable-function-entry in GCC disables IPA-RA, which means
> ABI register calling conventions are obeyed *and* scratch registers
> such as x9 are available.
> 
> Introduce and handle an ftrace_regs_trampoline for module PLTs, right
> after ftrace_trampoline, and double the size of this special section.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Torsten Duwe <duwe@...e.de>
> 
> ---
> 
> Mark, if you see your ftrace entry macro code being represented correctly
> here, please add your sign-off, As I've initially copied it from your mail.
> 
> ---
>  arch/arm64/include/asm/ftrace.h  |   17 ++++-
>  arch/arm64/include/asm/module.h  |    3 
>  arch/arm64/kernel/entry-ftrace.S |  125 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
>  arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c       |  114 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
>  arch/arm64/kernel/module-plts.c  |    3 
>  arch/arm64/kernel/module.c       |    2 
>  6 files changed, 227 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)
> --- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/ftrace.h
> +++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/ftrace.h
> @@ -14,9 +14,24 @@
>  #include <asm/insn.h>
>  
>  #define HAVE_FUNCTION_GRAPH_FP_TEST
> -#define MCOUNT_ADDR		((unsigned long)_mcount)
>  #define MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE	AARCH64_INSN_SIZE
>  
> +/*
> + * DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS is implemented by adding 2 NOPs at the beginning
> + * of each function, with the second NOP actually calling ftrace. In contrary
> + * to a classic _mcount call, the call instruction to be modified is thus
> + * the second one, and not the only one.
> + */
> +#ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS
> +#define ARCH_SUPPORTS_FTRACE_OPS 1
> +#define REC_IP_BRANCH_OFFSET AARCH64_INSN_SIZE
> +/* All we need is some magic value. Simply use "_mCount:" */

Nit: Should the casing be "_mcount" ?

> +#define MCOUNT_ADDR		(0x5f6d436f756e743a)
> +#else
> +#define REC_IP_BRANCH_OFFSET 0
> +#define MCOUNT_ADDR		((unsigned long)_mcount)
> +#endif
> +
>  #ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
>  #include <linux/compat.h>
>  
> --- a/arch/arm64/kernel/entry-ftrace.S
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/entry-ftrace.S
> @@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
>   */
>  
>  #include <linux/linkage.h>
> +#include <asm/asm-offsets.h>
>  #include <asm/assembler.h>
>  #include <asm/ftrace.h>
>  #include <asm/insn.h>
> @@ -124,6 +125,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(_mcount)
>  NOKPROBE(_mcount)
>  
>  #else /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE */
> +#ifndef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS
>  /*
>   * _mcount() is used to build the kernel with -pg option, but all the branch
>   * instructions to _mcount() are replaced to NOP initially at kernel start up,
> @@ -163,11 +165,6 @@ GLOBAL(ftrace_graph_call)		// ftrace_gra
>  
>  	mcount_exit
>  ENDPROC(ftrace_caller)
> -#endif /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE */
> -
> -ENTRY(ftrace_stub)
> -	ret
> -ENDPROC(ftrace_stub)
>  
>  #ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
>  /*
> @@ -187,7 +184,125 @@ ENTRY(ftrace_graph_caller)
>  
>  	mcount_exit
>  ENDPROC(ftrace_graph_caller)
> +#endif /* CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER */
> +
> +#else /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS */
> +
> +	.macro  ftrace_regs_entry, allregs=0
> +	/* make room for pt_regs, plus a callee frame */
> +	sub	sp, sp, #(S_FRAME_SIZE + 16)
> +
> +	/* save function arguments */
> +	stp	x0, x1, [sp, #S_X0]
> +	stp	x2, x3, [sp, #S_X2]
> +	stp	x4, x5, [sp, #S_X4]
> +	stp	x6, x7, [sp, #S_X6]
> +	stp	x8, x9, [sp, #S_X8]
>  
> +	.if \allregs == 1
> +	stp	x10, x11, [sp, #S_X10]
> +	stp	x12, x13, [sp, #S_X12]
> +	stp	x14, x15, [sp, #S_X14]
> +	stp	x16, x17, [sp, #S_X16]
> +	stp	x18, x19, [sp, #S_X18]
> +	stp	x20, x21, [sp, #S_X20]
> +	stp	x22, x23, [sp, #S_X22]
> +	stp	x24, x25, [sp, #S_X24]
> +	stp	x26, x27, [sp, #S_X26]
> +	.endif
> +
> +	/* Save fp and x28, which is used in this function. */
> +	stp	x28, x29, [sp, #S_X28]
> +
> +	/* The stack pointer as it was on ftrace_caller entry... */
> +	add	x28, sp, #(S_FRAME_SIZE + 16)
> +	/* ...and the link Register at callee entry */
> +	stp	x9, x28, [sp, #S_LR]	/* to pt_regs.r[30] and .sp */
> +
> +	/* The program counter just after the ftrace call site */
> +	str	lr, [sp, #S_PC]
> +
> +	/* Now fill in callee's preliminary stackframe. */
> +	stp	x29, x9, [sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE]
> +	/* Let FP point to it. */
> +	add	x29, sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE
> +
> +	/* Our stackframe, stored inside pt_regs. */
> +	stp	x29, x30, [sp, #S_STACKFRAME]
> +	add	x29, sp, #S_STACKFRAME
> +	.endm
> +
> +ENTRY(ftrace_regs_caller)
> +	ftrace_regs_entry	1
> +	b	ftrace_common
> +ENDPROC(ftrace_regs_caller)
> +
> +ENTRY(ftrace_caller)
> +	ftrace_regs_entry	0
> +	b	ftrace_common
> +ENDPROC(ftrace_caller)
> +
> +ENTRY(ftrace_common)
> +
> +	mov	x3, sp		/* pt_regs are @sp */
> +	ldr_l	x2, function_trace_op, x0
> +	mov	x1, x9		/* parent IP */
> +	sub	x0, lr, #8	/* function entry == IP */

