Message-Id: <20190204052135.25784-7-jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Date:   Sun,  3 Feb 2019 21:21:35 -0800
From:   john.hubbard@...il.com
To:     Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>, linux-mm@...ck.org
Cc:     Al Viro <viro@...iv.linux.org.uk>,
        Christian Benvenuti <benve@...co.com>,
        Christoph Hellwig <hch@...radead.org>,
        Christopher Lameter <cl@...ux.com>,
        Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@...el.com>,
        Dave Chinner <david@...morbit.com>,
        Dennis Dalessandro <dennis.dalessandro@...el.com>,
        Doug Ledford <dledford@...hat.com>, Jan Kara <jack@...e.cz>,
        Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@...pe.ca>,
        Jerome Glisse <jglisse@...hat.com>,
        Matthew Wilcox <willy@...radead.org>,
        Michal Hocko <mhocko@...nel.org>,
        Mike Rapoport <rppt@...ux.ibm.com>,
        Mike Marciniszyn <mike.marciniszyn@...el.com>,
        Ralph Campbell <rcampbell@...dia.com>,
        Tom Talpey <tom@...pey.com>,
        LKML <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
        linux-fsdevel@...r.kernel.org, John Hubbard <jhubbard@...dia.com>
Subject: [PATCH 6/6] mm/gup: Documentation/vm/get_user_pages.rst, MAINTAINERS

From: John Hubbard <jhubbard@...dia.com>

1. Added Documentation/vm/get_user_pages.rst

2. Added a GET_USER_PAGES entry in MAINTAINERS

Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@...el.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@...e.cz>
Signed-off-by: Jérôme Glisse <jglisse@...hat.com>
Signed-off-by: John Hubbard <jhubbard@...dia.com>
---
 Documentation/vm/get_user_pages.rst | 197 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 Documentation/vm/index.rst          |   1 +
 MAINTAINERS                         |  10 ++
 3 files changed, 208 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/vm/get_user_pages.rst