The #8 is because we go back two instructions right? Can we use
#(AARCH64_INSN_SIZE * 2) instead?

> +
> +GLOBAL(ftrace_call)
> +	bl	ftrace_stub
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
> +GLOBAL(ftrace_graph_call)		// ftrace_graph_caller();
> +	nop				// If enabled, this will be replaced
> +					// "b ftrace_graph_caller"
> +#endif
> +
> +/*
> + * GCC's patchable-function-entry implicitly disables IPA-RA,
> + * so all non-argument registers are either scratch / dead
> + * or callee-saved (within the ftrace framework). Function
> + * arguments of the call we are intercepting right now however
> + * need to be preserved in any case.
> + */
> +ftrace_common_return:
> +	/* restore function args */
> +	ldp	x0, x1, [sp]
> +	ldp	x2, x3, [sp, #S_X2]
> +	ldp	x4, x5, [sp, #S_X4]
> +	ldp	x6, x7, [sp, #S_X6]
> +	ldr	x8, [sp, #S_X8]
> +
> +	/* restore fp and x28 */
> +	ldp	x28, x29, [sp, #S_X28]
> +
> +	ldr	lr, [sp, #S_LR]
> +	ldr	x9, [sp, #S_PC]
> +	/* clean up both frames, ours and callee preliminary */
> +	add	sp, sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE + 16
> +
> +	ret	x9
> +ENDPROC(ftrace_common)
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
> +ENTRY(ftrace_graph_caller)
> +	ldr	x0, [sp, #S_PC]		   /* pc */
> +	sub	x0, x0, #8	/* start of the ftrace call site */

Same as above, can we use #(AARCH64_INSN_SIZE * 2) ?

> +	add	x1, sp, #S_LR		   /* &lr */
> +	ldr	x2, [sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE]	   /* fp */
> +	bl	prepare_ftrace_return
> +	b	ftrace_common_return
> +ENDPROC(ftrace_graph_caller)
> +#endif /* CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER */
> +#endif /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS */
> +#endif /* CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE */
> +
> +ENTRY(ftrace_stub)
> +	ret
> +ENDPROC(ftrace_stub)
> +
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
>  /*
>   * void return_to_handler(void)
>   *
> --- a/arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/ftrace.c
> @@ -65,19 +65,67 @@ int ftrace_update_ftrace_func(ftrace_fun
>  	return ftrace_modify_code(pc, 0, new, false);
>  }
>  
> +#ifdef CONFIG_ARM64_MODULE_PLTS
> +static int install_ftrace_trampoline(struct module *mod, unsigned long *addr)
> +{
> +	struct plt_entry trampoline, *mod_trampoline;
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * Iterate over
> +	 * mod->arch.ftrace_trampolines[MOD_ARCH_NR_FTRACE_TRAMPOLINES]
> +	 * The assignment to various ftrace functions happens here.
> +	 */
> +	if (*addr == FTRACE_ADDR)
> +		mod_trampoline = &mod->arch.ftrace_trampolines[0];
> +	else if (*addr == FTRACE_REGS_ADDR)
> +		mod_trampoline = &mod->arch.ftrace_trampolines[1];
> +	else
> +		return -EINVAL;
> +
> +	trampoline = get_plt_entry(*addr, mod_trampoline);
> +
> +	if (!plt_entries_equal(mod_trampoline, &trampoline)) {
> +		/* point the trampoline at our ftrace entry point */
> +		module_disable_ro(mod);
> +		*mod_trampoline = trampoline;
> +		module_enable_ro(mod, true);
> +
> +		/* update trampoline before patching in the branch */
> +		smp_wmb();
> +	}
> +	*addr = (unsigned long)(void *)mod_trampoline;
> +
> +	return 0;
> +}
> +#endif
> +
> +/*
> + * Ftrace with regs generates the tracer calls as close as possible to
> + * the function entry; no stack frame has been set up at that point.
> + * In order to make another call e.g to ftrace_caller, the LR must be
> + * saved from being overwritten.
> + * Between two functions, and with IPA-RA turned off, the scratch registers
> + * are available, so move the LR to x9 before calling into ftrace.
> + * "mov x9, lr" is officially aliased from "orr x9, xzr, lr".
> + */
> +#define MOV_X9_X30 aarch64_insn_gen_logical_shifted_reg( \
> +			AARCH64_INSN_REG_9, AARCH64_INSN_REG_ZR, \
> +			AARCH64_INSN_REG_LR, 0, AARCH64_INSN_VARIANT_64BIT, \
> +			AARCH64_INSN_LOGIC_ORR)
> +
>  /*
>   * Turn on the call to ftrace_caller() in instrumented function
>   */
>  int ftrace_make_call(struct dyn_ftrace *rec, unsigned long addr)
>  {
> -	unsigned long pc = rec->ip;
> +	unsigned long pc = rec->ip + REC_IP_BRANCH_OFFSET;
>  	u32 old, new;
>  	long offset = (long)pc - (long)addr;
>  
>  	if (offset < -SZ_128M || offset >= SZ_128M) {
>  #ifdef CONFIG_ARM64_MODULE_PLTS
> -		struct plt_entry trampoline;
>  		struct module *mod;
> +		int ret;
>  
>  		/*
>  		 * On kernels that support module PLTs, the offset between the
> @@ -96,32 +144,14 @@ int ftrace_make_call(struct dyn_ftrace *
>  		if (WARN_ON(!mod))
>  			return -EINVAL;
>  
> -		/*
> -		 * There is only one ftrace trampoline per module. For now,
> -		 * this is not a problem since on arm64, all dynamic ftrace
> -		 * invocations are routed via ftrace_caller(). This will need
> -		 * to be revisited if support for multiple ftrace entry points
> -		 * is added in the future, but for now, the pr_err() below
> -		 * deals with a theoretical issue only.
> -		 */
> -		trampoline = get_plt_entry(addr, mod->arch.ftrace_trampoline);
> -		if (!plt_entries_equal(mod->arch.ftrace_trampoline,
> -				       &trampoline)) {
> -			if (!plt_entries_equal(mod->arch.ftrace_trampoline,
> -					       &(struct plt_entry){})) {
> -				pr_err("ftrace: far branches to multiple entry points unsupported inside a single module\n");
> -				return -EINVAL;
> -			}
> -
> -			/* point the trampoline to our ftrace entry point */
> -			module_disable_ro(mod);
> -			*mod->arch.ftrace_trampoline = trampoline;
> -			module_enable_ro(mod, true);
> +		/* Check against our well-known list of ftrace entry points */
> +		if (addr == FTRACE_ADDR || addr == FTRACE_REGS_ADDR) {
> +			ret = install_ftrace_trampoline(mod, &addr);
> +			if (ret < 0)
> +				return ret;
> +		} else
> +			return -EINVAL;
>  
> -			/* update trampoline before patching in the branch */
> -			smp_wmb();
> -		}
> -		addr = (unsigned long)(void *)mod->arch.ftrace_trampoline;
>  #else /* CONFIG_ARM64_MODULE_PLTS */
>  		return -EINVAL;
>  #endif /* CONFIG_ARM64_MODULE_PLTS */
> @@ -133,17 +163,45 @@ int ftrace_make_call(struct dyn_ftrace *
>  	return ftrace_modify_code(pc, old, new, true);
>  }
>  
> +#ifdef CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS
> +int ftrace_modify_call(struct dyn_ftrace *rec, unsigned long old_addr,
> +			unsigned long addr)
> +{
> +	unsigned long pc = rec->ip + REC_IP_BRANCH_OFFSET;
> +	u32 old, new;
> +
> +	old = aarch64_insn_gen_branch_imm(pc, old_addr, true);
> +	new = aarch64_insn_gen_branch_imm(pc, addr, true);