diff --git a/Documentation/vm/get_user_pages.rst b/Documentation/vm/get_user_pages.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8598f20afb09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vm/get_user_pages.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+.. _get_user_pages:
+
+==============
+get_user_pages
+==============
+
+.. contents:: :local:
+
+Overview
+========
+
+Some kernel components (file systems, device drivers) need to access
+memory that is specified via process virtual address. For a long time, the
+API to achieve that was get_user_pages ("GUP") and its variations. However,
+GUP has critical limitations that have been overlooked; in particular, GUP
+does not interact correctly with filesystems in all situations. That means
+that file-backed memory + GUP is a recipe for potential problems, some of
+which have already occurred in the field.
+
+GUP was first introduced for Direct IO (O_DIRECT), allowing filesystem code
+to get the struct page behind a virtual address and to let storage hardware
+perform a direct copy to or from that page. This is a short-lived access
+pattern, and as such, the window for a concurrent writeback of GUP'd page
+was small enough that there were not (we think) any reported problems.
+Also, userspace was expected to understand and accept that Direct IO was
+not synchronized with memory-mapped access to that data, nor with any
+process address space changes such as munmap(), mremap(), etc.
+
+Over the years, more GUP uses have appeared (virtualization, device
+drivers, RDMA) that can keep the pages they get via GUP for a long period
+of time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, ...). This long-term pinning makes
+an underlying design problem more obvious.
+
+In fact, there are a number of key problems inherent to GUP:
+
+Interactions with file systems
+==============================
+
+File systems expect to be able to write back data, both to reclaim pages,
+and for data integrity. Allowing other hardware (NICs, GPUs, etc) to gain
+write access to the file memory pages means that such hardware can dirty the
+pages, without the filesystem being aware. This can, in some cases
+(depending on filesystem, filesystem options, block device, block device
+options, and other variables), lead to data corruption, and also to kernel
+bugs of the form:
+
+::
+
+    kernel BUG at /build/linux-fQ94TU/linux-4.4.0/fs/ext4/inode.c:1899!
+    backtrace:
+
+	ext4_writepage
+	__writepage
+	write_cache_pages
+	ext4_writepages
+	do_writepages
+	__writeback_single_inode
+	writeback_sb_inodes
+	__writeback_inodes_wb
+	wb_writeback
+	wb_workfn
+	process_one_work
+	worker_thread
+	kthread
+	ret_from_fork
+
+...which is due to the file system asserting that there are still buffer
+heads attached:
+
+::
+
+ /* If we *know* page->private refers to buffer_heads */
+ #define page_buffers(page)                                      \
+        ({                                                      \
+                BUG_ON(!PagePrivate(page));                     \
+                ((struct buffer_head *)page_private(page));     \
+        })
+ #define page_has_buffers(page)  PagePrivate(page)
+
+Dave Chinner's description of this is very clear:
+
+    "The fundamental issue is that ->page_mkwrite must be called on every
+    write access to a clean file backed page, not just the first one.
+    How long the GUP reference lasts is irrelevant, if the page is clean
+    and you need to dirty it, you must call ->page_mkwrite before it is
+    marked writeable and dirtied. Every. Time."
+
+This is just one symptom of the larger design problem: filesystems do not
+actually support get_user_pages() being called on their pages, and letting
+hardware write directly to those pages--even though that pattern has been
+going on since about 2005 or so.
+
+Long term GUP
+=============
+
+Long term GUP is an issue when FOLL_WRITE is specified to GUP (so, a
+writeable mapping is created), and the pages are file-backed. That can lead
+to filesystem corruption. What happens is that when a file-backed page is
+being written back, it is first mapped read-only in all of the CPU page
+tables; the file system then assumes that nobody can write to the page, and
+that the page content is therefore stable. Unfortunately, the GUP callers
+generally do not monitor changes to the CPU pages tables; they instead
+assume that the following pattern is safe (it's not):
+
+::
+
+    get_user_pages()
+
+    Hardware then keeps a reference to those pages for some potentially
+    long time. During this time, hardware may write to the pages. Because
+    "hardware" here means "devices that are not a CPU", this activity
+    occurs without any interaction with the kernel's file system code.
+
+    for each page:
+	set_page_dirty()
+	put_page()
+
+In fact, the GUP documentation even recommends that pattern.
+
+Anyway, the file system assumes that the page is stable (nothing is writing
+to the page), and that is a problem: stable page content is necessary for
+many filesystem actions during writeback, such as checksum, encryption,
+RAID striping, etc. Furthermore, filesystem features like COW (copy on
+write) or snapshot also rely on being able to use a new page for as memory
+for that memory range inside the file.
+
+Corruption during write back is clearly possible here. To solve that, one
+idea is to identify pages that have active GUP, so that we can use a bounce
+page to write stable data to the filesystem. The filesystem would work
+on the bounce page, while any of the active GUP might write to the
+original page. This would avoid the stable page violation problem, but note
+that it is only part of the overall solution, because other problems
+remain.
+
+Other filesystem features that need to replace the page with a new one can
+be inhibited for pages that are GUP-pinned. This will, however, alter and
+limit some of those filesystem features. The only fix for that would be to
+require GUP users monitor and respond to CPU page table updates. Subsystems
+such as ODP and HMM do this, for example. This aspect of the problem is
+still under discussion.
+
+Direct IO
+=========
+
+Direct IO can cause corruption, if userspace does Direct-IO that writes to
+a range of virtual addresses that are mmap'd to a file.  The pages written
+to are file-backed pages that can be under write back, while the Direct IO
+is taking place.  Here, Direct IO need races with a write back: it calls
+GUP before page_mkclean() has replaced the CPU pte with a read-only entry.
+The race window is pretty small, which is probably why years have gone by
+before we noticed this problem: Direct IO is generally very quick, and
+tends to finish up before the filesystem gets around to do anything with
+the page contents.  However, it's still a real problem.  The solution is
+to never let GUP return pages that are under write back, but instead,
+force GUP to take a write fault on those pages.  That way, GUP will
+properly synchronize with the active write back.  This does not change the
+required GUP behavior, it just avoids that race.
+
+Measurement and visibility
+==========================
+
+There are several /proc/vmstat items, in order to provide some visibility
+into what get_user_pages() and put_user_page() are doing.
+
+After booting and running fio (https://github.com/axboe/fio)
+a few times on an NVMe device, as a way to get lots of
+get_user_pages_fast() calls, the counters look like this:
+
+::
+
+ $ cat /proc/vmstat | grep gup
+ nr_gup_slow_pages_requested 21319
+ nr_gup_fast_pages_requested 11533792
+ nr_gup_fast_page_backoffs 0
+ nr_gup_page_count_overflows 0
+ nr_gup_pages_returned 11555104
+
+Interpretation of the above:
+
+::
+
+ Total gup requests (slow + fast): 11555111
+ Total put_user_page calls:        11555104
+
+This shows 7 more calls to get_user_pages(), than to put_user_page().
+That may, or may not, represent a problem worth investigating.
+
+Normally, those last two numbers should be equal, but a couple of things
+may cause them to differ:
+
+1. Inherent race condition in reading /proc/vmstat values.
+
+2. Bugs at any of the get_user_pages*() call sites. Those
+sites need to match get_user_pages() and put_user_page() calls.
+
+
+
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/index.rst b/Documentation/vm/index.rst
index 2b3ab3a1ccf3..433aaf1996e6 100644
--- a/Documentation/vm/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/vm/index.rst
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ descriptions of data structures and algorithms.
    balance
    cleancache
    frontswap
+   get_user_pages
    highmem
    hmm
    hwpoison
diff --git a/MAINTAINERS b/MAINTAINERS
index 8c68de3cfd80..1e8f91b8ce4f 100644
--- a/MAINTAINERS
+++ b/MAINTAINERS
@@ -6384,6 +6384,16 @@ M:	Frank Haverkamp <haver@...ux.ibm.com>
 S:	Supported
 F:	drivers/misc/genwqe/
 
+GET_USER_PAGES
+M:	Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@...el.com>
+M:	Jan Kara <jack@...e.cz>
+M:	Jérôme Glisse <jglisse@...hat.com>
+M:	John Hubbard <jhubbard@...dia.com>
+L:	linux-mm@...ck.org
+S:	Maintained
+F:	mm/gup.c
+F:	Documentation/vm/get_user_pages.rst
+
 GET_MAINTAINER SCRIPT
 M:	Joe Perches <joe@...ches.com>
 S:	Maintained
-- 
2.20.1

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