The last argument of aarch64_insn_gen_branch_imm() is an enum, not a
boolean.

You should use AARCH64_INSN_BRANCH_LINK here which happens to be equal to 1.

> +
> +	return ftrace_modify_code(pc, old, new, true);
> +}
> +#endif
> +
>  /*
>   * Turn off the call to ftrace_caller() in instrumented function
>   */
>  int ftrace_make_nop(struct module *mod, struct dyn_ftrace *rec,
>  		    unsigned long addr)
>  {
> -	unsigned long pc = rec->ip;
> +	unsigned long pc = rec->ip + REC_IP_BRANCH_OFFSET;
>  	bool validate = true;
>  	u32 old = 0, new;
>  	long offset = (long)pc - (long)addr;
>  
> +	/*
> +	 * -fpatchable-function-entry= does not generate a profiling call
> +	 *  initially; the NOPs are already there. So instead,
> +	 *  put the LR saver there ahead of time, in order to avoid
> +	 *  any race condition over patching 2 instructions.
> +	 */
> +	if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS) &&
> +		addr == MCOUNT_ADDR) {

This works, however it feels a bit weird since core code asked to
generate a NOP but not only we don't generate it but we put another
instruction instead.

I think it would be useful to state that the replacement of mcount calls
by nops is only ever done once at system initialization.

Or maybe have a intermediate function:

static int ftrace_setup_patchable_entry(unsigned long addr)
{
  	u32 old, new;

	old = aarch64_insn_gen_nop();
	new = MOV_X9_X30;
	pc -= REC_IP_BRANCH_OFFSET;
	return ftrace_modify_code(pc, old, new, validate);
}

	[...]

	if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS) &&
		addr == MCOUNT_ADDR)
		return ftrace_setup_patchable_entry(pc);


This way it clearly show that this is a setup/init corner case.

Thanks,

-- 
Julien Thierry

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